Programming II

Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

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Inheritance:
• Real life objects are typically specialized versions of other
more general objects.

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Example:

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Example:

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Example:

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The “is a “ Relationship:
• The relationship between a superclass and an inherited is
called an “is a” relationship.
➢An Employee “is a” person.
➢Salaried employee “is an” Employee.
• A specialized object has:
➢All of the characteristics of the general object, plus
additional characteristics that make it special.
• In object-oriented programming, inheritance is used to
create an “is a” relationship among classes.

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The “is a “ Relationship:
• We can extend the capabilities of a class.
• Inheritance involves a superclass and a subclass.
➢The superclass is the general class and the subclass is
the specialized class.
• The subclass is based on, or extended from, the
superclass.
➢Super classes are also called base classes, and
subclasses are also called derived classes.
• The relationship of classes can be thought of as parent
classes and child classes.

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Inheritance:
• The subclass inherits fields and methods from the
superclass without any of them being rewritten.
• New fields and methods may be added to the subclass.
• The Java keyword, extends, is used on the class header
to define the subclass.
public class Employee extends person

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Example:

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Class person:

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Class person:

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Class student:

Test Program:

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Class student (Create the attributes)

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Class student (Create the constructor)
Super Keyword: (reusability)

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Class Student (Complete Attributes and methods)

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Class Student (Complete Attributes and methods)

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Test Program:

Output:

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Inheritance, Fields and Methods:
• Members of the superclass that are marked private:
➢ are not inherited by the subclass, and
➢may only be accessed from the subclass by public
methods of the superclass.
• Members of the superclass that are marked public:
➢ are inherited by the subclass, and
➢ may be directly accessed from the subclass.

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Inheritance and Constructors:
• Constructors are not inherited.
• The superclass constructor can be explicitly called from
the subclass using the super keyword.
• When a subclass is instantiated (create object from
subclass), the superclass default constructor is executed
first. >> incase of object without any arguments

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Note:
• When a subclass is instantiated (create object from
subclass), the superclass default constructor is executed
first.
Superclass:

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Subclass:

Test program:

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Test Program:

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Overriding Superclass Methods:
• A subclass may have a method with the same signature as
a superclass method.
• The subclass method overrides the superclass method.
• This is known as method overriding.
• A subclass method that overrides a superclass method
must have the same signature as the superclass method.
• An object of the subclass invokes the subclass's version
of the method, not the superclass’s.
• The @Override annotation should be used just before the
subclass method.

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Example:

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Example: Class Employee:

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Example: Class Salaried Employee:

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Example:
Test Program:

Output:

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Example:
Class Person:

Class Employee:

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Example:
Test Program:

Output:

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Polymorphism:
Reference Type & Object Type:
reference_type reference_variable = new object_type()
• You can create an object from a reference type superclass
and an object type subclass.
• You can't create an object from a reference type subclass
and an object type superclass.
• If you create an object from a reference type superclass
and an object type subclass, you can use only the methods
in the superclass.

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Reference Type & Object Type:

Output:

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Reference Type & Object Type:

Output:

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Reference Type & Object Type:
Salaried Employee Class:

Test Program:

Output:

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Preventing a Method from Being Overridden:
• The final modifier will prevent the overriding of a
superclass method in a subclass.
Public final void display()
• If a subclass attempts to override a final method, the
compiler generates an error.
• This ensures that a particular superclass method is used
by subclasses rather than a modified version of it.

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Example:
Employee Class:

Salaried Employee Class:

Run from main method:

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Protected Members:
• Using protected instead of private makes some tasks
easier.
• Any class that is derived from the class, or is in the same
package, has unrestricted access to the protected member.
• It is always better to make all fields private and then
provide public methods for accessing those fields.
• Any method in the same package may access the protected
member.

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Example:

• Generates error.
• The solution is protected member.

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Example:

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Example:

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Example:

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Access Modifiers:

Modifier Same class Same Subclass Other

Public Yes Yes Yes Yes

Protected Yes Yes Yes No

default Yes Yes No No

private Yes No No No

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