🔢 1.
Math Functions
1. POWER(x, y)
Returns x raised to the power y.
SELECT POWER(2, 3) AS Result;
Output: 8
2. ROUND(number, decimal_places)
Rounds a number to given decimal places.
SELECT ROUND(12.5678, 2) AS RoundedValue;
Output: 12.57
3. MOD(x, y)
Returns remainder when x is divided by y.
SELECT MOD(17, 5) AS Remainder;
Output: 2
🔤 2. Text/String Functions
Assume table students(name).
1. UCASE() / UPPER()
Converts text to uppercase.
SELECT UPPER('sonbhadra') AS UpperName;
Output: SONBHADRA
2. LCASE() / LOWER()
Converts text to lowercase.
SELECT LOWER('MVM PUBLIC SCHOOL') AS LowerName;
Output: mvm public school
3. MID(text, start, length)
OR
SUBSTRING(text, start, length)
Returns part of a string.
SELECT MID('Informatics', 2, 5) AS Part1;
SELECT SUBSTRING('Informatics', 2, 5) AS Part2;
Output: nform
4. LENGTH(text)
Returns length of a string.
SELECT LENGTH('Krishna') AS Len;
Output: 7
5. LEFT(text, n)
Returns first n characters.
SELECT LEFT('Informatics', 5) AS FirstPart;
Output: Infor
6. RIGHT(text, n)
Returns last n characters.
SELECT RIGHT('Informatics', 4) AS LastPart;
Output: tics
7. INSTR(text, substring)
Returns position of substring.
SELECT INSTR('Informatics', 'mat') AS Position;
Output: 6
8. LTRIM(text)
Removes spaces from left side.
SELECT LTRIM(' India') AS TrimLeft;
Output: India
9. RTRIM(text)
Removes spaces from right side.
SELECT RTRIM('India ') AS TrimRight;
Output: India
10. TRIM(text)
Removes spaces from both sides.
SELECT TRIM(' Krishna Mishra ') AS TrimBoth;
Output: Krishna Mishra
📅 3. Date Functions
1. NOW()
Returns current date + time.
SELECT NOW() AS CurrentDateTime;
Output: 2025-12-13 10:25:00 (example)
2. DATE()
Extract only date from a datetime value.
SELECT DATE(NOW()) AS TodayDate;
3. MONTH(date)
Returns month number (1–12).
SELECT MONTH('2025-06-15') AS MonthNo;
Output: 6
4. MONTHNAME(date)
Returns full month name.
SELECT MONTHNAME('2025-06-15') AS MonthName;
Output: June
5. YEAR(date)
Return year.
SELECT YEAR('2025-06-15') AS YearValue;
Output: 2025
6. DAY(date)
Day of month (1–31).
SELECT DAY('2025-06-15') AS DayNumber;
Output: 15
7. DAYNAME(date)
Returns weekday name.
SELECT DAYNAME('2025-06-15') AS DayName;
Output: Sunday
📊 4. Aggregate Functions
Assume table Marks(student, score)
+----------+-------+
| student | score |
+----------+-------+
| Ravi | 78 |
| Anita | 92 |
| Mohan | 65 |
| Neha | 92 |
+----------+-------+
1. MAX()
SELECT MAX(score) AS HighestMarks FROM Marks;
Output: 92
2. MIN()
SELECT MIN(score) AS LowestMarks FROM Marks;
Output: 65
3. AVG()
SELECT AVG(score) AS AverageMarks FROM Marks;
Output: 81.75
4. SUM()
SELECT SUM(score) AS TotalMarks FROM Marks;
Output: 327
5. COUNT()
Counts number of rows.
SELECT COUNT(*) AS TotalStudents FROM Marks;
Output: 4
Counts non-NULL values:
SELECT COUNT(score) AS TotalScores FROM Marks;
Here is a clean, clear, class-friendly TABLE for Pandas DataFrame operations exactly matching your
syllabus.
(You can paste this directly into your notes or question papers.)
📘 PANDAS – DATA FRAME FUNCTIONS
(TABLE FORMAT)
Operation /
Topic Example Code Explanation
Function
Creates
From python import pandas as pd s1 = [Link]([1,2,3]) DataFrame
Creation of
Dictionary s2 = [Link](['A','B','C']) df = using multiple
DataFrame [Link]({'Roll': s1, 'Name': s2})
of Series Series as
columns
Each
dictionary
From List of python data = [{'Name':'A','Marks':90},
Creation becomes a row
Dictionaries {'Name':'B','Marks':85}] df = [Link](data)
in the
DataFrame
Loads data
From CSV from a CSV
Creation python df = pd.read_csv("[Link]")
File file into a
DataFrame
Displays all
Show full
Display python print(df) rows and
DataFrame
columns
Shows first 5
Display Head() python [Link]()
rows
Shows last 5
Display Tail() python [Link]()
rows
Access each
Iterate
Iteration python for i, r in [Link](): print(r["Name"]) row one by
through rows
one
Operations Adds new
Add column python df["Total"] = df["Marks"] + 5
on Columns column
Operations Select python df["Name"] Returns a
Operation /
Topic Example Code Explanation
Function
column
on Columns column
(Series)
Operations Delete python [Link]("Marks", axis=1)
Deletes a
on Columns column column
Operations Rename python [Link](columns={'Name':'Student'})
Renames a
on Columns column column
Operations Select row python [Link][1]
Selects row by
on Rows (loc) label
Operations Select row python [Link][0]
Selects row by
on Rows (iloc) position
Operations Deletes row
Delete row python [Link](2, axis=0)
on Rows with index 2
Operations Adds a new
Add row python [Link][4] = ['D', 88]
on Rows row
Label-based
Access by
Indexing indexing python [Link][0:2, ['Name','Marks']]
labels
(loc)
Position-
Access by
based
Indexing python [Link][0:3, 0:2] numeric
indexing
positions
(iloc)
Returns rows
Boolean where
Indexing python df[df["Marks"] > 80]
Indexing condition is
True