ECT205 Network Theory

Module II
Deepesh Edwin
AP, ECE
Syllabus Module II
• Network Theorems (applied to both dc and ac circuits having
dependent source)
• Thevenin’s theorem (1Hr)
• Norton’s theorem (1Hr)
• Superposition theorem (2Hrs)
• Reciprocity theorem (1Hr)
• Maximum power transfer theorem (2Hrs)
Thevenin’s theorem
• Thevenin’s theorem states that any two terminal linear network
having a number of voltage current sources and resistances can be
replaced by a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage
source in series with a resistance, where the value of the voltage
source is equal to the open-circuit voltage across the two terminals of
the network, and resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance
measured between the terminals with all the energy sources are
replaced by their internal resistances.
 Eg: Current through 5ohm resistor can be
found using Thevenins theorem

Final Circuit

• Step 1: Remove 5Ω resistor

Steps for Determination of Thevenin’s Equivalent
Circuit
• The portion of the network across which the Thevenin’s equivalent
circuit is to be found out is removed from the network.
• The open-circuit voltage (Voc or Vth) is calculated keeping all the
sources at their normal values.
• When the Circuit Contains Only Independent Sources
• All voltage sources are short-circuited.
• All current sources are open-circuited.
• Equivalent impedance or admittance is calculated looking back to the circuit
with respect to the two terminals
• When the Circuit Contains Both Dependent and Independent Sources
• Open-circuit voltage (Voc) is calculated with all sources alive.
• Short-circuit current (Isc) is calculated with all sources alive. (For Norton)
• Thevenin’s impedance is obtained as, Zth=Voc/Isc
• When the Circuit Contains Only Dependent Sources
• In this case, Voc=0.
• We connect a test voltage (or current) source at the terminals a and b and the
current flowing through a–b (voltage drop between the terminals a–b) is
calculated.
• Thevenin’s impedance is obtained as, Zth=Vtest/Itest
Thevenin’s theorem (DC circuits with
independent source)
• Applying KVL
• 50=10i+5i+25
• i=25/15=1.667A
• Voltage across AB VAB = Thevenin’s Voltage, VTh
• VTh =Voltage across 50V energy source - Voltage drop across 10Ω
=50-10x1.667=33.33V (OR)
• VTh = Voltage drop across 5Ω + Voltage across 25V energy source
=25+5x1.667=33.33V
• RTh = Energy sources shorted
• = 10||5= 3.33Ω

Final Circuit
Draw the Thevinin’s equivalent and find i?
•
• RTh = Energy sources shorted

Final Circuit

Current trough 2 Ohm

=4.09/[(10/11)+2]=1.406A
HW: Use Thevenin’s theorem and find the
current flowing through 10 ohm resistor.
 Thevenin’s theorem (DC circuits having
dependent source)
Find current through 4Ω resistor using Thevenin’s theorem.
•
•
•
 Thevenin’s theorem (AC circuits having
independent source)
• In the network, determine the steady current in the j8 inductor using
Thevenin’s theorem
•
• ZTh=
 Norton’s theorem
• Norton’s theorem states that any two terminal linear network with current
sources, voltage sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with a resistance.

• The value of the current source is the short-circuit current between the two
terminals
• The resistance is the equivalent resistance measured between the
terminals of the network with all the energy sources are replaced by their
internal resistance.
 Norton’s theorem (DC circuits with
independent source)
• Find Voltage across 6Ω resistor using Norton’s Theorem
• Load resistance of 6Ω is removed
• To find Norton’s current AB is shorted

• Norton’s resistance is found in the same way as Thevinin’s reisistance

• Norton’ equivalent Diagram is shown

Alternate way

• Current through 6Ω resistor is given by

• The voltage across the 6Ω resistor

• = 1.43x6 = 8.58 V
 Superposition theorem
• The superposition theorem states that in any linear network
containing two or more sources, the response in any element is equal
to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by individual sources
acting alone, while the other sources are non-operative.

• The superposition theorem states that the response in any element in

a circuit is the vector sum of the responses that can be expected to
flow if each source acts independently of other sources.
Find the current through 3Ω resistor using
Superposition theorem. Verify it.
❖ Case 1: When 20V source acting alone
❖ The circuit can be redrawn by removing current source

❖ No current flow through 10Ω resistor

❖ Current through 3Ω resistor is I1
❖ I1 = 20/(5+3)
❖ = 2.5A
• Case 2: When 5A source acting alone
• The circuit can be redrawn by shorting voltage source

• Current flowing through 10Ω resistor

• = 5A
• Using current division method, current through 3Ω resistor is I2
• I2 = 5x5/8
• = 3.125A
❖ By Superposition theorem, total current through an element when all
sources acting together = Algebraic sum of currents through the
element when sources acting individually

❖ Thus total current flowing through 3Ω resistor IT =I1 +I2

❖ Both currents flow in same direction

❖ IT = 2.5+3.125
❖ = 5.625A
•
Find the current flowing through 2Ω resistor
using superposition theorem.
❖ Case1: When 10V source acting alone
❖ No current flows through 3Ω resistor
❖ Since current 2A opened
❖ 20V source shorted

❖ Applying MESH
❖ From L1 10=30i1-20i2----------(1)
❖ From L2 0=-20i1+27i2----------(2)
❖ On solving
❖ i2= 20/41=0.4878A (No need to calculate i1)
❖ i2 is the current flowing through 2Ω resistor and can be termed as I’
❖ The direction of current is from A to B
❖ Thus, I’=0.4878A
•
•
•
Determine the voltage across (2 + j5) Ω
impedance using superposition theorem.
• Case1: Voltage source acts alone
• Current source 20 ∠30° A open-circuited

• Case2: Voltage source shorted

• Current source 20 ∠30° A Acts alone
• Thus current through both sources
• =I1+I2
Reciprocity theorem
• In any linear bilateral network, if a single voltage source Va in branch
‘a’ produces a current Ib in branch ‘b’, then if the voltage source Va is
removed and inserted in branch ‘b’ will produce a current Ib in branch
‘a’. The ratio of response to excitation is same for the two conditions
mentioned above. This is called the reciprocity theorem.
 Reciprocity theorem (DC circuits with
independent source)
• Verify reciprocity theorem for the network?
• Total resistance in the circuit ={[(2||2)+2]||3}+2=3.5Ω

• The current drawn by the circuit

• IT = 20/3.5 = 5.71A
• The current in the 2Ω branch cd is IT = 1.43 A.
Maximum power transfer theorem
• The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is
delivered from a source to a load when the load resistance is equal to
the source resistance.

• The maximum power transfer theorem can be applied to complex

impedance circuits. If the source impedance is complex, then the
maximum power transfer occurs when the load impedance is the
complex conjugate of the source impedance
•
• Equating dP/dRL =0
(RS+RL)2 – 2RL(RS+RL) =0
RS2+RL2+2RSRL– 2RL2 – 2RSRL=0
∴ RS = RL
• Thus source resistance should be equal to load resistance for
maximum power transfer.
Circuits with Reactance
• Consider the impedance circuit
• Current passing through the circuit is I
• Magnitude of current I is |I|

• Power delivered to the circuit is P

• In the above equation, if RL is fixed, the value of P is maximum when

• Then the power P

• If RL=Rs and XL=-Xs, then ZL= Z*s.
• This means that the maximum power transfer occurs when the load
impedance is equal to the complex conjugate of source impedance Zs.
Determine the value of load resistance when the load resistance draws maximum
power. Also find the value of the maximum power?

• Source delivers the maximum power

when load resistance is equal
to the source resistance
• ∴ RL = 25Ω
• The current, I
I = 50/(25+RL)
I= 50/50 = 1 A
• The maximum power delivered to the load P = I2RL
= 1 x 25=5 25 W
For the circuit shown in Fig. Q.1, what will be the value of RL to get the
maximum power? What is the maximum power delivered to the load?
What is the maximum voltage across the load? What is the maximum
current in it?

• The Circuit redrawn as

• Equivalent resistance Rs
• Rs=[{(20||90)||60}||180]
• =12Ω
• Source delivers the maximum power
when load resistance is equal
to the source resistance
• ∴ RL = 12Ω
• The current, I
I = 10/(12+RL)
I= 10/24 = 0.4167 A
• The maximum power delivered to the load P = I2RL
= 0.17361 x 25=2.0833W
• Problem discussed in class
Superposition theorem (AC circuits having
independent source)
Find the current flowing through 2Ω resistor?
Problems: Thevinin’s & Norton’s Theorem
• For the circuit given, determine Thèvenin’s equivalent between AB.
• The Thevenin’s voltage, VTh, is equal to the voltage across the (4+j6)Ω
impedance. The voltage across (4+j6)Ω is

• The impedance across terminals A and B is

Find both Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalent
circuit for the given network
• To find RTH,
•
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
• Find the value of R in the circuit such that maximum power transfer
takes place. What is the amount of this power?
 • Removing the resistance R,
• To find the Rth
❖ RTh = [(1||2)+5]||1
❖ = 17/20Ω
• Writing KVL for L1 & L2
❖ 3i1-2i2=4………(1)
❖ -2i1+8i2=0………(2)
• On solving
❖ i2=2/5A
• From the figure
❖ VTh=1xi2+6V=32/5V
• for maximum power to be transferred,
• R= RTh
• =17/20Ω
• =0.85Ω
• maximum power P=V2Th/4RTh
• =12W
Superposition Theorem
• Calculate voltage across the resistor by using superposition theorem
•
• by superposition theorem, total voltage across the resistor when both
the sources are acting simultaneously is,
• V=(V’+V’’)
• = j/(1+j)+1/(1+j)
• = 1V