Dynamics If the forces acting on a body are balanced:
Force (2) Body moves with constant speed (zero
acceleration)
Force is a push or a pull.
Force can change the size, shape and motion of
a body.
Unit of force is NEWTON (N).
Force can be measured with a spring balance.
Examples: Friction, weight, air resistance,
electrostatic force, magnetic forces.
Balanced forces
If the forces acting on a body are balanced:
(1) Then body remains at rest
If the forces acting on the body are balanced, then
the resultant force is zero.
Example 1:
Resultant force = 6000 − 6000 = 0 N
Example 2: Example 2:
Resultant force = 6000 − 2000 = 4000 N
The forces act on a car is unbalance, so it decelerates
because backward force is greater than forward force.
Resultant force = 500 − 500 = 0 N Newton’s second law of motion
Newton’s first law of motion When an unbalanced force is applied on a body , it will
produce acceleration in the direction of force . The size
If no net force is acting on a body , then body remain at of acceleration is directly proportional to the size of
rest or moves with uniform speed in a straight line applied force and inversely proportional to the mass of
the body.
Or
The greater the mass of an object, the smaller
If forces acting on a body are balanced then the body acceleration it is given by a particular force.
will remain at rest or move with uniform speed in a
straight line The force, mass and acceleration can be combined into
Unbalanced forces the following equation:
Unbalanced forces causes Force = mass × acceleration
(1) a stationary body to move F = ma
Example question
A block of mass 20 kg is pushed along a road with a
force of 30 N. The frictional force is 10 N.
(2) a moving body to change its velocity
(or accelerate) What is the acceleration of the block?
Sol
If the forces acting on a body are unbalanced ,
then there will be a resultant force.
Example 1:
Resultant force = 5000 − 1500 = 3500 N
The forces act on a car is unbalance, so it accelerates
because forward force is greater than backward force.
Newton’s third law of motion Friction
To every action there is an equal but opposite reaction. Friction is the force which opposes motion. i.e., stopping
force
i.e. If object A exerts a force on object B (action), then
object B will exert an equal but opposite force on It always acts opposite to the direction of travel
object A (reaction).
Examples: firing a gun, hammering a nail, book kept on
a table and launching rocket.
Friction can be reduced by adding lubricants.
e.g. lubricating oil, grease.
Cause of friction
(1)Molecules in materials have a tendency to stick to
each other when materials are pressed or rubbed
together.
(2) Nature of the surface: rough surfaces have more
friction due to up’s and down’s which catch each other.
Advantages of friction
Friction helps us to walk
Friction helps us to hold the objects
Friction helps us to stop a moving object.
Disadvantages of friction
Machine parts rub together and become lose
Shoes and clothes wear and tear
It heats up the moving parts and some energy is
wasted in the form of heat.
Effects of friction on the motion of a vehicle If the road is having rough surface, braking distance
will less.
(1)Tyre surface
If the road is having smooth surface, braking
If the vehicle is having more tyre surface area, distance will be more
then the frictional force acting on it will be more.
If tyre surface area of vehicle is less(small) , If the vehicle has more mass or loaded, braking
then the frictional force acting on it will be less distance will be more.
If the vehicle has less mass, braking distance will be
less.
If the vehicle travels with high speed, braking
distance will be more.
Braking force (It is the amount of force applied to stop
the object.)
(2) Road conditions If the vehicle is having more tyre surface, we have to
apply less braking force to stop the vehicle.
If the road is having rough surface, the
frictional force will be more. If the vehicle is having less tyre surface, we have to
apply more braking force to stop the vehicle.
If the road is having smooth surface, the
frictional force will be less. If the road is having rough surface, we have to apply
less braking force to stop the vehicle.
If the road is having smooth surface, we have to
apply more braking force to stop the vehicle.
If the vehicle has more mass or loaded, we have to
apply more braking force to stop the vehicle.
If the vehicle has less mass, we have to apply less
braking force to stop the vehicle.
If the vehicle travels with high speed, we have to
Thinking distance (How far object travels just before apply more braking force to stop the vehicle.
brake applied.)
Circular Motion When any object is moving in a
If the vehicle is having more tyre surface area, circular path, then the object is in circular motion.
thinking distance will be less.
Centripetal Force( Center Seeking force)
If the vehicle is having less tyre surface area,
thinking distance will be more. Objects are moving in circular path due to constant
force acting towards center of the circle. This force is
If the road is having rough surface, thinking distance called centripetal force.
will less.
Circular motion is not possible without centripetal
If the road is having smooth surface, thinking force
distance will be more.
If the vehicle has more mass or loaded, thinking
distance will be more.
If the vehicle has less mass, thinking distance will be
less.
If the vehicle travels with high speed, thinking
distance will be more.
Braking distance (How far object travels after brake
applied.)
If the vehicle is having more tyre surface, braking
distance will be less.
If the vehicle is having less tyre surface, braking
distance will be more.
Factors on which centripetal force depends
Mass of the body
If the mass of the object is increased then
centripetal force will also increase
Speed of the object moving in circular path
If the speed of the object is increased then centripetal
force will also increase
Radius of the circular path
If the radius of the circular path is reduced then
centripetal force will increase.
The planets are orbiting around the sun due to The electrons are orbiting around the nucleus due to
constant gravitational force acting towards the sun constant electrostatic force acting towards nucleus of the
atom
Moon is orbiting around the earth and necessary
centripetal force is provided by the earth
The satellites are orbiting around the earth due to
constant gravitational force acting towards the center of
earth.