PRACTICAL FILE

On

Computer Fundamentals & Its Applications

Branch/Year – Computer Science & Engineering/ I-Year

SESSION: JUN-DEC 2018

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mr. Raj kumar Name:

Mrs. Kavita rani Roll No:

CSE DEPARTMENT
 INDEX
[Link]. Experiment / Topic Date Signature /
Remarks
1. Various Components Of Computer

2. Internal And External DOS Commands

3. Windows Operating System

4. MS Word

5. MS Excel

6. MS Power Point

7. Web Browser And E-mail

EXPERIMENT NO  1
VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
CPU
Its meaning is Central Processing Unit. Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor or Nerve
Centre or heart, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place. The CPU
is the brains of the computer.

Central processing unit (CPU) is the central component of the Computer System.

Sometimes it is called as microprocessor or processor. It is the brain that runs the show inside the Computer.
All functions and processes that is done on a computer is performed directly or indirectly by the processor.

PARTS OF CPU
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): It is the part of computer processor (CPU) can be used to perform arithmetic
and logic operations. An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is further divided into two parts, (AU) arithmetic unit and
a (LU) logic unit.

Control Unit (CU): Decodes the program instruction. CPU chip used in a computer is partially made out of
Silica. on other words silicon chip used for data processing are called Micro Processor.

KEYBOARD
A computer keyboard is an input device used to enter characters and functions into the computer system by
pressing buttons, or keys. It is the primary device used to enter text. A keyboard typically contains keys for
individual letters, numbers and special characters, as well as keys for specific functions.

TYPICAL KEYBOARD FOR A DESKTOP COMPUTER

MOUSE
A computer mouse is a handheld hardware input device that controls a cursor in a GUI and can move and
select text, icons, files, and folders. For desktop computers, the mouse is placed on a flat surface such as a
mouse pad or a desk and is placed in front of your computer. The picture to the right is an example of a
desktop computer mouse with two buttons and a wheel.

MONITOR
Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a computer. It forms
images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image
depends upon the number of pixels.

There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.

 Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) 

Flat-Panel Display
CATHODE-RAY TUBE (CRT) M ONITOR
The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the better the image
clarity or resolution.

A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once. The screen can be divided into a series of
character boxes - fixed location on the screen where a standard character can be placed. Most screens are
capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines vertically.

There are some disadvantages of CRT −

• Large in Size

• High power consumption

FLAT-PANEL DISPLAY MONITOR

The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and power
requirement in comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists.

The flat-panel display is divided into two categories −

• Emissive Displays − Emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light. For
example, plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).

• Non-Emissive Displays − Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from

some other source into graphics patterns. For example, LCD (LiquidCrystal Device).
PRINTERS
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.

There are two types of printers −

• Impact Printers

• Non-Impact Printers

IMPACT PRINTERS
Impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon, which is then pressed on the paper.

Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following −

• Very low consumable costs

• Very noisy

• Useful for bulk printing due to low cost

• There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image These printers are of two types

• Character printers

• Line printers

CHARACTER PRINTERS
Character printers are the printers which print one character at a time.

These are further divided into two types:

• Dot Matrix Printer(DMP)

• Daisy Wheel

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

In the market, one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix Printer. These printers are popular because of
their ease of printing and economical price. Each character printed is in the form of pattern of dots and head
consists of a Matrix of Pins of size (5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which come out to form a character which is why it is
called Dot Matrix Printer.
DAISY WHEEL
Head is lying on a wheel and pins corresponding to characters are like petals of Daisy (flower) which is why it is
called Daisy Wheel Printer. These printers are generally used for wordprocessing in offices that require a few
letters to be sent here and there with very nice quality.

LINE PRINTERS
Line printers are the printers which print one line at a time.

These are of two types −

• Drum Printer
 • Chain Printer

DRUM PRINTER
This printer is like a drum in shape hence it is called drum printer. The surface of the drum is divided into a
number of tracks. Total tracks are equal to the size of the paper, i.e. for a paper width of 132 characters, drum
will have 132 tracks. A character set is embossed on the track. Different character sets available in the market
are 48 character set, 64 and 96 characters set. One rotation of drum prints one line. Drum printers are fast in
speed and can print 300 to 2000 lines per minute.

CHAIN PRINTER
In this printer, a chain of character sets is used, hence it is called Chain Printer. A standard character set may
have 48, 64, or 96 characters.

NON-IMPACT PRINTERS
Non-impact printers print the characters without using the ribbon. These printers print a complete page at a
time, thus they are also called as Page Printers.

These printers are of two types −

• Laser Printers

• Inkjet Printers

CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-IMPACT PRINTERS

• Faster than impact printers

• They are not noisy

• High quality

• Supports many fonts and different character size

LASER PRINTERS
These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produce the dots needed to form the characters
to be printed on a page.
INKJET PRINTERS
Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based on a relatively new technology. They print characters
by spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality output with presentable
features.

They make less noise because no hammering is done and these have many styles of printing modes available.
Color printing is also possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce multiple copies of printing also.

STORAGE DEVICES 1. USB F LASH DRIVE

A USB Flash Drive is a small, ultra-portable storage device which is used to store data and transfer
information. Flash drives are also called as pen-drives, jump-drives, and thumb-drives. Basically, every USB
flash drive are re-writable and removable. Actually, USB Flash Drive is robust because there are no moving
parts.
2. MEMORY CARDS
A Memory Card is a small storage device just like 16 MB to 64 GB and this storage device is used for storing
media and data files. Memory card is Non-Volatile, permanent storage device which is used inside of Phone,
Camera, and many other electronic devices. There are so many types of memory card in market, and it's
totally depended on size.

3. CD (C OMPACT DISK)
The CD was created by Pilips factory in Germany on august,1982.. The size of Compact Disk is 650 Megabytes
to 700 Megabytes. A compact Disk is a portable storage medium that can store audio, video, picture, and also
Data.

4. DVD (DIGITAL VIDEO DISK)

DVD (Digital Video Disk) is an optical disk format invented and developed in [Link] Capacity of CD is 4.7 GB
and the Weight is 16 grams. The Compact Disk can store any kind of digital media just like video, audio,
picture, game, software, data.

5. HDD (H ARD D ISK D RIVE )

IBM company‘s engineer created the first Hard Disk Drive in [Link] size of Hard Disk was just like two
refrigerators. A Hard Disk Drive is a non-volatile secondary storage device, here data can store permanently.
EXPERIMENT NO 2

WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

The operating system window is the extension of the disk operating system. It is the most popular and
simplest operating system; it can be used by any person who can read and understand basic English, as it does
not require any special training.

However, the Windows Operating System requires DOS to run the various application programs initially.
Because of this reason, DOS should be installed into the memory and then window can be executed.

E LEMENTS OF W INDOWS OS

Following are the significant element of Windows Operating System (WOS) −

• Graphical User Interface

• Icons (pictures, documents, application, program icons, etc.)
• Taskbar
• Start button
• Windows explorer
• Mouse button
• Hardware compatibility
 • Software compatibility  Help, etc.

S TART M ENU O PTIONS

The following table lists down the options that appear after clicking on the Start
menu −

Option & Description

1. All programs

It displays all those programs, which are installed in your system.

2. Document

It displays a list of folders used by the user.

3. Recent file
It displays the recently used file.
4. My picture
It displays a list of pictures.
5. My music
It displays a list of music/song, etc.
6. My computer
 It displays the drives of computer where user keeps his/her work, file, folder,
song, video, picture, e-book, etc.
7. Control panel
It displays all the installed computer programs (software).
8. Printer
It displays the installed printers (if printer is installed in the system, user can take
print easily).
9. Help (support)
It helps users to know how to do a particular task.
10. Search
It helps a user to find a file in computer.
11. Run
It helps to start an application program or execute a DOS command.
12. Setting
It has different options that help to manage different settings of the computer,
software as well as hardware.
13. Log Off
It helps a user to log off the currently logged in user of the system.
14. Sleep
It makes the system non-functional; however, puts the ongoing work and settings
in memory and also keeps drawing small amount of power.
15. Hibernation
Hibernation puts the open documents and programs on hard disk and then turns
off your computer; in comparison to ‗sleep‘, it uses very low power.
16. Restart
Its function is to shut down and again start (log on) computer; it is done normally
to refresh computer especially when computer is hanged.
17. Shut down
It simply shuts down the system.

R ECYCLE B IN
Recycle Bin is a trash location where deleted files remain stored. Once you delete
any sort of file, it gets stored (automatically) into recycle bin; therefore, if you
mistakenly deleted some important file, don‘t panic, go to recycle bin and restore it.
However, if you deleted file from recycle bin as well, then it is very difficult to
restore that permanently deleted file.

Accessories
Windows operating system ships with some handy applications known as Windows
accessories. Calculator, Notepad, Paint, Explorer, WordPad are some of the most
frequently used accessories.

C ALCULATOR

Windows Calculator is a calculating application included in all the versions of Windows. It can be used to
perform simple calculation, scientific calculation and Programming calculation.  Choose Start >> Programs >>
Accessories >> Calculator to start Calculator application, or
 • Alternately you can open Run dialog box (Start >> Run) dialog box then type calc and hit enter.
• From View menu choose the required type of calculator – Standard, Scientific, Programmer,
Statistical
• Edit >> Copy and Paste commands can be used to input the numbers into calculator or paste the
result to other applications

Calculator was first included with Windows 1.0 as a simple arithmetic calculator. In Windows 3.0, a Scientific
mode was added, which included exponents and roots, logarithms, factorialbased functions, trigonometry
(supports radian, degree and gradians angles), base conversions (2, 8, 10, 16), logic operations, Statistic
functions such as single variable statistics and linear regression.

Notepad

W ORD P AD
C ONTROL P ANEL

The Control Panel is a section of Microsoft Windows that enables a user to change various computer
hardware and software features. Settings for the mouse, display, sound, network, and keyboard represent
just a few examples of what may be modified in the Control Panel. Below the Control Panel appeared in
Windows.

EXPERIMENT  4

MS-WORD
MS-WORD is the part of the bigger package called MS-OFFICE. We can do much more than word processing.

What is word processing?

Word processing is a software package that enables you to create, print and save document for future retrial
and reference creating a document involves typing by using a keyboard and saving it editing a document a
document involves correcting the spelling mistakes if any deleting or moving words sentence or paragraph.

Advantages of word processing:

Word processor over a conventional type writer is that a word processor enables you to may change to a
document without retyping the entire document.

Features of word processing:

1. Text is typing into the computer which allows alteration to be made easily
2. Word and sentence can be inserted or deleted.
3. Paragraph or text can be copy/move throughout the documents.
4. Margins and page length can be adjusted as desired.
5. Spelling can be checked and modify through the spell check facility.
6. Multiple documents/files can be merged.
7. Multiple copies of letters can be generated with different address through the male merger facility.

Some commands of a word processing package:

1. Soft Word.
2. WordStar.
3. WordPerfect.
4. Microsoft word.
5. Footer.
6. Header.

Important components of the screen:

1. Title bar: - The title bar displayed the name of the currently active word document like other windows
applications.

2. Toolbar: - Word has a number of tool bar that help you perform task faster and with great easy two of
the most commonly toolbar are the formatting toolbar and the standard toolbar.

3. Ruler bar:- the ruler bar allows you to format the vertical alignment of text in a document.
4. Status bar:- The status bar displays information about the currently activate document. This includes the
page no. that you are working.

5. Scroll bar:- This bar helps scroll the content or body of document.
6. Work space:- The work space is the document windows where you enter/type the text of your
document. 7. Main menu:- The word main menu is displayed at the top if the screen.
S AVING N EW D OCUMENT

Once you are done with typing in your new Word document, it is time to save your document to avoid losing
work you have done on a Word document. Following are the steps to save an edited Word document −

Step 1 − Click the File tab and select the Save As option.
Step 2 − Select a folder where you will like to save the document, Enter the file name which you want to give
to your document and Select the Save Asoption, by default it is the .docx format.
Step 3 − Finally, click on the Save button and your document will be saved with the entered name in the
selected folder.

S AVING N EW C HANGES

There may be an instance when you open an existing document and edit it partially or completely, or an
instance where you may like to save the changes in between editing of the document. If you want to save this
document with the same name, then you can use either of the following simple options −

• Just press the Ctrl + S keys to save the changes.

• Optionally you can click on the floppy icon available at the top left corner and just above the File tab.
This option will also help you save the changes.

• You can also use the third method to save the changes, which is the Save option available just above
the Save As option as shown in the above screenshot.
If your document is new and it was never saved so far, then with either of the three options, Word will display
a dialogue box to let you select a folder, and enter the document name as explained in case of saving new
document.
V IEW B UTTONS

The group of five buttons located to the left of the Zoom control, near the bottom of the screen, lets you
switch through the Word's various document views.

• Print Layout view: This displays pages exactly as they will appear when printed.

• Full Screen Reading view: This gives a full screen view of the document.

• Web Layout view: This shows how a document appears when viewed by a Web browser, such as
Internet Explorer.

• Outline view: This lets you work with outlines established using Word‘s standard heading styles.

• Draft view: This formats text as it appears on the printed page with a few exceptions. For example,
headers and footers aren't shown. Most people prefer this mode.

EXPERIMENT  5

MS Excel
I NTRODUCTION TO M ICROSOFT E XCEL 2007

Microsoft Excel is a very powerful tool for you to use for numeric computations and analysis Excel can also
function as a simple database but that is another class. Today we will look at how to get starting with Excel
and show you around the neighborhood sort of speak.

S TARTING MS-E XCEL 2007

• To start Microsoft Excel:

• Click once on the Start button on the bottom left corner of the screen.
• Click on All Programs.
• Move the cursor to the new menu on the right and then click on Microsoft Office 2007.
• Move the cursor to the next menu that opens and click Microsoft Office excel 2007.
• A blank document will appear on the screen.

M AIN SCREEN OF A M ICROSOFT E XCEL 2007 D OCUMENT

This is a workbook. A workbook is a collection of worksheets (spreadsheets) and macros. By default, Excel
creates 3 worksheets in a new workbook. The worksheets are designated at the bottom part of the window
where you see the file folder-like tabs. The tabs are named Sheet1,Sheet2 and Sheet3. If you click on Sheet2,
you will be in Sheet2 and not Sheet1 so you need to be aware of which worksheet you are in.

O FFICE F LUENT USER INTERFACE

In Excel 2007, the new Office Fluent user interface replaces the traditional menus and toolbars from previous
versions of Excel with a single mechanism designed to help users find the right features more efficiently.

The interface contains three main components:

• Office Button
• Quick Access Toolbar
• Ribbon

O PEN A N EW W ORKBOOK

Sometimes you have to create a new workbook.

1. Click on the Office Button

2. Click on New
You are now able to open recently used or new workbooks from this panel. You can also open up templates
that are available with Excel or ones that you create. If you click on Blank Workbook, Excel will create a new
workbook for you.

What are Columns, Rows, and Cells?

• Columns are the vertical markers in the worksheet and are denoted by the alphabet i.e. A, B, C.
• The rows are the horizontal markers in the worksheet and are denoted by numbers i.e. 1,
2, 3.

• Cells are the single box that you get where the column and row intersect i.e. A1, B3, and C2.
You will often need to know the cell reference. The cell reference is the cell‘s name and you can find that by
looking at the toolbar. This means that the cell that is selected is named C28.

S ELECTING A CELL
1. We are going to select C28. Look for the C column.
2. Look for the Row number 28.
3. You may use your finger to follow the column C down to where row 28 is.
4. Once you have located it, click on it.
5. Look at the toolbar; the cell reference box should say C28. If it does not, try again.
6. After you have done this, click on a different cell and note the cell reference box.

S ELECTING A GROUP OF CELLS A4 TO D10

1. Click on the first cell A4
2. Click and Hold the mouse button down. Drag the cursor down to D10.
3. Let go of the mouse button.
4. If you did it correctly, you should see a Highlighted box around those cells. If not, try again. Please see the
picture on the next page.

B ASIC DATA ENTRY , FILL HANDLE

From the example, we have numeric (year, numbers) and text (months) entered as data in our worksheet. Let
us practice by re-creating the example on our own.

M ETHOD 1

1. Click on cell A2 to select it.

 2. Type in 1981 and hit Enter. Notice by hitting Enter, we automatically move down to the next row. (we
can also do the same by hitting the down arrow)
3. Click on cell B1 to select it.
4. Type in January and hit Tab. By hitting Tab (or right arrow), we move to the next column.
We can continue to doing this to enter the data from 1981 to 1992 and so on, but Excel provides us with a tool
to complete sequences.

Method 2:

1. Click on cell A2 to select it.

2. Type in 1981 and hit Enter.
3. Type in 1982, and then select both cells A2 and A3.
4. Move your mouse cursor over the fill handle (small black box on the bottom right of the, active cell)
so that the cursor turns into a cross.
5. Click and drag the fill handle down to the cell desired.

C OPY , C UT , P ASTE

You can Copy, Cut and Paste anything into your worksheet. You can copy from one worksheet to another
worksheet in another book. Let‘s concentrate on the basics. We are going to copy cells D4 to H9.

C UT /C OPY AND P ASTE TO THE SAME WORKSHEET

1. Using the same worksheet, select cells A4 to D10.

2. Use CTRL-c to copy and CTRL-x to cut the selected cells. 3. Click on cell E29. It should
be blank
4. Use CTRL-v to paste the data.

You can also use the toolbar shortcuts for cut/copy/paste as the functionality is the same.

I NSERT & DELETE COLUMNS , ROWS , AND CELLS

Have you ever entered all of your data and realized that you are missing an entry in the middle of the
worksheet? If yes and you did not know how to add columns or rows, it would be really difficult to fix. Well,
there is an easier method.
You can insert columns, rows, or cells in any spot on your worksheet.

U SING THE SORT FEATURE

We want to insert a new row for Anne Frank‘s contact information between John Doe 1. And Fred Johnson but
this time we will create her record in line 5.

1. Select cells A1 to G5
2. Go to the Data tab, then click on Sort
3. In the sort option window, use the pull down boxes to select the sort criteria. In this case we want to
sort by Last Name, ascending order A-Z, then click on OK.

D ELETE COLUMNS AND ROWS

We all make mistakes. It is very easy to remove a column or rows.

1. Select the column or row that you want to delete.

2. Point at the highlighted column name or row name and right click.
3. A pop-up menu should appear
4. Select Delete
5. The column or row should be gone.

Inserting & deleting new worksheets

There will be many times when you need to add a whole worksheet rather than columns or rows.

I NSERT A WORKSHEET

1. Right Click on the tabs where the name of the worksheets are.
2. Click on Insert
3. Select what kind of insert you want from the window.
4. To move the worksheet, click and hold the left mouse button on the worksheet tab. Drag the tab to
where you want it to be placed. Note: you can only move the worksheet tabs to the left or right.

D ELETE A WORKSHEET

1. Click on the tab of the worksheet that you want to delete.

2. Right Click on the same tab of the worksheet
3. Click on Delete

P RINTING

Printing your worksheets out to a printer would be a nice thing to know how to do. If the information that you
have on the worksheet fits on an 8.5‖x11‖ paper, you have no trouble printing your worksheet out. The
problem arises when you have a larger worksheet. You may have noticed that your worksheet has dashed
lines running down and across it; this is your print area.
 EXPERIMENT  6

MS-POWER POINT
The presentation software is used for creation of the slides and to display the information in form of
presentation software are easy to use and provide an alternative to other older types of visual aids like hand
drawn slides, black board, posters, hand outs or overhead transparency. A presentation software provide tool
like editor that allows insertion and formatting of text and methods for inserting and manipulating graphics
images along with sound and visual effects.

Features of MS-Power point:

1. Design.
2. Flexibility.
3. Animation.
4. Presentation.
5. Effects.
6. Multimedia.
7. Integration.

Presentation terminology:
1. Audience hangouts.
2. Free hand drawing.
3. Object.
4. Outline.
5. Placeholder.
6. Slides.
7. Speaker‘s notes.

Starting the MS-Power point:

1. Using the start menu.
(a) Click on start button.
(b) Click at programs.
(c) Click on MS-Office sub menu.
2. By using shortcuts.
User can use these facilities if the icon of the software has been created and it put on desktop.

3. By using Microsoft office bar.

4. Menu bar and menu.
5. Screen of MS-Power point.

Screen of MS Power Point:

1. Title bar: The title bar displayed the name of the currently active word document like other
windows applications.
2. Toolbar: Word has a number of tool bar that help you perform task faster and with great easy two of
the most commonly toolbar are the formatting toolbar and the standard toolbar.
3. Ruler bar: The ruler bar allows you to format the vertical alignment of text in a document.
4. Status bar: The status bar displays information about the currently activate document.
This includes the page no. that you are working.

5. Scroll bar: This bar helps scroll the content or body of document.
6. Work space: The work space is the document windows where you enter/type the text of your
document.

7. Main bar: The word main menu is displayed at the top if the screen.
EXPERIMENT  7