Moulez

Gtress and trains

stress
Whenever Sooe erternal syslero
Bores act on a body
deforaton As the
undergoes body
delortion, ts molecules
set op soroe
T5fo
resiotable to deßoratin
tesistaDCe pe8 unit
araa Dh defosraion
as trogs stress is

denoted by o P Convevt
kN,UN’ N
load
A Ara

lead în (N , kN)
P> Applfed Cm)
Area,(ton, m,
A>
unit >: Nron

Area
10 22X1o: 220 cm?.
22

4
T Area

Aroa Na(3ahr

Straib

klhenevey [Link],on a
body' t ndegoes Joe deßormion .
The defbo ration per crt length
Denotel by
is knch as train..
t =e
 Origal\engt
Lorg
straio bas ust
lont

Tgpes o f stresses

Tensile tress

When a secion tssubjectad to

too eaual opostte palle and
body tendsto ncrease in leha
&boon i igue the stress
led tensile stre as
înduced is cal
lateval
Afmoensit fo)p
P P force
L Ifpoar diroenion

strafn Ts
Ihe coryes pond ing
called Tensite Gtrain. Ås
a result of
alea
tensile btress the CVOs 5 bectonal
oß the body gets teduced
stress
Compresi ve
Wheh section , îs subje ctod to
ad
Aoo cqual and pastte pasbes
ody end's-to e shorlen' îp
 show {igure -the
as
le rg th
compressive
fs called
foducod
4trecs
stress

called
ing strain îs
correspod
Tbe
ompreseive srain.

Bbear btress :
tangential ore
per Cubit (To)
Tbe bby ?2
Denoted
is sear stress.
stress
Area

btresst
latieant: (Working stress elastie
ytem of
ex-ternal
benever So me
a body t unergoe s
forces a t on
the cternal
Some deßoratioo. I
defornation are remeoved
forces causipe oieibal
back to ts
the ikely .coes thart
Tt bas been ourd
pasttion
cection there Îs
a
-Bor a gfven
o foreo opto obich
Limting value
the de<ormaton ertirely disappeos
B theßorce.
on the remDVal1

Toe stess cores popdiy to

thic Iiotog or ce is called olasic
eiroit o -the material.
 law
tates -that ben
Hooke's

lead
ottbin rts
is
a
morterfal
the strOSS 5
|ioit
elastie
proportonal t o stvaip.

Stress = constant Aress

stroto

yung's Modulus tb
o the
noterial.

P/A

F:PL
Adl.

Urit
long apd
A steol rodl, m
Choes sOco Ts subjettad to a

4okN. Deter ine the

tonsî le orce of of
f modulus
the rod
elongation 'Yed aterial ps 200 GPa,
elasteity ot
P- 4o KN
4oxloN

= QoX |0 x N
 (o5)

AE
26

O.9 m

Abollow Cylider &m long as a Outee

Q:
Gredor is carrylog a lad af
yUdey. ALo
Hd toe streeS in the
25 kN
delorrorti Of tbe y
Brd the 00 GPa.
-the vaue yurg dulus fs

Soln
B0

A= 7 (D- d?)
4

A l256 m
= P O5ooo
A |256 |25%

|S 19.9 Nmm?

= l00, lo1 N/2

 N]mm

de P
AE

d = 0 . 348 mm

bolloco steol tube has

Q) A teo mm
eterna d ametek of
oe trtenal diamotey
to d e t e r
the Oube as subjectod to a tens
hd extension oa
af 4ookN
Joad 2 oo .
measired
Lo be
Tntornal dia metiy
detormine -toe
tbe tube
m= 350O mm
3.5

We have

P - 40o kN

A =

4
(120-d)
A
 N/o2
QOO X O7
)

N/roro
Nono

400X I o * 8500

3500 mr

8500

4
80 4
3:14
J 2 0d
- 4 S8.59812b

J 4944- 4

Gttes fb Cooposfte sectio ns

R A reinlorced Conerete couhon

Soomo xEOoro n Crass seton ( ls)
steel bars oft
is veinforced cotb four
colum is caryÉng
5mro dametor Toe
looo kN, Deteroipe t e streSes
a load of
and stoel bars Take
lo concrete

bors
Boln:
Tbe basic
strain in taaterial
Sirain in otber
material.
Stepl:

Nm2
= I4X \
14 X109
(tboo)
loo0)
Nmm?
106

l4 x103

l4X Io3

Step 2!
Also led ta ken by
Toto! applied load n e aatorialt

otber material
lood taken by
[Link].

A
P 0XA
 Ag 4. Tr2

As =l969.5 mn

Total load p l000kN

As
Ac = 500 >X 500 - ( 9 6 2 . 5 m 2

Ac= à4801.5 mm

Bx103

la62.55 Oy8.03 X10

Db7x 948o37 .5)
- Os (1962.5 +(0.
5 s 1 8 5 8 1 . o 2 5 )

18581. oI85

Os strogs in stel 53.&I Noro

S =stress inConcrota

O.o67 53. 81 = 3.61Non

stepo
lad carned by x As - 53.81X
Ps =
Gteel 1962 5

I05 *6o kN

lnd carrid by
CoDc rete a4 So37.5

= 844 4| kN
 Aastic Consta nte

Poisson's rotio ( / ) o) u(or)

ratio is deli ned
as
Potsson's
ratio o, lateol train to lînear
tha
strain.
(oith -bke
Change fo loteral
lateral train = diroorar,
Original loteral diroesi.

Linear Strafo e
Chame in linear dimo
Oigiral lTnean diroorsion
Potcson's ratiD = lateralsvafn
Linoar slrain

&m log 4omm oide ao

) A steol bar ayfol
subjected to an
9os oo thick
s
o4 l6o kN .În tbe Aireetfon
full
.Fnd -the changa Ib lehgth,
ts lenqth thfcknees
oittb change in
Change în
Ga 2
of tbe bar. Ta ke F= oo

Soln!

X too

lenqt

P= l6o kN

No
N'mo
 Adl

e: P
AF

d = mm
at. stain
11
latoral sain tio -stra
lincar sain
Linear srain= !

LXlo3
3x IDf )
3x163
6atexal elra .
change Pn coid
Lateral sraib: ov fqinal ofoth

tbickbess

hage in
strain : Original attbick
Lateral

change n dth

charge
20
thickhes - 3X 1 0 x
chare in 3

Bulk Modulus (k):

k= Direct Gtress
Voluoeric strafn
Volubetrie slvain Charge b volutoe
Origial Volume
 Direct Brecs z
A

F, e k
Retatenstiip betoeen

values , ooduus o elasto

Q) IA the
2 poison's rotfo for an alloy is
Gafa 2 [Link] vespecvey. Dete
Balk toodulus
tbe vatue d
Soln :
E:15O aPa

I50 XI0 NAn

E 15D XI0 N

£ 3k (i- a(Vm))
. k.T

(oas))
t ' xfo: 3k(1- a
Iso0: sk (o.5)

1.5

Rgiatty Moaulus()(o) (G):

[ Modulus os rigiditu)
C Bhtar strees
shear btrain.
Relationgt beoeon E, Y02 C:
(i+)
 a bar
experinent
) In an subjected to a a pull &
afateter 5
hoeasured ertension on
bo kN. Tbe
oho is
gauge length e 2 diameter is
Ps o, bO34rs
& the change în
vaues o tvee
Caleulate poinss ratio
ooduli.
Soln:

C=?, k =?

Lateral stain
Poleans raio ( o) Linear strais

Lateral strain = Crarge fn cotth

Original width

3o

Libear strain = change lensth

Original length

20

4.5 X t0t

Ade
 4

A= o b. 5 mm

E PL
Ad
box1b3 x

106.5 XO.09

o5 Nmm²
E: 1.8x

E34k(i- (v)
tox10 3k

|8XL65
K

N]m2
k: 493 16

E aC(1+ym)

a.58 C

1·88X 10 5 C

a.58
o.78 X10 Nm
 Tensfon t o t bn stee)

Macbibs is
UTM Testg
ae
test tae.
test tension sz steel
Used to

Cr Erpensoebe

load

Deylee hGn
E: Elasic li
Y Yield point
stes U = Utinate poi t
gtraih
Brea bn 4
Brea kirg stress - load orea
obtaine baobie
The f l l e g data cas Diaroeter a
Qe) tensile test
conduct fng a length of
he bar
elastj imet t s e a l
Ct.
A5Lo , Lood BokN.
tenson of th
loa
cN yield.
sOkN o KN
load of per,
Vod Qt a length=
kN Aal G1auge A3.5n
load = Slo lailure
tha tod at
Diaroete
Youg's madules (E)
at last lfit
|Copte t stress
) i e id tdess

Uy Utiate stress
cV) /% elongtton leng th
(v) redueton in area
Solb:

toung's mod ules

Ade.
 P lkN

deo. t8 mm

( 490. 629 Xo"s)

= 4. 25 X10° Nom

Sttess at Flastie Liit

()
load at elastie liit
Stress at
elastte i i t Area

&50Y l63

490.25

5o9. 55

Yield &ress

A
rea
dBoxlb 3
490. 625

- 510. 1 N/nm
 ultirmate stress

Utmate lcad
Area oL CToSS ection

310Y o5
440.6 A5

154-14 No

lo elongation of lengt
Total iDCIease Îo gauge
25cm
length = 3 o -

Yo elcrgatioo Total incease

inlegth X IDD

Origiral ength

-XI00

vi) veducion ib area

Totat teerease ioarea

reduc tico - Original a- Area at

fai ure.

Origil areg
Giiven di ametS of neck - 3. 5 mm

Area at failure K(23:5)

433. 5) oro .
 -/, redu ion 490.626
440.6 25 -
433.5|6
490.6 25

Ga A teel bar is 4o0 lonq

total
in gigure,
DetesiDe the extersion
40 om 3omm
I5mm

|5k N

200
20

00mm

AE

P J5 kN

A
4 4

Aj |256 nm2
 4

A : i16. 685 mm

d4, : 15%10 x 500

A3 : 106. 5 mm²

O. A45 mm

Change in area
I5kN

Sl- Pe
AE
P- j5kNa 5x\03 N

A = K(1- 5)²
 Deteoone t e total exterHon q
Qu)
ar

&okN 20tN
kN Io kN

|. 2 rn

5DkN
Pi sokN (T) ve)

30kN P. = 3okN (e) ve)

3okN

|okN
lokN
Po lo kN (c) (-ve)

A, E
P= 5pkN
A loO0 roo

looo X Lx io5
 O. 3 roro

AE

: 30X ios looo

Jooox io5

-0. 3 mm

AE

O,3 -o.3 -o |2

CATTT

Pripcipal stresses and strains

iglzl'2s
stresSes
friocipat planes arol prinual
shear
Tbe planes ohich have bo
planes
sress are khoon as rincipal Panes of
are
Hence inci pal dans
Tbese danes carry
Zero Ahear Gtress
Tbe hormal Stresses
Ony bor al stresSes
are knooo

actirg on a prineital planeCbline (o)izlined plane

SAresSes Pahe
as
princifpal

plare (o)
'Normal
Sero