Chapter y 8 alanced Faull s Ik 48 readed Ao de berms ng bus valbuges tind Lino. curvevrts during vartous feutts yp Thre are. (D Three — phase botanced Paths @ Unhalanced pou ts @® Birgle Jinato-ground Cawtd @ Double Line-Lo-ground fault @ Lina to- Ling fault: Foul stud its = 1 forrintcon uced for proper velay selting and coordination. g-pr betanced foult informabon rs used do select and set phase celays: Line=te~qround Poult is used ground NOLO Be Fault shudces ave also used te obtain the cabs, of dhe probective. switthgears »Three ON Fautlss Balanc ed { across a\\ Bimullomeous shock circus WWwee proses: Most severe type of Loults + 5 y Per-phase onoly sts technique '$ applad - The reactance af ile synchronous generator under short— areuk condihonys is a Hime varying qucntity » fer nopoork. analy 515 three reactances Aare defined 3, @ Subtransient reacta7ce x4, for the Pirsk peor cycles of the short-circuit current. , v transient reactance. Xd, for the neat ~ (say) 30 eyeles- @ Synchronous reacta A faudt 15 equivalent to he addchion of aw impedance. ab /he place of. Paull Th fowl /mpedan ce fs. ero... than fault /s bolted aes Pouills = “Thevenin’s ne hod js ap P led nceX{, thereafter:eae The oneline diagram shewn represents A Power sy stem + BGenrinbacsarcetef ie Sented by eints addeerragsient veactantes. Aw impedances are in pec unit on Conon | ipoMvA bare. Al generators are running at vabed voltages Determine adbeast, bus voltages, tnd dine currents during the fault hen a bolanced 8-Ph Poult with a Court impedance. Zp ajo.16 pec unit occurs on: @® Bus 3 OQ Rus 2 Cy ei - 6 52 ee jt 9g Jord A fo L7.Vex a Co) Which #5 the prefault bus voltage. In Alas examp&, loads are neglected and generabyrs are runni on rode Valuae $5 phen all ere bus Yolrages V, lo.) =) = cove 4.0 pu To Pind Zaid, evAyeais aX formed by bures (ee tg an equivalent as inal fa do. y 1 ey JO2y e jor : Ss Jo] 20,4) O,3¥ 3 3 V, th 10 | Vay b jogWith the Tlevenin equi va lant seen bY "dbo faulled bus, dhe changes 11 Jhe Ms voltges are Caleta led as follo Is ‘ eS 27h laj hele 2 24 le AVo = = (yO) (-g O8) 2 — Cae Ces = Coden gi2)= 102-068 pu Bus voltages during ihe Heute are Ble Sum (superposition) of the prefatt bus yo loges and the changes yn the hus vo aga. V,(F) = Y@)+ AY = Ip-0.24 20.76 pu VF) Vo to) + AV2 = (0-032 20,68 pw V3 CF) = Vz Co) + AV, 2 (0-0.68 22.32 pu w MN Mirefore, phe short circcit Crentiein | phe Lines are? Vile) Vol). O76 - O68 _ jl pu Fd = Tin. Pat a8 Vi) -V,(P) _ 276 -0.32 ; Pye ssi 8 Ay CEE: Tig l ey Foy ea pu — YlOV3tP 068 0.32. j Te. a oa -J0.4 puTy; LGA ¥Re ye 3V Joy 12 joy J0.24 See: 2 i: 2 Vik Vek aco mt Cs) at ef zj olf ZpzJ Olé The paul cusrerd IS + ee Volo) = VAC) ¢ = oJ 2S pw Pia Zit Of J 0,14 jd. ls =o IGA pe ey Sy Gis tO pe J 40 Pig 2S, LE) 2 JIS pu J Lo Fle bus yo bage changes are 2 (on — Liag) (ito) =~: Pe oO TRMgeS L>Vz = Bos Lio, Ww ( >) = = DY puSkecheGweont: Capacity (sec) : Ais \5s acowmon measure of the strengts of a bus. IX is dened as see Product °% * mogmitdes ok Woo yoked bus Vo thage and Ave feuke cuccent « Sec is used to dekermine. 4be dimens Lor of | a bus bar and Abe \nbeccuphings capacity of a civcuct breaker: The. SCC at dus Hea Vetet Aine voltage. secalto Ye le Os Ty (P+ Fault carrent T, CF) = 1, pu Ip, Veto), Vuclo)s perunit prefoulb voltye de Opn = ee 2 Ky pr perunit reactance to ie Ss pointok bault, Tepes Va Ve fine Gee Vil) Sp Xe Ve Vico 3B VI = SCC = Lk xa Val Th Vie = Va, than ere ke Ss ; Xrek oe S Vi fo» =f pou (usually Jd by eras Kens Bus Loads are approximate Bi (ie SAS. ine es evaluated ak PF ek vot 4 oe aia tee veo! ® Sf The follovsi rs Pique shows Tbavenin’s equivales caceuis Geom Rows ed bus berms The bus voltage changes edused by the foulh are expressed as?! A A V, a6 E. AME AV,The bus aclmi Hance prah- x 15% (aeons) JUS: Niue Sd bs cheeia nd 25 fer J.B} SO The bus ack impedance PUABA. 1S o JOlb j0.08 50.12 Zo. =i = ]j008 jy024 [Link] S012 JOlb. 50.34 The Pautl Current af bus 5 is: = V, Co) i) Se ee ; 3 23242 Josyajal, ~ V2 pu The bus vortages during dle far} ave: VF) =v @)-Z2),],CF) =140-(j49 Wale ee (0)-21,3,(F)= 1.0 - ase) ( V; CF) ~Vzlo)-2,,1,(F) 12) (i) 20% pa St) = 0.68 pu = 40 -(50,54) (-} Oz 152 pu Finally, short Cina baci a sh dacwti Aints aresVEY EY 076-068 50.4 pu In 2 ir CF) = Fa oe 1,2 CF) 2 Vi CF) REE) Orhan iaee ae -J alee 213 Lay ieeba dp ales ote Ode. and? ; % B28; ah Alg ord Sow vor eb of Abe bus inepedance woh xt Graph Theory < The jrap!-of a nppwork. cbescri pes its fe spructure: Buses ace represented by nodes or vertices. Imp edances are segments Called represented dy tne elementsoredges- Tree; comected subgr kK connect} {) nodes without forming lop eave Ebmedts of @ tree. are lreprinhe hdA graph tonkoins many frees + Number of branches in ary bree. CH) 1554 b= n-4 where nis phe 0. of nodes jneliding refs Elements rened afte defining 4a tree are called Links. (dlegtion@e dimes fe called (eosewe_| The number of binks (€) /§ + 4.2 Gab a\eun «| where. @ 5 Lhe total no. of elements jn a graph PasieLeep t doop condeining one Link: Vumber of ase dowps rs unioue andl I'S equal fo she number ef Ajnks aad olso eg ust te dhe number of /adependend Loop equahons, Cut-set! minimal set od branches tho, vohen wt, Aivides thy yraph inte twoConsbruct fle bus impedance mucin foie pine pottions nb apr JOm Jo SOY eer joy soy | Proper Pree Impedance dagram Stack widh branches ef tbe tree. connected to ret» node Bronch 1, B4p =j0-2 between node. a=t and ref. node O+ Cy) Bie = Pie Sig =. _ Next, add branch 2, %,° 50-4 2 ewe ei 0 JO 0 us < ; Oo Zee O joy