Module -4

Echolocation is a biological or technological process, that involves emitting sound waves and
echoes (are hearing back). Waves reflected back to the emitter to locate distant or invisible
objects.
It is used to determine the position of objects.
Fish/Birds
Echolocation is used to help navigation, to find food and social interactions.
Ex:
Found in bats, dolphins and some species of whales.
Bats produce high-frequency sounds to hunt their prey.
Dolphins and other toothed whales use sound waves to locate their prey and navigate their
surroundings.

Ultrasonography:
 High-frequency sound waves to create real-time pictures or video of internal organs or other soft
tissues of the body.
 The deeper imaging is possible without any harmful health concerns.
 Ultrasound is a non-invasive(Without cutting the body) imaging test.
 It allows the doctor to see into the body without surgery.
 It includes all sound with wave frequencies higher than 20,000 hertz (Hz).
 Harmless ultrasound waves are sent inside the body and reflected waves are used to create an
image on a screen. This technology is used to examine internal organs and unborn babies.
patient.
 Applications in Medical field :
Abdominal: It is used in the identification of abdominal pain or discomforts and identify
problems with soft tissues in the abdomen that are not functioning correctly.
Nephrology: It can detect the number and size of each kidney stone.
Lithotriptor: pulses of ultrasound break large kidney stones into smaller fragments. The smaller
fragments can easily pass through the urinary tract. This process is known as lithotripsy.
Musculoskeletal:The images help investigate muscle pulls, tears, nerve problems and ailments
such as arthritis and osteoporosis.
Cancer: It is used for the detection of cancer. Particularly breast cancer in women.
Urology: It can also detect urinary tract infections and problems with voiding.
Gastroenterology: In gastroenterology, an ultrasonic endoscope helps diagnose problems with
the digestive tract
Gynecology: Ectopic pregnancy (when a fertilized egg implants outside of your uterus) &
Cancer
Cardiology: Echocardiology helping to detect heart diseases
Pulmonology: It is used to detect lungs diseases.
Procedure:
 Lab instructor places thick gel on the skin over the area to be examined to ensure good sound
transmission and ensure continuous contact between the skin and the transducer.
 A handheld transducer is placed on the skin and moved over the area to be evaluated.
 The transducer produces ultrasonic waves in pulses which pass through the skin into the body
and are reflected back by various body parts.
 The reflected waves are detected by the transducer which is connected to the computer.
 The computer then produces a real-time image on the monitor and can also be recorded for
further examination.
 In certain Cases: The abdomen are being examined, the stomach should be empty (no eating and
drinking for several hours before the test).
 In certain cases: Female reproductive organs, women may be asked to drink a large amount of
fluid to fill their bladder (A full bladder helps by pushing bowel out of the pelvis allowing
transmission of ultrasound to target organs/ The reason for this is that the full bladder creates a
window to help show the baby and organs or for a renal ultrasound)
 Internal Ultrasound scans involve placing of transducer into the body
 Ex: Transducer inserted into vagina to better image the uterus and ovaries
 Transducer inserted into the anus to image the prostate gland.

Advantages
 Real time image: It gives real time images
 Portable: It machines are portable.
 Cost-effective: It is a cost-effective imaging method.
 Versatile: It can be used to image a wide range of structures within the body.
 Non-invasive: Ultrasonography does not involve any incisions or injections, making it a safe
and convenient imaging method.
 No ionizing radiation: Ultrasonography does not use ionizing radiation, making it a safer
option for patients, especially pregnant women and children.
 Ultrasound is a safe and painless procedure.
Limitation:
 Limited depth: It has limited depth and is not as effective at imaging deep structures
 Operator dependence: The quality of the images produced by ultrasonography depends heavily
on the skills and experience of the operator.
 Limited resolution: Ultrasonography has limited resolution compared to other imaging
methods, making it less effective at visualizing small structures or detecting small changes in
tissue.
 Limitations in over weight patients: Ultrasonography may have limited useful ness in over
weight patients due to the difficulty in obtaining clear images through the layers of fat.
 Limitations in detecting some types of cancer: Ultrasonography may not be as effective at
detecting certain types of cancer, such as pancreatic cancer,
 Types of Ultrasound
 Echocardiography can be used to detect whether the heart muscle is moving normally and how
much blood the heart is pumping out with each beat
 Two-dimensional ultrasonography, the most widely used technique, produces realistic two-
dimensional images in computer-generated "slices." "Stacking" the slices together can re-create
a three-dimensional structure.
 Doppler ultrasonography shows the direction and velocity of blood flow and thus can detect
turbulent flow due to narrowing or blockage of blood vessels.
 Color Doppler ultrasonography shows the different directions of blood flow in different
colors.

Sonar:

 Sonar stands for sound navigation and ranging.

 Sonar uses ultrasound similar to echolocation.

 It is a device used to detect the underwater objects using sound waves.

 Sound waves travel farther in the water than do radar and light waves.
 The factors affect are pressure, temperature & salinity.
Working:
 It consists of transmitter & detector, Which are fitted to the ships & submarines
 Sound pulse generated & sent to underwater through transmitter.
 Sound waves reflected by underwater are received by receiver.
 The time taken by the sound waves to come back is recorded.
 The object can be detected(Distance=Time X Speed)/The detector transmit the sound waves to
electrical signals which are actually interpreted.
 Applications

 It is used to locate underwater objects such as submarines.

 It is used for underwater mines & hazards.
 It is used by commercial fisher man to finding the fishes.
 It is used for sea floor Mapping & imaging.
 It is used to find the submerged ships & submarines
 It is used to detector location of enemy the submarines.
 These are used as ocean surveillance system.
 They are used for under water security.
 It is a technique that is mainly used for underwater navigation in submarines

 There are two types of sonar—active and passive.

Types of Sonar
Active Sonar: Active sonar emits sound pulses and listens for the echoes that bounce back from
the target. They have sound transmitter & sound receiver.
Monostatic Mode: Transmitter & receiver at the same place.
Bistatic Mode: When Transmitter & receiver are separated by some distance.
Multistatic Mode: When more transmitter / receivers are used.

Passive Sonar: Passive sonar only listens for the sound waves that are produced by the target or
the environment/Passive sonar is a method for detecting acoustic signals in an underwater
environment, usually the ocean.
 Limitations:
it produces huge noise, it my effect hearing threshold of some fishes.
It has an adverse effect on marine animals.
Photovoltaic Cells:

Photovoltaic cells are semiconductor device which convert solar energy into electrical energy.
(Photovoltaic cell is based on the principle of photoelectric effect).

Sunlight

Antireflective layer

Metal grid
n-type layer

h+ P- Typelayer

e
-

e-
Metallic layer

Working of Photovoltaic Cell:

 A typical silicon photovoltaic cell is composed of a thin wafer consisting of an ultra thin layer of
phosphorous doped (n-type) silicon on top of boron doped (p-type) silicon.
 Hence a p-n junction is formed between the two.
 A metallic grid forms one of the electrical contacts of the diode and allows light to fall on the
semiconductor between the grid lines.
 An antireflective layer between the grid lines increase the amount of light transmitted to the
semiconductor.
 The cell’s other electrical contact is formed by a metallic layer on the back of the solar cell.
 When light radiation falls on the p-n junction diode, electron-hole pairs are generated by the
absorption of the radiation
 The electrons are drifted to and collected at the n- type end and the holes are drifted to and
collected at the p-type end.
 When these two ends are electrically connected through a conductor, there is a flow of current
between the two ends through the external circuit.
 Thus photoelectric current is produced and available for use.
Importance of Photoelectric cell:
 Photovoltaic cell provides enormous amount of energy from sun which is unlimited,
inexhaustible and renewable.
 Photovoltaic cell produces no pollution so it is environment friendly.
 It provides power for space craft and satellite.
 Photovoltaic can be used as roof integrated systems, providing power and also serving as optical
shading elements for the space below and preventing overheating in the summer.
 Developments in the field of Photovoltaic cells will boost the semiconductor industry and
storage battery industries.
Advantages:
 Fuel source is vast and essentially infinite.
 No emissions, no combustion or radioactive residues for disposal. Does not contribute to global
change or pollution.
 Low operating cost (no fuel).
 No moving parts and so no wear and tear.
 High reliability in modules.
 Can be integrated into new or existing building structures.
 High public acceptance and excellent record.

Disadvantages:

 Sun light is a diffuse, i.c., it is relatively low density energy.

 High installation cost.
 Poor reliability of auxiliary elements including storage.
 Energy can be produced only during the day time.
Bionic Leaf
It is a artificial one.
It converts solar energy to liquid fuel.
Its efficiency 10 times greater than natural photosynthesis.
The bionic leaf is designed to mimic the process of photosynthesis in plants.
Working:
 It consists of solar cells, which converts solar energy to electrical energy.
 The bionic leaf utilize the electric energy plus catalyst( ternary alloy, nickel-molybdenum-zinc
(NiMoZn) and a cobalt–phosphate cluster (Co-OEC).) & water, It generate H2 & O2.
 The bacteria Ralstonia eutropha feeds on the H2 and convert CO2in the air into alcohols.
 It also possible to produces polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), isopropanol, isobutanol etc. like
organic compounds.
Advantages:
 Liquid fuels are much easier to handle and store.
 It is inexpensive
 The products are eco friendly.
 It help to reduce CO2.
 It is a renewable source.
 It is used to produce fertilizers.
 Sustainable chemical production.
 Limitation
 Its efficiency is very less compared to industrial productions.
 The bacteria used are non-spore forming.
 The production is stopped during night time.

Note: Ralstonia eutropha can be found in both soil and water. It is a gram negative bacterium &
non-spore forming. It is a non pathogenic bacterium. Which consumes hydrogen and takes
carbon dioxide out of the air to make liquid fuel.

Birds Fly
 Aeroplanes is one of the most obvious examples of biomimicry of birds.
 Birds flying influenced the invention of aircraft in that early aviation pioneers.
 In 1799, Sir George Cayley, a British Engineer and Inventor, devised the first modern concept of
an aeroplane inspired by the gliding flight of vultures.
 Both aeroplane and bird have streamlined bodies to minimize the force of friction provided by
air while flying in the sky.
 Airplanes use the same notion while taking off and landing.
 Airplanes have wings, just like birds.
 The scientists mimic the movements of the birds while modeling the wings. Airplane wings have
taken the same shape as the birds wings and the taper outside. The two wings have different
thicknesses as they move from the body.
 Aeronautical engineers are looking at nature for inspiration to find out new ways to make
aircraft lighter and more fuel efficient.
Examples:
 In 2019, Airbus produced the ‘Bird of Prey’ conceptual airliner design inspired by the eagle.

 Airbus has also studied the wing-design of the long-eared owl to see how it can fly so silently
Airbus is designing a retractable, brush-like fringe to mimic the owl’s serrated feathers on wings
as well as a velvety coating on aircraft landing gear.
 In 2017 researchers at the University of Denmark used computational morphogenesis to design
an alternative ‘organic’ interior structure for a Boeing 777 wing based on the structure of a bird’s
wings which was 5% lighter than a conventional wing structure.

There are two reasons behind the V formation during bird & squadrons of plan flying. It may
make flight easier or they're simply following the leader. Squadrons of planes can save fuel by
flying in a V formation and many scientists suspect that migrating birds do the same.

Biomimicry research is not restricted to the way birds fly but also to how they see. The Lund
Vision Group in Sweden has designed a camera that recreates how birds distinguish colour
which could have applications for aircraft navigational systems and pilot enhanced vision
system, as well as improved sensor and guidance systems for UAVs.

GPS(Global Positioning System): It is a radio navigation system used on land, sea and air to
determine the exact location, time and velocity irrespective of weather conditions.

The GPS (Global Positioning System) is a satellite-based radio navigation system that provides
precise location, velocity, and time information. It is network of at least 31 GPS satellites,
maintained by the US government, orbit the Earth. It make it possible for people on earth
receives their geographic location. The location accuracy is anywhere from 100 to 10 meters.
 Military-approved equipment accuracy within one meter with special. GPS equipment
Applications:

 Location — Determining a position.

 Navigation — Getting from one location to another.
 Tracking — Monitoring object or personal movement.
 Mapping — Creating maps of the world.
 Timing — Making it possible to take precise time measurements.
 Terrestrial, Aerial and Marine Navigation
 Disaster Management
 Vehicle tracking and fleet management
 Integration with mobile phones
 Precise Timing
 Mapping and Geodetic data capture
 Terrestrial navigation aid for hikers and travelers
 Visual and voice navigation for drivers

 It is used in military.
 It is used in road transport ( Google MAP).


 Important Points: NavIC is India's own navigation system, similar to the U.S.' GPS. It works
based on the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS). There are currently eight
IRNSS satellites in geosynchronous and geostationary orbits.
 IRNSS-1A. IRNSS-1A is the first satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
(IRNSS). It is one of the seven satellites constituting the IRNSS space segment.
Surveying
 Surveying is one of the uses of GPS that are essential especially since it is used in mapping and
measuring various measures on the earth surface and underwaters. It is used in determining land
boundaries, mapping sea floors, and highlighting the changes in the shape of structures.
 Dishaank (This application lets user know the survey number of his current location within
Karnataka. It also allows surveyor to give feedback on survey number details and get to know
their land details like owner details and area of their land.)

 OLA & Uber ( Examples for GPS).

Lotus Effect:
 Lotus leaves have become an icon for super hydrophobicity and self-cleaning surfaces and
have led to the concept of the 'Lotus effect'.
 This effect has inspired the development of super hydrophobic and self-cleaning
[Link] have a wide range of applications in various industries.
 The lotus leaf surface has a microscale and nanoscale structure that consists of bumps and
wax-coated hairs. This structure creates a high contact angle between the water droplets and
the surface, causing the droplets to roll off and carry away any dirt or debris. -cleaning
property is due to the lotus leaf' stability to repel water and resist adhesion.

Principle of Super hydrophobic Surfaces
The super hydrophobic effect refers to the ability of certain surfaces to repel water and resist
wetting. Super hydrophobic surfaces are characterized by a high contact angle between water
droplets and the surface, typically over 150 degrees, and a low contact angle
hysteresis,meaning that the droplets roll off the surface with ease.

Advantages:
 It provide dust free walls paints, wearing, roofs, glass, roof tiles.
 It provides self cleaning walls paints, wearings, Glass, roof tiles.
Applications
Wall Paints
1. Fluoro polymers: Fluoropolymer-based coatings are widely used for super hydrophobic
surfaces due to their low surface energy and water-repellent properties.
2. Examples: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and fluorinatedethylenepropylene (FEP)
 coatings.
3. Silica- based Nanoparticles: Silica nano exhibit super hydrophobicity.
Electronics Industry:
4. Water proofing Electronics: Super hydrophobic coatings can protect electronic
components from water damage.
5. Self-Cleaning Displays: Super hydrophobic coatings applied to displays and touch
screens repel water, oils, and fingerprints, making them easier to clean and maintain.
Automobile Industry:
6. Anti-Fogging Windows and Mirrors: Super hydrophobic coatings can be used on
automobile windows and mirrors to prevent fogging or condensation formation.
7. Self-Cleaning glass & paintings: Super hydrophobic coatings applied to glass and
body painting repel water, oils, and fingerprints, making them easier to clean and
maintain.
8. Fuel Efficiency: Super hydrophobic coatings can reduce drag and frictional resistance
on vehicle surfaces, leading to improved aerodynamics and fuel efficiency.
9. Used in Medical field.
10. Used in Textiles.
11. Solar Panels
12. Outdoor sign boards.
Materials used for lotus effect
13. Photocatalytic Coatings: Photocatalytic materials like titanium dioxide (TiO 2), can be
used as coatings on surfaces to creates elf-cleaning properties.
14. Oleophobic Coatings: Oleophobic surfaces repel oil and grease, making them resistant
tostainsand easier to clean.
15. Carbon Nano structured Surfaces: Surfaces with micro- or nanostructures can exhibit
self-cleaning properties.
Plant burr (Velcro):
It is of two strips of thin plastic sheet, one covered with tiny loops and the other with tiny
flexible hooks, which adhere when pressed together and can be separated when pulled
apart.
 It is another example for biomimicry.
 The seeds attached to the animals/flying objects & travels from one place to another
(Spreading of seeds / seed dispersal).
 Hooks presents in the seed help for dispersal of seeds.
 The seed dispersal is due to adaptability & survival purpose.
 The name "Velcro" is actually a combination of the words "velvet" and "crochet," as the
fabric strips resemble velvet and are hooked together like crochet. Velcro has since become
a popular alternative to traditional fasteners, such as buttons and zippers, due to its ease of
use and versatility.
 When pressed together, the hooks latch onto the loops, creating a strong bond that can be
easily detached by pulling the two strips apart.
Applications
 Clothing
 Shoes & Chapels
 Bags
 Sofa & seat covers
 Hanging the objects to walls
 Packing industry
 Tying of wires.
Note: An engineer began to wonder how exactly the seeds stuck so effectively to his pants and
his dog. He then examined the burrs under a microscope and discovered that they had very tiny
hooks which allowed the seeds to catch on to things like fabrics, which have tiny loops.
Materials
 The loop side of Velcro is made of polyester. Polyester is a synthetic fabric that is strong
and durable. The polyester is woven into a fabric that has many tiny loops. When the loops
are pressed against the hook side of the Velcro, the hooks latch onto the loops, creating a
secure attachment.
 Nylon materials are also used.
Kingfisher Beak (Bullet Trains)
 It is an example for biomimicry.
 The shape of the kingfisher's beak and head allowed it to fly at high speeds with minimal
collision and noise.
 Kingfisher dive gracefully into water in search of food and creating very little splash
( Without sound).
 The Japanese change the front portion shape of the bullet train(Shinkansen), it moved
without Large sound.
 The noise design also reduced energy consumption due to less air resistance (aerodynamic).
 It reduced sonic boom noise in tunnels, resulting in a faster, quieter & more cost-effective
train( Less energy).
 The streamlined design minimizes drag at highs speeds & allowing it to maintain stability
 The smooth, tapered shape reduces difference between the front and rear of the train,
reducing noise and vibration.
Kingfishers and bullet trains

The Physics behind the Kingfisher

1. Beak Streamlining:
The beak of a kingfisher is long, slender, and sharply pointed, which helps reduce drag or air
resistance as the bird dives into the water. The streamlined shape allows the kingfisher to
smoothly cut through the air and minimize the energy required for the dive.
2. Surface Tension:
 When the kingfisher hits the water, it encounters the resistance caused by surface tension.
The sharp beak of the kingfisher helps to pierce through the water's surface, breaking the
surface tension and reducing the force required to enter the water.
3. Minimizing Splash:
The beak's narrow and pointed design helps create a smooth entry silently and effectively
(minimizing the disturbance of the water surface). The shape of the beak helps to reduce the
splash generated upon entry. It should enter the water with minimal disturbance to avoid
scaring away the fish it intends to catch.

Shark skin (Friction reducing swimsuits)

 It is an example for biomimicry.

 Sharkskin is made up of countless overlapping scales called dermal denticles.
 These denticles decrease drag and turbulence, allowing the shark to swim faster.
 It also protect them from predators and ectoparasites & reduce mechanical abrasion.
 1. Turbulence in Water
Turbulent water contains strong currents which change direction suddenly. In turbulent flow the
speed of the fluid at a point is continuously undergoing changes in both magnitude and direction.
Microwave turbulence generated in sea due to surface winds, air-sea cooling or evaporation.
This turbulence creates resistance/drag, which makes it harder for things to move through the
fluid. In swimming, reducing turbulence is important because it helps to minimize resistance,
allowing swimmers to move more easily and efficiently through the water.

2. Reducing Drag
The denticles on the shark's skin disrupt the flow of water, making it smoother and
reducing turbulence. The denticles make the flow of water around the shark's body
smoother. This smoother flow reduces the resistance or drags).

Friction less Swim Suits

1. Shark skin has inspired the development of friction-reducing swim suits, which are designed
to improve the performance of swimmers by reducing drag in the water.
2. Friction-reducing swim suits use a similar structure to that of shark skin to reduce drag and
improve swimmer performance. These suits are made from high-tech materials that mimic
the properties of shark skin, such as the shape and size of the denticles.

Materials Used

1. Polyurethane: A type of polymer that is commonly used in the production of swimsuits, as it

is durable and can be molded in to a variety of shapes.
2. Lycra/Spandex: Lycra and spandex are made from Elastane a synthetic fiber. Elastane fibers
are typically composed of a polymer called polyurethane which is then blended with other
fibers like nylon, polyester, or cotton).
3. High-tech fabrics: These fabrics are designed to be lightweight, water-repellent, and
hydrodynamic. They contains incorporate materials such as silicone or Teflon (reduce
drag).
4. Ex: Speedo Fastskin, Arena Powerskin Carbon Ultra etc

Hemoglobin based oxygen carriers

 Blood is a critically important substance in maintaining human life. One of the key functions
of blood is transporting oxygen from the lungs to all body tissues to meet their metabolic
requirements. There are numerous reasons to cause blood loss in humans, which generates
the need for blood replacement therapy.
 In modern medicine, the demands for allogeneic blood transfusions for patients in various
potentially life-threatening conditions are tremendously high, the shortage of human blood
for transfusions has been at critical levels in many locations worldwide.
 Risks of transmitting infectious diseases (HIV, hepatitis), hemolytic and immunogenic
complications, limited shelf-life, and poor portability.
Basic Requirement for Human Blood Substitutes
1. Effective Oxygen Transport:
Human blood substitutes must be capable of efficiently carrying and delivering oxygen to
the body's tissues. This is a fundamental function of natural blood that any substitute
should be able to replicate or improve upon.
2. Safety and Compatibility:
Blood substitutes should be safe for use in the human body and well-tolerated by the
recipient. They should not cause significant adverse reactions, toxicity, or immune
responses. It should not interfere with normal blood clotting or other essential
physiological processes.
3. Storage and Transport:
Human blood substitutes should be stable and capable of being stored and transported
easily.
4. Cost-Effectiveness and Scalability:
Blood substitutes should be cost-effective and produce in large quantities (demand for
blood products).
Types of Hemoglobin based oxygen carriers: There are two types of human blood substitutes-
hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs).
HBOCs:
 HBOCs are semi synthetic systems that utilize natural Hb as the oxygen-carrying
component.
 HBOCs are cell-free carriers obtained by processing free hemoglobin via chemical
modification, genetic modification, or embedding .
 It is red in colour.
Advantages of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers
1. Increased oxygen-carrying capacity:
HBOCs can potentially carry more oxygen per unit volume than whole blood.
2. Longer shelf life:
HBOCs have longer storage and good shelf life compared to donated blood
3. Universal compatibility:
Blood transfusions requires blood typing and cross-matching to ensure compatibility,
HBOCs can potentially be universally compatible with any type of blood. This can be
particularly useful in emergency situations or in areas where blood matching facilities are
limited.
4. Reduced risk of infections:
Blood transfusions carry a small risk of transmitting microbial infections from the donor to
the recipient. HBOCs are synthetic ,the risk of infections associated with transfusion can be
significantly reduced.
5. Availability in remote or challenging settings:
In remote or under developed areas where access to safe blood transfusions may be limited,
HBOCs is an good alternative for oxygen delivery. This can be particularly beneficial in
military, disaster relief efforts.
HBOCs are a type of artificial blood substitute made from molecules of hemoglobin (Hb)—
the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.
6. Unlike the red colored HBOCs, PFCs are usually white. However, since they do not mix
with blood they must be emulsified before they can be given to patients. PFCs are such good
 oxygen carriers that researchers are now trying to find out it they can reduce swollen brain
tissue in traumatic brain injury.
Limitations/ Risks of using HBOCs
1. Limited oxygen release:
HBOCs delivered less oxygen to the tissues compared to natural red blood in certain
conditions.
2. Short half-life:
HBOCs tend to have a shorter half-life in the body compared to natural red blood cells. This
means that the HBOCs may be rapidly cleared from circulation, reducing their effectiveness
and requiring more frequent doses or infusions.
3. Renal toxicity:
Some HBOCs have shown a potential for renal toxicity, causing damage to the kidneys.
There are basically two major categories of oxygen therapeutics.
4. Immuno genicity and adverse reactions:
HBOCs can trigger immune responses in the body, potentially leading to allergic reactions
or other adverse events. Immunogenicity can vary between different HBOC products and
individuals.
5. Interference with diagnostic tests:
HBOCs can interfere with certain laboratory tests, such as those measuring bilirubin or liver
enzymes leads to diagnostic error.

Examples:
 Hemopure: It is made from bovine hemoglobin. It has been approved for use in South
Africa, Russia.
 Oxyglobin: It is made from bovine hemoglobin. It has been approved for veterinary use in
the European Union and the United State.

Perflurocarbon-based oxygen carrier

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs):
 They are totally synthetic artificial blood products derived from fluorine- and carbon-
containing chemicals.
 They are chemically inert,
 They are more effective than water or blood plasma in dissolving and absorbing oxygen
in the lungs and then transporting oxygen throughout the body.

Advantages of PFCs
1. High oxygen-carrying capacity:
PFCs have the ability to dissolve a significant amount of oxygen, much higher than that
of blood. This allows for efficient oxygen delivery to tissues, even in low-oxygen
environments.
2. Improved oxygen solubility:
PFCs exhibit a high solubility for oxygen, meaning that oxygen molecules can readily
dissolve in PFC solutions. This enables PFCs to transport and deliver oxygen more
effectively than other alternatives.
3. Stability and long shelf life:
 PFCs are chemically stable and have a long shelf life, making them suitable for storage
and use in emergency situations where the availability of fresh blood or other oxygen
carriers may be limited.
4. No blood typing or cross-matching required:
In Synthetic oxygen carries(PFCs) Cross matching Or blood tying is not required.. This
makes them potentially universal oxygen carriers, suitable for any person.
5. Reduced risk of infections:
Blood transfusions carry a small risk of transmitting microbial infections from the donor
to the recipient. PFCs are synthetic, the risk of infections associated with transfusion can
be significantly reduced.
6. Compatibility with diagnostic tests:
PFCs do not interfere with laboratory diagnostic tests, allowing for accurate interpretation
of test results.

Examples of PFCs
 Perftoran: Iwas developed in Russia and approve by several countries. (Russia, Ukraine,
and China.) It has been used in the treatment of a variety of conditions, including trauma,
heart attack, and stroke.

Questions

 Explain the procedure, applications & limitations of ultrasonography.

 Explain the working, applications & types of sonars.
 What is echolocation? Discuss the application of echolocation in ultrasonography.
 What is photovoltaic cell? Explain the construction, working & advantages of
photovoltaic cell.
 What is bionic leaf? Discuss bionic leaf.
 Discus the influence of birds in GPS &Aircrafts.
 What is lotus leaf effect? Dis cuss the Lotus leaf effect(Super hydrophobic and self-
cleaning surfaces) in paints & fabric.
 Discuss the bio inspired material as Plant burrs in Velcro.
 Discuss the Friction reducing swim suits inspired by Shark skin.
 Discuss how Kingfisher beak helps in redesign of bullet train engine.
 Discuss the hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs).
 Discuss the perflourocarbons (PFCs) as oxygen carriers.