PRACTICAL 1: Finding real and imaginary

parts of a real number

1 Find real and imaginary parts of the following complex
numbers:
i) 3+5i
ii) 4+7i
iii) -4-6i
iv) 5(-1/2+i)
1.1 i)
➔ realpart(3+5·%i);
imagpart(3+5·%i);
(%o2) 3
(%o3) 5

1.2 ii)
➔ realpart(4+7·%i);
imagpart(4+7·%i);
(%o4) 4
(%o5) 7

1.3 iii)
➔ realpart(−4−6·%i);
imagpart(−4−6·%i);
(%o6) −4
(%o7) −6

1.4 iv)
➔ realpart(5·(−1/2+1·%i));
imagpart(5·(−1/2+1·%i));
5
(%o8) −
(%o9) 5

2 Find real and imaginary parts of the following complex

numbers:
i) z1=(4-1)^5
ii) z2=(5-i)*z1
iii) z3=z1+z2
iv) z4=z3-(2i)
2.1 i)
➔ z1:(4−%i)^5;
rectform(z1); /*rectform() gives the complex number in the form of a+ib*/
realpart(z1); imagpart(z1);
5
z1 ( 4 − %i )
(%o25) 404 − 1121 %i
(%o26) 404
(%o27) − 1121

2.2 ii)
➔ z2:(5−%i)·z1;
rectform(z2);
realpart(z2); imagpart(z2);
5
z2 ( 4 − %i ) ( 5 − %i )
(%o29) 899 − 6009 %i
(%o30) 899
(%o31) − 6009

2.3 iii)
➔ z3: z1+z2;
rectform(z3);
realpart(z3); imagpart(z3);
5 5
z3 ( 4 − %i ) ( 5 − %i ) + ( 4 − %i )
(%o33) 1303 − 7130 %i
(%o34) 1303
(%o35) − 7130

2.4 iv)
➔ z4:z3−(2·%i);
rectform(z4);
realpart(z4); imagpart(z4);
5 5
z4 − ( 2 %i ) + ( 4 − %i ) ( 5 − %i ) + ( 4 − %i )
(%o37) 1303 − 7132 %i
(%o38) 1303
(%o39) − 7132
 PRACTICAL 2: Plotting a complex number in
an Argand Plane/ Gauss Plane/ Complex
Plane
1 Plot the complex number 3+5i on the Argand Plane.
➔ Z:3+5·%i;
Z 5 %i + 3
➔ x1:[realpart(Z)];
y1:[imagpart(Z)];
x1 [3]
y1 [5]
➔ wxplot2d([discrete,x1,y1],[style,[points,10,1,5]]) /* 6: size, 8: colour, 1: point type */;
Warning: empty x range [3:3], adjusting to [2.97:3.03]
Warning: empty y range [5:5], adjusting to [4.95:5.05]
(%t10)

(%o10)
 2 Plot the complex numbers 2+i, 4-i, 3+5i in the Argand Plane
together.
➔ Z1: 2+%i;
Z2: 4−%i;
Z3: 3+5·%i;
Z1 %i + 2
Z2 4 − %i
Z3 5 %i + 3
➔ x2:[realpart(Z1),realpart(Z2),realpart(Z3)];
y2:[imagpart(Z1),imagpart(Z2),imagpart(Z3)];
x2 [2,4,3]
y2 [1,−1,5]
➔ wxplot2d([discrete,x2,y2],[style,[points,10,1,8]],[x,−1,5],[y,−8,8]) /* 6: size, 8: colour, 1: point type */;
(%t19)
(%o19)
 3 Plot the complex number 3+4i together with a line joining
this point with the origin/zero complex number.
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z:3+4·%i;
Z 4 %i + 3
➔ x1:[0,realpart(Z)];
y1:[0,imagpart(Z)];
x1 [0,3]
y1 [0,4]
➔ wxplot2d([discrete,x1,y1],[style,[linespoints,4,6,2]],[x,−7,7],[y,−10,10]);
(%t5)
(%o5)
 Practical 3: Finding the conjugate and
modulus of a complex number
1 Find the conjugate of the following complex numbers
(i) z1=2+3i
(ii) z2=3i(z1)^5
(iii)z3=z1+z2
➔ z1:2+3·%i;
z1 3 %i + 2
➔ conjugate(z1);
(%o2) 2 − 3 %i
➔ z2:rectform((3·%i)·(z1)^5);
z2 366 %i + 1791
➔ conjugate(z2);
(%o4) 1791 − 366 %i
➔ z3:rectform(z1+z2);
z3 369 %i + 1793
➔ conjugate(z3);
(%o6) 1793 − 369 %i

2 Find the modulus of the following complex numbers

(i) z1=-1-i
(ii) z2=(3-2i)^2
(iii)z3=x+yi
➔ kill(all)$
➔ z1:−1−%i;
z1 − %i − 1
➔ abs(z1);
(%o2) 2
➔ cabs(z1);
(%o3) 2
➔ z2:rectform((3−2·%i)^2);
z2 5 − 12 %i
➔ abs(z2);
(%o6) 13
➔ cabs(z2);
(%o7) 13
➔ z3:x+%i·y;
z3 %i y + x
➔ abs(z3);
(%o9) %i y + x
➔ cabs(z3);
2 2
(%o10) y +x
The command to find modulus of a complex numebr is 'cabs'.
'abs' is for real numbers.
 Practical 4: Addition and subtraction of two
complex numbers
1 Plot the complex numbers z1=1+i, z2=3+5i and z1+z2 in one
Argand plane and exhibit the parallelogram law of addition.
➔ z1:1+%i;
z1 %i + 1
➔ z2:3+5·%i;
z2 5 %i + 3
➔ z3:z1+z2;
z3 6 %i + 4
➔ x1:[0,1,4,3,0];
y1:[0,1,6,5,0];
x1 [0,1,4,3,0]
y1 [0,1,6,5,0]
➔ wxplot2d([[discrete,x1,y1],[discrete,[0,4],[0,6]]],[style,[linespoints,1,3,5],[lines,2,4]],[x,−1,5],[y,−1,7])$
(%t10)
Remarks: By parallelogram law of addition of vectors, we find that the tip of z1+z2 is the vertex of
the parallelogram formed using the vectors z1+z2
 2 Plot the points z1=-2+3i, z2=4+6i and z3=z1+z2 in one
Argand Plane and exhibit the parallelogram law
➔ kill(all)$
➔ z1:−2+3·%i;
z1 3 %i − 2
➔ z2:4+6·%i;
z2 6 %i + 4
➔ z3:z1+z2;
z3 9 %i + 2
➔ x1:[0,−2,2,4,0];
y1:[0,3,9,6,0];
x1 [0,−2,2,4,0]
y1 [0,3,9,6,0]
➔ wxplot2d([[discrete,x1,y1],[discrete,[0,2],[0,9]]],[style,[linespoints,1,3,5],[lines,2,4]],[x,−3,5],[y,−1,10])$
(%t9)
3 Plot the points z1=4+6i, z2=7+8i and z3=z2-z1 in one Argand
plane and exhibit the parallelogram law
➔ z1:4+6·%i;
z1 6 %i + 4
➔ z2:7+8·%i;
z2 8 %i + 7
➔ z3:z2−z1;
z3 2 %i + 3
➔ x1:[0,−4,3,7,0];
y1:[0,−6,2,8,0];
x1 [0,−4,3,7,0]
y1 [0,−6,2,8,0]
➔ wxplot2d([[discrete,x1,y1],[discrete,[0,3],[0,2]]],[style,[linespoints,1,3,5],[lines,2,4]],[x,−5,8],[y,−7,9])$
(%t16)
 Practical 5: Multiplication and division of two
complex numbers
1 Plot the complex numbers z1=1+i, z2=5+4i and z3=z1*z2 in
one Argand Plane. Verify that |z3|=|z1||z2|
➔ z1:1+%i;
z1 %i + 1
➔ z2:5+4·%i;
z2 4 %i + 5
➔ z1·z2;
(%o3) ( %i + 1 ) ( 4 %i + 5 )
➔ z3:rectform(z1·z2);
z3 9 %i + 1
➔ wxplot2d([[discrete,[0,1],[0,1]],[discrete,[0,5],[0,4]],[discrete,[0,1],[0,9]]],[style,[linespoints,2,2,2]],[legend,"z1","z2","z3"],
[x,−1,6],[y,−1,10])$
(%t7)
➔ float(cabs(z1))·float(cabs(z2));
(%o8) 9.055385138137417
➔ float(cabs(z3));
(%o9) 9.055385138137417
➔ is(float(cabs(z3))=float(cabs(z1)·cabs(z2)));
(%o11) true

2 (i) Plot the complex numbers z1=1+i, z2=2+3i and z3=z1*z2

together in one Argand Plane.
(ii) Also find the principal arguments of these complex
numbers. Find the relationship between Arg(z1), Arg(z2) and
Arg(z3)
(iii) Find the modulus of z1, z2 and z3 and the relationship
between them
2.1 (i)
➔ kill(all)$
➔ z1:1+%i;
z1 %i + 1
➔ z2:2+3·%i;
z2 3 %i + 2
➔ z3:rectform(z1·z2);
z3 5 %i − 1
➔ wxplot2d([[discrete,[0,1],[0,1]],[discrete,[0,2],[0,3]],[discrete,[0,−1],[0,5]]],[style,[linespoints,2,2,2]],[legend,"z1","z2","z3"],
[x,−2,3],[y,−1,6])$
(%t4)
2.2 (ii)
➔ a:carg(z1),numer;
a 0.7853981633974483
➔ b:carg(z2),numer;
b 0.982793723247329
➔ c:carg(z3),numer;
c 1.7681918866447774
➔ is(a+b=c);
(%o12) true
carg takes principal argument range to be from -pi/2 to pi/2

2.3 (iii)
➔ a1:cabs(z1),numer;
a1 1.4142135623730951
➔ b1:cabs(z2),numer;
b1 3.605551275463989
➔ c1:cabs(z3),numer;
c1 5.0990195135927845
➔ a1·b1;
(%o17) 5.099019513592785
they are equal

3 Plot the complex numbers z1=2+i, z2=2+5i, z3=z1/z2 together

in one Argand Plane. Also find the principal arguments of these
complex numbers. Find the relationship between Arg(z1),
Arg(z2) and Arg(z3). Find the modulus of z1, z2 and z3 and the
relation between them.
➔ kill(all)$
➔ z1:2+%i;
z2:2+5·%i;
z3:rectform(z1/z2);
z1 %i + 2
z2 5 %i + 2
 9 8 %i
z3 −
29 29
➔ wxplot2d([[discrete,[0,2],[0,1]],[discrete,[0,2],[0,5]],[discrete,[0,9/29],[0,−8/29]]],[style,[linespoints,2,2,2]],
[legend,"z1","z2","z3"],[x,−2,3],[y,−1,6])$
(%t4)
➔ a:carg(z1),numer;
b:carg(z2),numer;
c:carg(z3),numer;
b 1.1902899496825317
c − 0.7266423406817256
➔ a−b;
(%o9) − 0.7266423406817255
relationship: a-b=c
➔ a1:cabs(z1),numer;
b1:cabs(z2),numer;
c1:cabs(z3),numer;
a1 2.23606797749979
b1 5.385164807134504
c1 0.41522739926869984
➔ a1/b1;
(%o14) 0.4152273992686999
a1/b1=c1 is the required relationship
 PRACTICAL 6: Finding and Plotting nth roots
of a Complex Number
1 Q: Find all roots of the equation z^5=1 and plot them in the
Argand Plane.
➔ Z:solve(Z^5=1);

2 %i π 4 %i π 4 %i π 2 %i π
− −
Z 5 5 5 5
Z = %e , Z = %e , Z = %e , Z = %e ,Z=1
➔ Z1:map(rhs,Z);

2 %i π 4 %i π 4 %i π 2 %i π
− −
Z1 5 5 5 5
%e , %e , %e , %e ,1
➔ Rp:map(realpart,Z1); Ip:map(imagpart,Z1);

2π 4π 4π 2π
Rp cos , cos , cos , cos ,1
5 5 5 5

2π 4π 4π 2π
Ip sin , sin , − sin , − sin ,0
5 5 5 5

➔ list1:[Rp[5],Rp[1]]; list2:[Ip[5],Ip[1]];
/* to join the 5th and 1st elements in both the lists */

2π
list1 1 , cos
5

2π
list2 0 , sin
5

➔ wxplot2d([[discrete,Rp,Ip],[discrete,list1,list2],[parametric,cos(t),sin(t),[t,0,2·%pi]]],[style,[linespoints,4,5,2],
[linespoints,4,3,2],[lines,3,4]],[x,−2,2],[y,−2,2],[legend,false]);
(%t7)
(%o7)
^These 5 roots are the vertices of a pentagon inscribed inside a circle with radius 1.
 2 Q: Find all roots of the equation z^8=1 and plot them in the
Argand Plane.
➔ kill(all)$
Z: solve(Z^8=1);
Z1:map(rhs,Z);

%i + 1 %i − 1 %i + 1 %i − 1
Z Z= , Z = %i , Z = ,Z=−1,Z=− , Z = − %i , Z = − ,Z=1
2 2 2 2

%i + 1 %i − 1 %i + 1 %i − 1
Z1 , %i , ,−1,− , − %i , − ,1
2 2 2 2

➔ Rp:map(realpart,Z1); Ip:map(imagpart,Z1);

1 1 1 1
Rp ,0,− ,−1,− ,0, ,1
2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1
Ip ,1, ,0,− ,−1,− ,0
2 2 2 2

➔ list1:[Rp[8],Rp[1]]$ list2:[Ip[8],Ip[1]]$
➔ wxplot2d([[discrete,Rp,Ip],[discrete,list1,list2],[parametric,cos(t),sin(t),[t,0,2·%pi]]],[style,[linespoints,4,5,2],
[linespoints,4,3,2],[lines,3,4]],[x,−2,2],[y,−2,2],[legend,false]);
/* [parametric,cos(t),sin(t),[t,0,2*%pi]] is for the circle */
(%t7)
(%o7)
^These 8 roots are the vertices of an octagon inscribed inside a circle with radius 1.
 3 Q: Find all roots of the equation z^8=2*i and plot them in the
Argand Plane.
➔ kill(all)$
Z:solve(Z^8=2·%i);
Z1:map(rhs,Z);
1 / 16 1/8 1 / 16 1/8 1 / 16 1/8 1 / 16 1/8
(−1) 2 %i + ( − 1 ) 2 1 / 16 1/8 (−1) 2 %i − ( − 1 ) 2 1 / 16 1/8
Z [Z= ,Z=(−1) 2 %i , Z = ,Z=− (−1) 2 ,Z=−
2 2
1 / 16 1/8 1 / 16 1/8 1 / 16 1/8 1 / 16 1/8 1 / 16 1/8
(−1) 2 %i + ( − 1 ) 2 1 / 16 1/8 (−1) 2 %i − ( − 1 ) 2
,Z=− (−1) 2 %i , Z = − ,Z=(−1) 2 ]
2 2
1 / 16 1/8 1 / 16 1/8 1 / 16 1/8 1 / 16 1/8
(−1) 2 %i + ( − 1 ) 2 1 / 16 1/8 (−1) 2 %i − ( − 1 ) 2 1 / 16 1/8
Z1 [ ,(−1) 2 %i , ,− (−1) 2 ,−
2 2
1 / 16 1/8 1 / 16 1/8 1 / 16 1/8 1 / 16 1/8 1 / 16 1/8
(−1) 2 %i + ( − 1 ) 2 1 / 16 1/8 (−1) 2 %i − ( − 1 ) 2
,− (−1) 2 %i , − ,(−1) 2 ]
2 2
➔ Rp:map(realpart,Z1); Ip:map(imagpart,Z1);

1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8

π π π π
2 cos −2 sin − 2 sin −2 cos
16 16 1/8 π 16 16 1/8 π
Rp [ ,− 2 sin , ,− 2 cos ,−
2 16 2 16

1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8

π π 1/8 π π 1/8
2 cos −2 sin π − 2 sin −2 cos π
16 16 ,2 sin ,− 16 16 ,2 cos ]
16 16
2 2
1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8
π π π π
2 sin +2 cos 2 cos −2 sin
16 16 1/8 π 16 16 1/8 π
Ip [ ,2 cos , ,− 2 sin ,−
2 16 2 16

1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8

π π 1/8 π π 1/8
2 sin +2 cos π 2 cos −2 sin π
16 16 ,− 2 cos ,− 16 16 ,2 sin ]
16 16
2 2
➔ list1:[Rp[8],Rp[1]]$ list2:[Ip[8],Ip[1]]$
➔ wxplot2d([[discrete,Rp,Ip],[discrete,list1,list2],[parametric,2^(1/8)·cos(t),2^(1/8)·sin(t),[t,0,2·%pi]]],
[style,[linespoints,4,5,2],[linespoints,4,3,2],[lines,3,4]],[x,−2,2],[y,−2,2],[legend,false]);
/* [parametric,cos(t),sin(t),[t,0,2*%pi]] is for the circle */
(%t8)
(%o8)
^These 8 roots are the vertices of an octagon inscribed inside a circle with radius 2^(1/8). The n
roots of this eqn are the n vertices of a regular n-gon inscribed in a circle with radius mod(Z0)^(1/n)
 4 Q: Find all roots of the equation z^4=1+i and plot them in the
Argand Plane.
➔ kill(all)$
Z:solve(Z^4=1+%i);
Z1:map(rhs,Z);
1/4 1/4 1/4
1/4
Z Z = %i ( %i + 1 ) , Z = − ( %i + 1 ) , Z = − %i ( %i + 1 ) , Z = ( %i + 1 )

1/4 1/4 1/4

1/4
Z1 %i ( %i + 1 ) , − ( %i + 1 ) , − %i ( %i + 1 ) , ( %i + 1 )

➔ Rp:map(realpart,Z1); Ip:map(imagpart,Z1);

1/8 1/8 1/8 π 1/8 π

π π
Rp − 2 sin ,− 2 cos ,2 sin ,2 cos
16 16 16 16

1/8 π 1/8 1/8 1/8 π

π π
Ip 2 cos ,− 2 sin ,− 2 cos ,2 sin
16 16 16 16

➔ list1:[Rp[4],Rp[1]]; list2:[Ip[4],Ip[1]];
1/8 π 1/8 π
list1 2 cos ,− 2 sin
16 16

1/8 π 1/8 π
list2 2 sin ,2 cos
16 16

➔ wxplot2d([[discrete,Rp,Ip],[discrete,list1,list2],[parametric,sqrt(2)^(1/4)·cos(t),sqrt(2)^(1/4)·sin(t),[t,0,2·%pi]]],
[style,[linespoints,4,5,2],[linespoints,4,3,2],[lines,3,4]],[x,−2,2],[y,−2,2],[legend,false]);
/* [parametric,cos(t),sin(t),[t,0,2*%pi]] is for the circle */
(%t13)
(%o13)
^These 4 roots are the vertices of an octagon inscribed inside a circle with radius √2^(1/4).
 PRACTICAL 7: Finding the roots of a
polynomial equation and finding factors of a
polynomial with real coefficients
1 Q: Find all the roots of the equations (x^2+2x+1)(x^3+4)=0.
Also find the real roots of this equation. Verify by plotting
the graph of the function f(x)=(x^2+2x+1)(x^3+4).
➔ solve((x^2+2·x+1)·(x^3+4)=0,x);
1/3 1/3
1/3 1/3 1/3
3 4 %i + 4
(%o1) x=− 3 4 %i − 4 ,x= ,x=−4 ,x=−1
2
2
One of the roots is repeated.
➔ realroots((x^2+2·x+1)·(x^3+4)=0);

53264341
(%o2) x=−1,x=−
33554432

➔ wxplot2d((x^2+2·x+1)·(x^3+4),[x,−2,1],[y,−5,5]);
plot2d: some values will be clipped.
(%t3)

(%o3)
 We can only see the real roots in this graph, they are the intersection of the graph with the x axis.
Thus, we can confirm that there are only two distinct real roots.

2 Find all the roots of the equation x^5=1. Also, find the real
roots of the equation.
Verify by plotting the graph of the function f(x)=x^5-1 in
xy-plane (Euclidean Plane).
➔ kill(all)$
solve(x^5=1,x);
realroots(x^5=1);

2 %i π 4 %i π 4 %i π 2 %i π
− −
(%o1) 5 5 5 5
x = %e , x = %e , x = %e , x = %e ,x=1
(%o2) [x=1]
➔ wxplot2d(x^5−1,[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
plot2d: some values will be clipped.
(%t3)

(%o3)
 Although, x^5-1 has 5 roots but since we are solving and plotting in the Euclidean (xy-plane),
therefore, we find two roots and in this question, there is only one real root (intersection with X
axis).

3 Find all the roots of the equation 4*x=sqrt(x^2+3).

➔ load(to_poly_solve); /* loading this package to solve equations like these,
won't be solved using 'solve' command */
(%o4) C:/maxima−5.49.0/share/maxima/5.49.0/share/to_poly_solve/to_poly_solve.mac
➔ to_poly_solve(4·x=sqrt(x^2+3),x);

1
(%o6) %union x =
5

4 Find all the roots of the equation (x^2+2*x+1)(x^3+4)=0

using polysolve
command.
➔ kill(all)$
to_poly_solve((x^2+2·x+1)·(x^3+4)=0,x);

1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3

1/3 3 4 %i − 4 3 4 %i + 4
(%o1) %union [ x = − 1 ] , , x=− ,
x=−4 x=
2 2

5 Find all the factors of the polynomial

x^5+3x^4-5x^3-15*x^2+4x+12.
➔ factor(x^5+3·x^4−5·x^3−15·x^2+4·x+12); /* Limitation: It will only factorize
over the ring of integers i.e only till the co-efficient of factors are integers */
(%o3) (x−2) (x−1) (x+1) (x+2) (x+3)

6 Find all the linear factors of the equation x^4=1.

➔ factor(x^4−1);
/* Limitation: It will only factorize over the ring of integers i.e only till the
co-efficient of factors are integers */
2
(%o6) (x−1) (x+1) (x +1)
➔ gfactor(x^4−1);
/* Limitation: It will only factorize over the ring of Gaussian integers i.e only till the
co-efficient of factors are Gaussian integers */
(%o7) ( x − 1 ) ( x + 1 ) ( x − %i ) ( x + %i )

7 Find all the linear factors of the equation

(x^2+2*x+1)(x^3+4)=0
➔ factor((x^2+2·x+1)·(x^3+4));
/* Limitation: It will only factorize over the ring of integers i.e only till the co-efficient
of factors are integers */
2 3
(%o8) (x+1) (x +4)

➔ gfactor((x^2+2·x+1)·(x^3+4));
/* Limitation: It will only factorize over the ring of Gaussian integers i.e only till the
co-efficient of factors are Gaussian integers */
2 3
(%o9) (x+1) (x +4)

Neither command works here.

 PRACTICAL 8: Some Important Complex
Maps
1 Scaling Maps
1.1 Find the image of the unit circle with center origin under the map
f(Z) = (1/4)*Z
➔ Z(t):= exp(%i·t);
(%o86) Z ( t ) := exp ( %i t )
We will plot the unit circle in the domain (complex) plane or the Z-plane. ... + 0 hidden lines
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(Z(t)),imagpart(Z(t)),[t,0,2·%pi]],[x,−3,3],[y,−3,3],[title,"Domain Plane"]);
(%t87)
(%o87)
➔ f(Z):=(1/4)·Z;
1
 1
(%o92) f ( Z ) := Z
4
We will plot the image of unit circle under the map f in the codomain plane or the w-plane.
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(f(Z(t))),imagpart(f(Z(t))),[t,0,2·%pi]],[x,−3,3],[y,−3,3],[title,"Codomain Plane"]);
(%t93)
(%o93)
Shape remains the same however size reduces. Therefore, the effect of this map is contraction.
 1.2 Plot a line segment passing through origin in the domain plane and
its image under the map f(Z)=2*Z in the codomain plane.
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z(t):= t+(%i)·2·t;
(%o1) Z ( t ) := t + %i 2 t
We will plot the unit circle in the domain (complex) plane or the z-plane.
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(Z(t)),imagpart(Z(t)),[t,−2,2]],[x,−10,10],[y,−10,10],[title,"Domain Plane"]);
(%t2)
(%o2)
➔ f(Z):=2·Z;
(%o3) f ( Z ) := 2 Z
 We will plot the image of unit circle under the map f in the codomain plane or the w-plane.
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(f(Z(t))),imagpart(f(Z(t))),[t,−2,2]],[x,−10,10],[y,−10,10],[title,"Codomain Plane"]);
(%t4)
(%o4)
Shape and orientation remain the same however size increases. Therefore, the effect of this map is
expansion.
 1.3 Plot an arc of a unit circle and its image under the map f(Z)=4*Z.
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z(t):= exp(%i·t);
(%o1) Z ( t ) := exp ( %i t )
We will plot the arc of the unit circle in the domain (complex) plane or the Z-plane.
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(Z(t)),imagpart(Z(t)),[t,%pi/6,%pi/2]],[x,−10,10],[y,−10,10],[title,"Domain Plane"]);
(%t2)
(%o2)
➔ f(Z):=(4)·Z;
(%o3) f ( Z ) := 4 Z
 We will plot the image of the arc of the unit circle under the map f in the codomain plane or the
w-plane.
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(f(Z(t))),imagpart(f(Z(t))),[t,%pi/6,%pi/2]],[x,−10,10],[y,−10,10],[title,"Codomain Plane"]);
(%t4)
(%o4)
Shape and orientation of the arc remain the same, size increases. Therefore, the effect of this map
is expansion.
 1.4 Plot an emoji (Exercise) and reduce its size it by mapping.
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z(t):=exp(%i·t)$
Zs(t):=−0.25·%i+0.55·exp(%i·t)$
E1(t):=−0.35+0.35·%i+0.08·exp(%i·t)$
E2(t):=0.35+0.35·%i+0.08·exp(%i·t)$

wxplot2d([[parametric,realpart(Z(t)),imagpart(Z(t)),[t,0,2·%pi]],
[parametric,realpart(Zs(t)),imagpart(Zs(t)),[t,%pi,2·%pi]],
[parametric,realpart(E1(t)),imagpart(E1(t)),[t,0,2·%pi]],
[parametric,realpart(E2(t)),imagpart(E2(t)),[t,0,2·%pi]]],
[x,−1.5,1.5],[y,−1.5,1.5],[title,"Domain Plane"]);
(%t5)
(%o5)
➔ f(Z):=1.5·Z$

wxplot2d([[parametric,realpart(f(Z(t))),imagpart(f(Z(t))),[t,0,2·%pi]],
[parametric,realpart(f(Zs(t))),imagpart(f(Zs(t))),[t,%pi,2·%pi]],
[parametric,realpart(f(E1(t))),imagpart(f(E1(t))),[t,0,2·%pi]],
[parametric,realpart(f(E2(t))),imagpart(f(E2(t))),[t,0,2·%pi]]],
[x,−2.5,2.5],[y,−2.5,2.5],[title,"Codomain Plane"]);
(%t7)
(%o7)
Contraction.
 2 Rotation Map
2.1 Plot an arc and rotate it by 90 degrees.
➔ Z(t):= exp(%i·t);
wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(Z(t)),imagpart(Z(t)),[t,%pi/6,%pi/2]],[x,−10,10],
[y,−10,10],[title,"Domain Plane"]);
f(Z):=%i·Z;
wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(f(Z(t))),imagpart(f(Z(t))),[t,%pi/6,%pi/2]],[x,−10,10],
[y,−10,10],[title,"Codomain Plane"]);
(%o4) Z ( t ) := exp ( %i t )
(%t5)

(%o5)
(%o6) f ( Z ) := %i Z
(%t7)

(%o7)
 2.2 Plot a smiling emoji and rotate by 90 degrees
➔ Z(t):=exp(%i·t)$
Zs(t):=−0.25·%i+0.55·exp(%i·t)$
E1(t):=−0.35+0.35·%i+0.08·exp(%i·t)$
E2(t):=0.35+0.35·%i+0.08·exp(%i·t)$

wxplot2d([[parametric,realpart(Z(t)),imagpart(Z(t)),[t,0,2·%pi]],
[parametric,realpart(Zs(t)),imagpart(Zs(t)),[t,%pi,2·%pi]],
[parametric,realpart(E1(t)),imagpart(E1(t)),[t,0,2·%pi]],
[parametric,realpart(E2(t)),imagpart(E2(t)),[t,0,2·%pi]]],
[x,−1.5,1.5],[y,−1.5,1.5],[title,"Domain Plane"]);
(%t83)
(%o83)
➔ f(Z):=%i·Z$

wxplot2d([[parametric,realpart(f(Z(t))),imagpart(f(Z(t))),[t,0,2·%pi]],
[parametric,realpart(f(Zs(t))),imagpart(f(Zs(t))),[t,%pi,2·%pi]],
[parametric,realpart(f(E1(t))),imagpart(f(E1(t))),[t,0,2·%pi]],
[parametric,realpart(f(E2(t))),imagpart(f(E2(t))),[t,0,2·%pi]]],
[x,−1.5,1.5],[y,−1.5,1.5],[title,"Codomain Plane"]);
(%t85)
(%o85)
 PRACTICAL 9: Plotting real and imaginary
parts of a complex function
1 Plot the real and imaginary part of f(Z) =Z²
➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ f(Z):=Z²;
2
(%o2) f ( Z ) := Z
➔ define(U(x,y),realpart(f(Z)));
2 2
(%o3) U ( x , y ) := x − y
➔ define(V(x,y),imagpart(f(Z)));
(%o4) V ( x , y ) := 2 x y
➔ wxplot3d(U(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t5)
(%o5)
➔ wxplot3d(V(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t6)
(%o6)
Remark: The plotting can be done to check the continuity of the function. If U and V are
continuous, then f will be continuous.
 2 Plot the real and imaginary part of f(Z) = e^x*e^(-iy)
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ f(Z):=exp(x)·exp(−%i·y);
(%o2) f ( Z ) := exp ( x ) exp ( − %i y )
➔ define(U(x,y),realpart(f(Z)));
x
(%o3) U ( x , y ) := %e cos ( y )
➔ define(V(x,y),imagpart(f(Z)));
x
(%o4) V ( x , y ) := − %e sin ( y )

➔ wxplot3d(U(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t5)
(%o5)
➔ wxplot3d(V(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t6)
(%o6)
 PRACTICAL 10: Differentiability of Complex
Functions
1 Verify that the function f(Z) = |Z|² is differentiable at Z=0.
➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ f(Z):=(cabs(Z))²$
➔ define(U(x,y),realpart(f(Z)));
2 2
(%o4) U ( x , y ) := y + x
➔ define(V(x,y),imagpart(f(Z)));
(%o5) V ( x , y ) := 0
➔ define(U_x(x,y),diff(U(x,y),x));
U_x(0,0);
(%o10) U ( x , y ) := 2 x
x
(%o11) 0
➔ define(U_y(x,y),diff(U(x,y),y));
U_y(0,0);
(%o12) U ( x , y ) := 2 y
y
(%o13) 0
➔ define(V_x(x,y),diff(V(x,y),x));
V_x(0,0);
(%o14) V ( x , y ) := 0
x
(%o15) 0
➔ define(V_y(x,y),diff(V(x,y),y));
V_y(0,0);
(%o20) V ( x , y ) := 0
y
(%o21) 0
➔ is (U_x(0,0)=V_y(0,0));
is (V_x(0,0)=U_y(0,0));
(%o29) true
(%o30) true
The Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied.
➔ wxplot3d(U_x(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t19)
(%o19)
➔ wxplot3d(U_y(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t22)
(%o22)
➔ wxplot3d(V_x(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5],[z,−5,5]); /* CB range is the critical boundary range ie, where f'(Z)=0 */
Warning: empty cb range [0:0], adjusting to [−1:1]
(%t26)

(%o26)
➔ wxplot3d(V_y(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5],[z,−5,5]);
(%t25)

(%o25)
 Remark: Since all the partials U_x, U_y, V_x, V_y are satisfied at (0,0), by sufficient condition of
differentiability, the function is differentiable at Z=0.

2 Verify CR Equations and comment on the differentiability of

the following complex functions at the indicated points.
2.1 f(Z)=conjugate(Z) at Z=0
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ f(Z):=conjugate(Z)$
➔ define(U(x,y),realpart(f(Z)));
define(V(x,y),imagpart(f(Z)));
(%o4) U ( x , y ) := x
(%o5) V ( x , y ) := − y
➔ define(U_x(x,y),diff(U(x,y),x));
define(U_y(x,y),diff(U(x,y),y));
define(V_x(x,y),diff(V(x,y),x));
define(V_y(x,y),diff(V(x,y),y));
(%o6) U ( x , y ) := 1
x
(%o7) U ( x , y ) := 0
y
(%o8) V ( x , y ) := 0
x
(%o9) V ( x , y ) := − 1
y
➔ U_x(0,0); U_y(0,0); V_x(0,0); V_y(0,0);
(%o10) 1
(%o11) 0
(%o12) 0
(%o13) −1
➔ is (U_x(0,0)=V_y(0,0));
is (V_x(0,0)=U_y(0,0));
(%o14) false
(%o15) true
 Remark: Since CR equations are not entirely satisfied, f is not differentiable at Z=0.

2.2 f(Z)=(conjugate(Z))² at Z=0

➔ kill(all)$
Z:x+%i·y;
f(Z):=(conjugate(Z))²$
Z %i y + x
➔ define(U(x,y),realpart(f(Z)));
define(V(x,y),imagpart(f(Z)));
2 2
(%o3) U ( x , y ) := x − y
(%o4) V ( x , y ) := − ( 2 x y )
➔ define(U_x(x,y),diff(U(x,y),x));
define(U_y(x,y),diff(U(x,y),y));
define(V_x(x,y),diff(V(x,y),x));
define(V_y(x,y),diff(V(x,y),y));
(%o5) U ( x , y ) := 2 x
x
(%o6) U ( x , y ) := − ( 2 y )
y
(%o7) V ( x , y ) := − ( 2 y )
x
(%o8) V ( x , y ) := − ( 2 x )
y
➔ is (U_x(0,0)=V_y(0,0));
is (V_x(0,0)=U_y(0,0));
(%o9) true
(%o10) true
➔ wxplot3d(U_x(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t11)
(%o11)
➔ wxplot3d(U_y(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t12)
(%o12)
➔ wxplot3d(V_x(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t13)
(%o13)
➔ wxplot3d(V_y(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t14)
(%o14)
Remark: Since all the partials U_x, U_y, V_x, V_y are satisfied at (0,0), by sufficient condition of
differentiability, the function is differentiable at Z=0.
 2.3 f(Z)=real(Z) at Z=1+i
➔ kill(all)$
Z:x+%i·y;
f(Z):=(realpart(Z));
Z %i y + x
(%o2) f ( Z ) := realpart ( Z )
➔ define(U(x,y),realpart(f(Z)));
define(V(x,y),imagpart(f(Z)));
(%o3) U ( x , y ) := x
(%o4) V ( x , y ) := 0
➔ define(U_x(x,y),diff(U(x,y),x));
define(U_y(x,y),diff(U(x,y),y));
define(V_x(x,y),diff(V(x,y),x));
define(V_y(x,y),diff(V(x,y),y));
(%o5) U ( x , y ) := 1
x
(%o6) U ( x , y ) := 0
y
(%o7) V ( x , y ) := 0
x
(%o8) V ( x , y ) := 0
y
➔ is (U_x(1,1)=V_y(1,1));
is (V_x(1,1)=U_y(1,1));
(%o11) false
(%o12) true
Remark: CR Equations are not satisfied entirely, f is not differentiable at 1+i.

2.4 f(Z)=(conjugate(Z)²)/Z at Z=0

➔ kill(all)$
Z:x+%i·y;
f(Z):=(conjugate(Z)²)/Z;
Z %i y + x
2
Z
(%o2) f ( Z ) :=
Z
➔ define(U(x,y),realpart(f(Z)));
define(V(x,y),imagpart(f(Z)));
2 2 2
x (x −y )−2 x y
(%o3) U ( x , y ) :=
2 2
y +x
2 2 2
− y (x −y ) −2 x y
(%o4) V ( x , y ) :=
2 2
y +x
➔ define(U_x(x,y),diff(U(x,y),x));
define(U_y(x,y),diff(U(x,y),y));
define(V_x(x,y),diff(V(x,y),x));
define(V_y(x,y),diff(V(x,y),y));
2 2 2
2 2 2 x x (x −y )−2 x y
3 x −3 y
(%o5) U ( x , y ) := −
x 2 2 2 2 2
y +x (y +x )

2 2 2
6xy 2 y x (x −y )−2 x y
(%o6) U ( x , y ) := − 2 2 −
y 2 2 2
y +x (y +x )

2 2 2
6xy 2 x − y (x −y ) −2 x y
(%o7) V ( x , y ) := − 2 2 −
x 2 2 2
y +x (y +x )

2 2 2
2 2 2 y − y (x −y ) −2 x y
3 y −3 x
(%o8) V ( x , y ) := −
y 2 2 2 2 2
y +x (y +x )

➔ Ux: limit((U(h,0)−0)/h,h,0);
Uy:limit((U(0,k)−0)/k,k,0);
Vx:limit((V(h,0)−0)/h,h,0);
Vy:limit((V(0,k)−0)/k,k,0);
Ux 1
Uy 0
Vx 0
Vy 1
CR Equations are satisfied.
➔ wxplot3d(U_x,[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
expt: undefined: 0 to a negative exponent.
(%t16)

(%o16)
➔ wxplot3d(V_x,[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t17)

(%o17)
➔ wxplot3d(U_y,[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t18)

(%o18)
➔ wxplot3d(V_y,[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t19)

(%o19)
Not continuous by the definition of limit, not differentiable at Z=0.
 2.5 f(Z)=(x²-y²)+2*i*x*y at Z=1
➔ kill(all)$
Z:x+%i·y;
f(Z):=(x²−y²)+2·%i·x·y;
Z %i y + x
2 2
(%o2) f ( Z ) := x − y + 2 %i x y
➔ define(U(x,y),realpart(f(Z)));
define(V(x,y),imagpart(f(Z)));
2 2
(%o3) U ( x , y ) := x − y
(%o4) V ( x , y ) := 2 x y
➔ define(U_x(x,y),diff(U(x,y),x));
define(U_y(x,y),diff(U(x,y),y));
define(V_x(x,y),diff(V(x,y),x));
define(V_y(x,y),diff(V(x,y),y));
(%o5) U ( x , y ) := 2 x
x
(%o6) U ( x , y ) := − ( 2 y )
y
(%o7) V ( x , y ) := 2 y
x
(%o8) V ( x , y ) := 2 x
y
➔ is (U_x(1,0)=V_y(1,0));
is (V_x(1,0)=U_y(1,0));
(%o9) true
(%o10) true
➔ wxplot3d(U_x(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t11)
(%o11)
➔ wxplot3d(V_x,[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t12)
(%o12)
➔ wxplot3d(U_y,[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t13)
(%o13)
➔ wxplot3d(V_y,[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t14)
(%o14)
Remark: Since all the partials U_x, U_y, V_x, V_y are satisfied at (0,0), by sufficient condition of
differentiability, the function is differentiable at Z=1.
 PRACTICAL 11: Integration of Complex
Functions
1 Integration of complex valued functions of real variables
1.1 Integrate the following function over the
indicated intervals.
f(t)=t^2+it over [0,5]
➔ f(t):=t^2+%i·t;
2
(%o1) f ( t ) := t + %i t
➔ a:integrate(f(t),t,0,5);
b:integrate(realpart(f(t)),t,0,5);
c:integrate(imagpart(f(t)),t,0,5);
75 %i + 250
a
6
125
b
3
25
c
2
➔ is(imagpart(a)=c);
is(realpart(a)=b);
(%o5) true
(%o6) true
Remark: ∫ f(t) dt = ∫ realpart(f(t)) + i*∫ imagpart(f(t))

1.2 f(t)=sin(t)+icos(t) over [0,π/2]

➔ kill(all)$
➔ f(t):=sin(t)+%i·cos(t);
(%o1) f ( t ) := sin ( t ) + %i cos ( t )
➔ a:integrate(f(t),t,0,%pi/2);
b:integrate(realpart(f(t)),t,0,%pi/2);
c:integrate(imagpart(f(t)),t,0,%pi/2);
a %i + 1
b 1
c 1
➔ is(imagpart(a)=c);
is(realpart(a)=b);
(%o5) true
(%o6) true
Remark: ∫ f(t) dt = ∫ realpart(f(t)) + i*∫ imagpart(f(t))

2 Integration of complex valued functions of complex

variables over contours
2.1 Integrate f(Z)=Z along the part of a unit circle traced anticlockwise
from Z=1 to Z=i
➔ Z: x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ f(Z):=Z;
(%o8) f ( Z ) := Z
➔ Y(t):=exp(%i·t); /* have to parametrize the equation by yourself */
(%o9) Y ( t ) := exp ( %i t )
➔ integrate(f(Y(t))·diff(Y(t),t),t,0,π/2);
(%o10) − 1

2.2 Integrate f(Z)=Z² along the part of a unit circle traced anticlockwise
from Z=1 to Z=i
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z: x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ f(Z):=Z²;
 2
(%o2) f ( Z ) := Z
➔ Y(t):=exp(%i·t);
(%o3) Y ( t ) := exp ( %i t )
➔ integrate(f(Y(t))·diff(Y(t),t),t,0,π/2);
%i 1
(%o4) − %i
3 3

2.3 Integrate Z=x²+iy² over the upward parabola joining (-1,1) to (1,1)
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z: x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ f(Z):=(realpart(Z))²+%i·(imagpart(Z))²;
2 2
(%o2) f ( Z ) := realpart ( Z ) + %i imagpart ( Z )
➔ Y(t):=t+%i·t²;
2
(%o3) Y ( t ) := t + %i t
➔ rectform(integrate(f(Y(t))·diff(Y(t),t),t,−1,1));
2 %i 2
(%o4) +
5 3

2.4 Plot the semicircle C with radius 1 centred at Z=2 and evaluate the
contour integral ∫1/(Z-2) dZ
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Y(t):=2+exp(%i·t);
(%o7) Y ( t ) := 2 + exp ( %i t )
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(Y(t)),imagpart(Y(t)),[t,0,π]],[x,−4,4],[y,−3,3],[title,"Domain Plane"]);
(%t13)
(%o13)
➔ Z: x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ f(Z):=1/(Z−2);
1
(%o12) f ( Z ) :=
Z−2
➔ integrate(f(Y(t))·diff(Y(t),t),t,0,π);
(%o15) %i π

2.5 Show that ∫ZdZ over the curves C1 and C2 is same, 4+2i, where C1
is the line segment from -1-i to 3+i and C2 is the portion of
parabola x²=2y joining -1-i to 3+i. Make plots of two contours C1
and C2.
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z: x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ f(Z):=Z;
(%o2) f ( Z ) := Z
Line joining -1-i to 3+i ie (-1,-1) to (3,1) is x=2y-1
Take y=t, x=2t+1
➔ Y(t):=(2·t+1)+%i·(t);
(%o3) Y ( t ) := 2 t + 1 + %i t
➔ rectform(integrate(f(Y(t))·diff(Y(t),t),t,−1,1));
(%o5) 2 %i + 4
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(Y(t)),imagpart(Y(t)),[t,−1,1]],[x,−3,3],[y,−3,3]);
(%t7)
(%o7)
for C2
➔ Y1(t):=(t+1)²−1+%i·t;
2
(%o8) Y1 ( t ) := ( t + 1 ) − 1 + %i t
➔ rectform(integrate(f(Y1(t))·diff(Y1(t),t),t,−1,1));
(%o10) 2 %i + 4
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(Y1(t)),imagpart(Y1(t)),[t,−1,1]],[x,−3,3],[y,−3,3]);
(%t11)
(%o11)
 PRACTICAL 12: Elementary Functions
1 Complex Exponential Functions
1.1 Plot real and imaginary parts of the complex exponential function
e^Z
➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ f(Z):=exp(Z);
(%o2) f ( Z ) := exp ( Z )
➔ define(u(x,y),realpart(f(Z)));
define(v(x,y),imagpart(f(Z)));
x
(%o4) u ( x , y ) := %e cos ( y )
x
(%o5) v ( x , y ) := %e sin ( y )
➔ wxplot3d(u(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t7)
(%o7)
➔ wxplot3d(v(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t8)
(%o8)
 1.2 Plot the image of a line parallel to imaginary axis and under the
exponential map e^Z
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z(t):=1+%i·t;
(%o5) Z ( t ) := 1 + %i t
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(Z(t)),imagpart(Z(t)),[t,−5,5]],[style,[lines,3,4]],[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t6)
(%o6)
➔ f(Z):=exp(Z);
(%o7) f ( Z ) := exp ( Z )
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(f(Z(t))),imagpart(f(Z(t))),[t,−5,5]],[style,[lines,3,4]],[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t8)

(%o8)
 1.3 Plot the image of a line parallel to real axis under the e^Z map
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z(t):=t+%i;
(%o1) Z ( t ) := t + %i
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(Z(t)),imagpart(Z(t)),[t,−5,5]],[style,[lines,3,4]],[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t2)
(%o2)
➔ f(Z):=exp(Z);
(%o4) f ( Z ) := exp ( Z )
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(f(Z(t))),imagpart(f(Z(t))),[t,−5,5]],[style,[lines,3,4]],[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
plot2d: some values will be clipped.
(%t5)
(%o5)
 1.4 Plot the iage of a rectangle bounded by line parallel to real and
imaginary axis under the
exponential map
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z1(t):=1+%i·t;
Z2(t):=−1+%i·t;
Z3(t):=t+%i;
Z4(t):=t−%i;
(%o11) Z1 ( t ) := 1 + %i t
(%o12) Z2 ( t ) := − 1 + %i t
(%o13) Z3 ( t ) := t + %i
(%o14) Z4 ( t ) := t − %i
➔ wxplot2d([[parametric,realpart(Z1(t)),imagpart(Z1(t)),[t,−1,1]],
[parametric,realpart(Z2(t)),imagpart(Z2(t)),[t,−1,1]],
[parametric,realpart(Z3(t)),imagpart(Z3(t)),[t,−1,1]],
[parametric,realpart(Z4(t)),imagpart(Z4(t)),[t,−1,1]]],
[style,[lines,3,4]],[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t16)
(%o16)
➔ f(Z):=exp(Z);
(%o17) f ( Z ) := exp ( Z )
➔ wxplot2d([[parametric,realpart(f(Z1(t))),imagpart(f(Z1(t))),[t,−1,1]],
[parametric,realpart(f(Z2(t))),imagpart(f(Z2(t))),[t,−1,1]],
[parametric,realpart(f(Z3(t))),imagpart(f(Z3(t))),[t,−1,1]],
[parametric,realpart(f(Z4(t))),imagpart(f(Z4(t))),[t,−1,1]]],
[style,[lines,3,4]],[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t18)
(%o18)
 1.5 Verify the CR Equations for the complex exponetial function and
comment on its differentiability
for points in C
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ f(Z):=exp(Z);
(%o2) f ( Z ) := exp ( Z )
➔ define(U(x,y),realpart(f(Z)));
define(V(x,y),imagpart(f(Z)));
define(U_x(x,y),diff(U(x,y),x));
define(U_y(x,y),diff(U(x,y),y));
define(V_x(x,y),diff(V(x,y),x));
define(V_y(x,y),diff(V(x,y),y));
x
(%o18) U ( x , y ) := %e cos ( y )
x
(%o19) V ( x , y ) := %e sin ( y )
x
(%o20) U ( x , y ) := %e cos ( y )
x
x
(%o21) U ( x , y ) := − %e sin ( y )
y
x
(%o22) V ( x , y ) := %e sin ( y )
x
x
(%o23) V ( x , y ) := %e cos ( y )
y
➔ U_x(a,b);
U_y(a,b);
V_x(a,b);
V_y(a,b);
a
(%o24) %e cos ( b )
a
(%o25) − %e sin ( b )
a
(%o26) %e sin ( b )
 a
(%o27) %e cos ( b )
➔ is(U_x(a,b)=V_y(a,b));
is(U_y(a,b)=−V_x(a,b));
(%o30) true
(%o31) true
We see that the CR Equations are satisfied at (a,b) for the given function
➔ wxplot3d(U_x(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t32)
(%o32)
➔ wxplot3d(U_y(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t33)
(%o33)
➔ wxplot3d(V_x(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t34)
(%o34)
➔ wxplot3d(V_y(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t35)
(%o35)
 1.6 Evaluate the contour integral ∫e^Z(on y), where y is straight line path
joining the complex numbers
0 and 1
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ f(Z):=exp(Z);
(%o2) f ( Z ) := exp ( Z )
➔ Y(t):=%i·t;
(%o3) Y ( t ) := %i t
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(Y(t)),imagpart(Y(t)),[t,0,1]],[style,[lines,3,4]],[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t4)
(%o4)
➔ rectform(integrate(f(Y(t))·diff(Y(t),t),t,0,1));
(%o5) %i sin ( 1 ) + cos ( 1 ) − 1
➔ expand(integrate(f(Y(t))·diff(Y(t),t),t,0,1));
%i
(%o6) %e −1

2 Complex Trigonometric Functions

➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ sin(Z);
(%o2) sin ( %i y + x )
➔ realpart(sin(Z));
(%o3) sin ( x ) cosh ( y )

2.1 Plot real and imaginary parts of the complex sine and cosine
functions.
2.1.1 Complex sine function
➔ define(u(x,y),realpart(sin(Z)));
(%o4) u ( x , y ) := sin ( x ) cosh ( y )
➔ define(v(x,y),imagpart(sin(Z)));
(%o6) v ( x , y ) := cos ( x ) sinh ( y )
➔ wxplot3d(u(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t7)
(%o7)
➔ wxplot3d(v(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t8)
(%o8)

2.1.2 Complex cosine function

➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ define(u(x,y),realpart(cos(Z)));
(%o3) u ( x , y ) := cos ( x ) cosh ( y )
➔ define(v(x,y),imagpart(cos(Z)));

(%o4) v ( x , y ) := − ( sin ( x ) sinh ( y ) )

➔ wxplot3d(u(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t5)
(%o5)
➔ wxplot3d(v(x,y),[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t6)
(%o6)
 2.2 Verify CR equations or sine and cosine functions and comment on
their diferetiability
for points in C.
2.2.1 cosine function
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ define(u(x,y),realpart(cos(Z)));
(%o2) u ( x , y ) := cos ( x ) cosh ( y )
➔ a:diff(u(x,y),x);
b:diff(u(x,y),y);

a − ( sin ( x ) cosh ( y ) )
b cos ( x ) sinh ( y )
➔ define(v(x,y),imagpart(cos(Z)));

(%o6) v ( x , y ) := − ( sin ( x ) sinh ( y ) )

➔ c:diff(v(x,y),x);
d:diff(v(x,y),y);

c − ( cos ( x ) sinh ( y ) )
d − ( sin ( x ) cosh ( y ) )
➔ is(a=d);
(%o11) true
➔ is(b=−c);
(%o12) true
Remark: CR equations are satisfied and we know that sine cosine sinh and cosh are continuous
therefore by sufficient condition of differentiability complex cosine is differentiable throughout C.

2.2.2 sine function

➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ define(u(x,y),realpart(sin(Z)));
(%o2) u ( x , y ) := sin ( x ) cosh ( y )
➔ a:diff(u(x,y),x);
b:diff(u(x,y),y);
a cos ( x ) cosh ( y )
b sin ( x ) sinh ( y )
➔ define(v(x,y),imagpart(sin(Z)));
(%o5) v ( x , y ) := cos ( x ) sinh ( y )
➔ c:diff(v(x,y),x);
d:diff(v(x,y),y);

c − ( sin ( x ) sinh ( y ) )
d cos ( x ) cosh ( y )
➔ is(a=d);
(%o8) true
➔ is(b=−c);
(%o9) true
Remark: CR equations are satisfied and we know that sine cosine sinh and cosh are continuous
therefore by sufficient condition of
differentiability complex sine is differentiable throughout C.

2.3 Plot the image of the line (π/2+i*y, y>0) under the map sinZ
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ y(t):=π/2+%i·t;
π
(%o2) y ( t ) := + %i t
2
➔ f(Z):=sin(Z);
(%o3) f ( Z ) := sin ( Z )
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(y(t)),imagpart(y(t)),[t,0,10]]);
(%t4)

(%o4)
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(f(y(t))),imagpart(f(y(t))),[t,0,10]]);
(%t5)

(%o5)
 Remark: The image of the line parallel to imaginary axis is positive side of real axis, not touching
zero.

2.4 Plot the image of the line (-π/2+i*y, y>0) under the map sinZ
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ y(t):=−π/2+%i·t;
−π
(%o2) y ( t ) := + %i t
2
➔ f(Z):=sin(Z);
(%o3) f ( Z ) := sin ( Z )
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(y(t)),imagpart(y(t)),[t,0,10]]);
Warning: empty x range [−1.5708:−1.5708], adjusting to [−1.5865:−1.55509]
(%t4)

(%o4)
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(f(y(t))),imagpart(f(y(t))),[t,0,10]]);
(%t5)

(%o5)
 Remark: The image of the line parallel to imaginary axis is negative side of real axis, not touching
zero.

2.5 Plot the image of the line (π/4+iy, y>0) under the map sinZ
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ y(t):=π/4+%i·t;
π
(%o3) y ( t ) := + %i t
4
➔ f(Z):=sin(Z);
(%o4) f ( Z ) := sin ( Z )
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(y(t)),imagpart(y(t)),[t,0,10]]);
Warning: empty x range [0.785398:0.785398], adjusting to [0.777544:0.793252]
(%t5)

(%o5)
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(f(y(t))),imagpart(f(y(t))),[t,0,10]]);
(%o6)
This is part of the branch of hyperbola.
 2.6 Plot the image of the line (-π/4+iy, y>0) under the map sinZ
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ y(t):=−π/4+%i·t;
−π
(%o2) y ( t ) := + %i t
4
➔ f(Z):=sin(Z);
(%o3) f ( Z ) := sin ( Z )
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(y(t)),imagpart(y(t)),[t,0,10]]);
Warning: empty x range [−0.785398:−0.785398], adjusting to [−0.793252:−0.777544]
(%t4)

(%o4)
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(f(y(t))),imagpart(f(y(t))),[t,0,10]]);
(%o5)
This is part of the branch of hyperbola.
 2.7 Plot the image of the rectangular region (-π/2≤x≤π/2, 0≤y≤2) uner
the map sinZ.
➔ Z1(t):=π/2+%i·t;
Z2(t):=−π/2+%i·t;
Z3(t):=t;
Z4(t):=t+2·%i;
π
(%o6) Z1 ( t ) := + %i t
2
−π
(%o7) Z2 ( t ) := + %i t
2
(%o8) Z3 ( t ) := t
(%o9) Z4 ( t ) := t + 2 %i
➔ wxplot2d([[parametric,realpart(Z1(t)),imagpart(Z1(t)),[t,0,2]],[parametric,realpart(Z2(t)),imagpart(Z2(t)),[t,0,2]],
[parametric,realpart(Z3(t)),imagpart(Z3(t)),[t,−π/2,π/2]],[parametric,realpart(Z4(t)),imagpart(Z4(t)),[t,−π/2,π/2]]],
[style,[lines,3,4]],[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t10)
(%o10)
➔ f(Z):=sin(Z);
(%o11) f ( Z ) := sin ( Z )
➔ wxplot2d([[parametric,realpart(f(Z1(t))),imagpart(f(Z1(t))),[t,0,2]],[parametric,realpart(f(Z2(t))),imagpart(f(Z2(t))),[t,0,2]],
[parametric,realpart(f(Z3(t))),imagpart(f(Z3(t))),[t,−π/2,π/2]],[parametric,realpart(f(Z4(t))),imagpart(f(Z4(t))),[t,−π/2,π/2]]],
[style,[lines,3,4]],[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t12)
(%o12)
This is part of the branch of ellipse.
 2.8 Evaluate the contour integral ∫cos(2z) on Y, where Y is straight line
path joining complex numbers pi/2 and pi/2+i.
➔ Z:x+%i·y;
Z %i y + x
➔ f(Z):=cos(2·Z);
(%o2) f ( Z ) := cos ( 2 Z )
➔ Y(t):=π/2+%i·t;
π
(%o3) Y ( t ) := + %i t
2
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(Y(t)),imagpart(Y(t)),[t,0,1]],[style,[lines,3,4]],[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t4)
(%o4)
➔ rectform(integrate(f(Y(t))·diff(Y(t),t),t,0,1));
 %i sinh ( 2 )
(%o5) −
2
➔ expand(integrate(f(Y(t))·diff(Y(t),t),t,0,1));

%i sinh ( 2 )
(%o6) −
2
 PRACTICAL 13: Some Questions from the
Syllabus
1 Plot the image of a square with vertices 0,1,i,1+i under the
mapping f(Z)=4iZ+3
➔ Z1(t):=t+%i;
Z2(t):=0+t·%i;
Z3(t):=t+0·%i;
Z4(t):=1+t·%i;
(%o5) Z1 ( t ) := t + %i
(%o6) Z2 ( t ) := 0 + t %i
(%o7) Z3 ( t ) := t + 0 %i
(%o8) Z4 ( t ) := 1 + t %i
➔ wxplot2d([[parametric,realpart(Z1(t)),imagpart(Z1(t)),[t,0,1]],[parametric,realpart(Z2(t)),imagpart(Z2(t)),[t,0,1]],
[parametric,realpart(Z3(t)),imagpart(Z3(t)),[t,0,1]],[parametric,realpart(Z4(t)),imagpart(Z4(t)),[t,0,1]]],
[style,[linespoints,1,1,2]],[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t10)
(%o10)
➔ f(Z):=4·%i·Z+3;
(%o14) f ( Z ) := 4 %i Z + 3
➔ wxplot2d([[parametric,realpart(f(Z1(t))),imagpart(f(Z1(t))),[t,0,1]],[parametric,realpart(f(Z2(t))),imagpart(f(Z2(t))),[t,0,1]],
[parametric,realpart(f(Z3(t))),imagpart(f(Z3(t))),[t,0,1]],[parametric,realpart(f(Z4(t))),imagpart(f(Z4(t))),[t,0,1]]],
[style,[linespoints,1,1,2]],[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t15)
(%o15)
Remark: size of the image increases.
 2 Write parametric equations and make a parametric plot for
an ellipse centred at origin with horizontal major axis of 2
units. Show the effect of this rotation of this ellipse by an
angle of π/6 radians and shifting of the center from (0,0) to
(2,1) by making a parametric plot.
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z(t):=2·cos(t)+%i·sin(t);
(%o1) Z ( t ) := 2 cos ( t ) + %i sin ( t )
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(Z(t)),imagpart(Z(t)),[t,0,2·π]],[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t2)
(%o2)
➔ f(Z):=(sqrt(3)/2+(%i·1)/2)·Z+2+%i;

3 %i 1
 3 %i 1
(%o3) f ( Z ) := + Z + 2 + %i
2 2
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(f(Z(t))),imagpart(f(Z(t))),[t,0,2·π]],[x,−5,5],[y,−5,5]);
(%t4)
(%o4)
 3 Plot any 5 points inside the disc {Z:|Z+i+1|<1} in one
Argand plane. Plot the images of these points under the
map f(Z):=(3-4*%i)*Z+(6+2*%i) together in one Argand
plane. Show that these points lie inside the disc
{w:|w+1-3i|<5} in the codomain plane.
➔ Z(t):=exp(%i·t)−1−%i;
(%o5) Z ( t ) := exp ( %i t ) − 1 − %i
➔ x1:−1−%i;
x2:−0.35−0.5·%i;
x3:−0.25−0.75·%i;
x4:−0.25−0.75·%i;
x5:−0.5−0.5·%i;
x1 − %i − 1
x2 − ( 0.5 %i ) − 0.35
x3 − ( 0.75 %i ) − 0.25
x4 − ( 0.75 %i ) − 0.25
x5 − ( 0.5 %i ) − 0.5
➔ wxplot2d([[parametric,realpart(Z(t)),imagpart(Z(t)),[t,0,2·π]],[discrete,[realpart(x1),realpart(x2),realpart(x3),realpart(x4),
realpart(x5)],[imagpart(x1),imagpart(x2),imagpart(x3),imagpart(x4),imagpart(x5)]]],
[style,[lines,3,4],[points,3,5,1]],[x,−8.5,8.5],[y,−8.5,8.5]);
(%t17)
(%o17)
➔ f(Z):=(3−4·%i)·Z+(6+2·%i);
(%o18) f ( Z ) := ( 3 − 4 %i ) Z + ( 6 + 2 %i )
➔ wxplot2d([[parametric,realpart(f(Z(t))),imagpart(f(Z(t))),[t,0,2·π]],[discrete,[realpart(f(x1)),realpart(f(x2)),realpart(f(x3)),
realpart(f(x4)),realpart(f(x5))],[imagpart(f(x1)),imagpart(f(x2)),imagpart(f(x3)),imagpart(f(x4)),imagpart(f(x5))]]],
[style,[lines,3,4],[points,3,5,1]],[x,−8.5,8.5],[y,−8.5,8.5]);
(%t19)
(%o19)
 4 Plot two points on the right half plane Re Z>1 and the line
Re Z=1 together in one plane. Plot the images of these
points under the map f(Z)=(-1+i)Z-2+3i. Show that the
image points lie on the plane v>u+7
➔ kill(all)$
➔ x1:6+3·%i;
x1 3 %i + 6
➔ x2:5+2·%i;
x2 2 %i + 5
➔ x3:3+2·%i;
x3 2 %i + 3
➔ x4:1.5+3·%i;
x4 3 %i + 1.5
➔ wxplot2d([[parametric,1,t,[t,−10,10]],[discrete,[realpart(x1),realpart(x2),realpart(x3),realpart(x4)],
[imagpart(x1),imagpart(x2),imagpart(x3),imagpart(x4)]]],[style,[lines,3,4],[points,3,5,1]]
,[x,−10,10],[y,−10,10]);
(%t13)
(%o13)
➔ f(Z):=(−1+%i)·Z−2+3·%i;
(%o14) f ( Z ) := ( − 1 + %i ) Z − 2 + 3 %i
➔ wxplot2d([[parametric,1,t,[t,−10,10]],[discrete,[realpart(f(x1)),realpart(f(x2)),realpart(f(x3)),realpart(f(x4))],
[imagpart(f(x1)),imagpart(f(x2)),imagpart(f(x3)),imagpart(f(x4))]]],[style,[lines,3,4],[points,3,5,1]]
,[x,−10,10],[y,−10,10]);
(%t15)
(%o15)
Remark: Thus, the points lie on the plane v>u+7.
 5 Plot the image of 4 lines imz=1, imz=2, imz=-1,
imz=-2 parallel to real axis and 4 lines rez=1, rez=2, rez=-1
and rez=-2 parallel to imaginary axis under the inversion
map.
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z1(t):=t+%i;
Z2(t):=t+2·%i;
Z3(t):=t−%i;
Z4(t):=1+t·%i;
Z5(t):=t−2·%i;
Z6(t):=2+t·%i;
Z7(t):=−1+t·%i;
Z8(t):=−2+t·%i;
(%o9) Z1 ( t ) := t + %i
(%o10) Z2 ( t ) := t + 2 %i
(%o11) Z3 ( t ) := t − %i
(%o12) Z4 ( t ) := 1 + t %i
(%o13) Z5 ( t ) := t − 2 %i
(%o14) Z6 ( t ) := 2 + t %i
(%o15) Z7 ( t ) := − 1 + t %i
(%o16) Z8 ( t ) := − 2 + t %i
➔ wxplot2d([
[parametric,realpart(Z1(t)),imagpart(Z1(t)),[t,−10,10]],
[parametric,realpart(Z2(t)),imagpart(Z2(t)),[t,−10,10]],
[parametric,realpart(Z3(t)),imagpart(Z3(t)),[t,−10,10]],
[parametric,realpart(Z4(t)),imagpart(Z4(t)),[t,−10,10]],
[parametric,realpart(Z5(t)),imagpart(Z5(t)),[t,−10,10]],
[parametric,realpart(Z6(t)),imagpart(Z6(t)),[t,−10,10]],
[parametric,realpart(Z7(t)),imagpart(Z7(t)),[t,−10,10]],
[parametric,realpart(Z8(t)),imagpart(Z8(t)),[t,−10,10]]
]
,[x,−3,3],[y,−3,3]);
plot2d: some values will be clipped.
plot2d: some values will be clipped.
plot2d: some values will be clipped.
plot2d: some values will be clipped.
plot2d: some values will be clipped.
plot2d: some values will be clipped.
plot2d: some values will be clipped.
(%t18)

(%o18)
➔ f(Z):=1/Z;
 1
(%o19) f ( Z ) :=
Z
➔ wxplot2d([
[parametric,realpart(f(Z1(t))),imagpart(f(Z1(t))),[t,−10,10]],
[parametric,realpart(f(Z2(t))),imagpart(f(Z2(t))),[t,−10,10]],
[parametric,realpart(f(Z3(t))),imagpart(f(Z3(t))),[t,−10,10]],
[parametric,realpart(f(Z4(t))),imagpart(f(Z4(t))),[t,−10,10]],
[parametric,realpart(f(Z5(t))),imagpart(f(Z5(t))),[t,−10,10]],
[parametric,realpart(f(Z6(t))),imagpart(f(Z6(t))),[t,−10,10]],
[parametric,realpart(f(Z7(t))),imagpart(f(Z7(t))),[t,−10,10]],
[parametric,realpart(f(Z8(t))),imagpart(f(Z8(t))),[t,−10,10]]
]
,[x,−3,3],[y,−3,3]);
(%t20)
(%o20)
 6 Use the ML Inequality to show that |∫(1/Z^4) dZ| ≤ 4√2
over the straight line segment C from 1 to i. Evaluate the
integral by direct calculation and compare.
Parametric form of the line segment:
➔ y(t):=1−t+%i·t;
(%o21) y ( t ) := 1 − t + %i t
Length of y:
➔ L:integrate(cabs(diff(y(t),t)),t,0,1);
L 2
To find the bound for the integrand f on the given curve y we are considering the following
function α.
➔ f(Z):=1/Z^4;
1
(%o23) f ( Z ) :=
4
Z
➔ define(α(t),cabs(f(y(t))));
1
(%o24) α ( t ) :=
2 2 2
t +(1−t)

➔ diff(α(t),t);

2 (2 t−2 (1−t))
(%o28) −
2 2 3
t +(1−t)

➔ solve(%,t);
1
(%o29) t =
2
➔ define(β(t),diff(α(t),t,2));
2
6 (2 t−2 (1−t)) 8
(%o30) β ( t ) := −
2 2 4 2 2 3
t +(1−t) t +(1−t)
➔ β(1/2);
(%o31) − 64
Therefore, α has max at 1/2 and value M is:
➔ M:α(1/2);
M 4
Thus, by ML Inequality theorem, |∫(1/Z^4) dZ| ≤ ML = 4√2.
Now we compute the integral directly.
➔ rectform(integrate(f(y(t))·diff(y(t),t),t,0,1));
1 %i
(%o33) −
3 3
➔ cabs(%);

2
(%o34)
3

7 Find and plot the image of the set S = {x+iy|xy=1} under

the mapping f(Z)=Z²
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z(t):=t+%i/t;
%i
(%o1) Z ( t ) := t +
t
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(Z(t)),imagpart(Z(t)),[t,−3,3]],[title,"Domain plane"],[x,−3,3],[y,−3,3]);
expt: undefined: 0 to a negative exponent.
plot2d: expression evaluates to non−numeric value somewhere in plotting range.
plot2d: some values will be clipped.
(%t2)

(%o2)
➔ f(Z):=Z²;
 2
(%o3) f ( Z ) := Z
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(f(Z(t))),imagpart(f(Z(t))),[t,−3,3]],[title,"Domain plane"],[x,−3,3],[y,−3,3]);
expt: undefined: 0 to a negative exponent.
plot2d: expression evaluates to non−numeric value somewhere in plotting range.
plot2d: some values will be clipped.
(%t4)

(%o4)
 The image of the rectangular hyperbola under the map f(Z):=Z²is the line parallel to real axis. The
orientation is from left to right along the line v=2.

8 Find and plot the image of the set F={x+iy|x=1,-∞<y<∞}

under the mapping f(Z)=Z²
➔ kill(all)$
➔ Z(t):=1+%i·t;
(%o1) Z ( t ) := 1 + %i t
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(Z(t)),imagpart(Z(t)),[t,−3,3]],[title,"Domain Plane"],[x,−3,3],[y,−3,3]);
(%t2)
(%o2)
➔ f(Z):=Z²;
 2
(%o3) f ( Z ) := Z
➔ wxplot2d([parametric,realpart(f(Z(t))),imagpart(f(Z(t))),[t,−3,3]],[title,"Domain Plane"],[x,−3,3],[y,−3,3]);
plot2d: some values will be clipped.
(%t4)

(%o4)
Image is a shifted parabola.