■ Java OOP Solutions

111 Questions with Complete Java Programs

Inheritance • Method Overriding • Abstract Class • Interface • Exception Handling • Packages

Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | B.E. Information Technology | 2024–2028

Unit 1 – Inheritance 22 Questions

Q1 Write a Java program to create a class Animal with a method speak(). Derive a class Dog from Animal
and override speak() to print "Woof". Create a Dog object and call speak().

■ SOLUTION
class Animal {
void speak() {
[Link]("Animal speaks");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override
void speak() {
[Link]("Woof");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog d = new Dog();
[Link]();
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 1

Q2 Write a Java program to demonstrate single inheritance. Create a class Vehicle with fields brand and
speed. Derive a class Car that adds a field numDoors and displays all details.

■ SOLUTION
class Vehicle {
String brand;
int speed;
Vehicle(String brand, int speed) {
[Link] = brand;
[Link] = speed;
}
}

class Car extends Vehicle {

int numDoors;
Car(String brand, int speed, int numDoors) {
super(brand, speed);
[Link] = numDoors;
}
void display() {
[Link]("Brand: " + brand);
[Link]("Speed: " + speed + " km/h");
[Link]("Doors: " + numDoors);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Car c = new Car("Toyota", 180, 4);
[Link]();
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 2

Q3 Write a Java program to demonstrate multilevel inheritance. Create classes Vehicle -> Car ->
ElectricCar. Each class adds one field. Display all fields from an ElectricCar object.

■ SOLUTION
class Vehicle {
String brand;
Vehicle(String brand) { [Link] = brand; }
}

class Car extends Vehicle {

int speed;
Car(String brand, int speed) {
super(brand);
[Link] = speed;
}
}

class ElectricCar extends Car {

int batteryRange;
ElectricCar(String brand, int speed, int batteryRange) {
super(brand, speed);
[Link] = batteryRange;
}
void display() {
[Link]("Brand: " + brand);
[Link]("Speed: " + speed + " km/h");
[Link]("Battery Range: " + batteryRange + " km");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
ElectricCar ec = new ElectricCar("Tesla", 250, 500);
[Link]();
}
}

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Q4 Write a Java program to demonstrate hierarchical inheritance. Create a base class Shape with a
method displayColor(). Derive Circle, Rectangle and Triangle from Shape. Instantiate each and call
displayColor().

■ SOLUTION
class Shape {
String color;
Shape(String color) { [Link] = color; }
void displayColor() {
[Link](getClass().getSimpleName() + " color: " + color);
}
}

class Circle extends Shape { Circle(String c) { super(c); } }

class Rectangle extends Shape { Rectangle(String c) { super(c); } }
class Triangle extends Shape { Triangle(String c) { super(c); } }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new Circle("Red").displayColor();
new Rectangle("Blue").displayColor();
new Triangle("Green").displayColor();
}
}

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Q5 Write a Java program to create a class Employee with fields name and basicSalary. Derive a class
Manager that adds a field department. Display all information for a Manager object.

■ SOLUTION
class Employee {
String name;
double basicSalary;
Employee(String name, double basicSalary) {
[Link] = name;
[Link] = basicSalary;
}
}

class Manager extends Employee {

String department;
Manager(String name, double basicSalary, String department) {
super(name, basicSalary);
[Link] = department;
}
void display() {
[Link]("Name: " + name);
[Link]("Basic Salary: " + basicSalary);
[Link]("Department: " + department);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Manager m = new Manager("Alice", 75000, "IT");
[Link]();
}
}

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Q6 Write a Java program to create a class Person with fields name and age. Derive a class Student that
adds rollNumber and CGPA. Display complete student details using inherited and own fields.

■ SOLUTION
class Person {
String name;
int age;
Person(String name, int age) {
[Link] = name; [Link] = age;
}
}

class Student extends Person {

int rollNumber;
double cgpa;
Student(String name, int age, int rollNumber, double cgpa) {
super(name, age);
[Link] = rollNumber;
[Link] = cgpa;
}
void display() {
[Link]("Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age);
[Link]("Roll No: " + rollNumber + ", CGPA: " + cgpa);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new Student("Abdulrehman", 18, 101, 9.15).display();
}
}

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Q7 Write a Java program to demonstrate the use of the super keyword. Create a class Animal with a
constructor that accepts name. Derive Dog from Animal. Use super() in Dog's constructor to pass the
name.

■ SOLUTION
class Animal {
String name;
Animal(String name) {
[Link] = name;
[Link]("Animal created: " + name);
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

String breed;
Dog(String name, String breed) {
super(name); // calls Animal constructor
[Link] = breed;
[Link]("Dog breed: " + breed);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog d = new Dog("Bruno", "Labrador");
[Link]("Name: " + [Link] + ", Breed: " + [Link]);
}
}

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Q8 Write a Java program to create a class BankAccount with fields accountNumber and balance and a
method deposit(). Derive SavingsAccount that adds interestRate and a method computeInterest().
Display all details.

■ SOLUTION
class BankAccount {
String accountNumber;
double balance;
BankAccount(String accountNumber, double balance) {
[Link] = accountNumber;
[Link] = balance;
}
void deposit(double amount) { balance += amount; }
}

class SavingsAccount extends BankAccount {

double interestRate;
SavingsAccount(String accountNumber, double balance, double interestRate) {
super(accountNumber, balance);
[Link] = interestRate;
}
double computeInterest() { return balance * interestRate / 100; }
void display() {
[Link]("Account: " + accountNumber);
[Link]("Balance: " + balance);
[Link]("Interest Rate: " + interestRate + "%");
[Link]("Interest Earned: " + computeInterest());
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
SavingsAccount sa = new SavingsAccount("SA001", 10000, 4.5);
[Link](2000);
[Link]();
}
}

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Q9 Write a Java program to demonstrate constructor chaining in inheritance. Create a class A with a
parameterized constructor. Derive class B that calls A's constructor using super(). Derive class C from
B.

■ SOLUTION
class A {
A(int x) { [Link]("A constructor, x = " + x); }
}

class B extends A {
B(int x, int y) {
super(x);
[Link]("B constructor, y = " + y);
}
}

class C extends B {
C(int x, int y, int z) {
super(x, y);
[Link]("C constructor, z = " + z);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
C obj = new C(1, 2, 3);
}
}

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Q10 Write a Java program to create a class Product with fields productName and price. Derive Electronics
which adds brand. Derive Laptop from Electronics that adds ramSize. Display all fields from a Laptop
object.

■ SOLUTION
class Product {
String productName;
double price;
Product(String productName, double price) {
[Link] = productName; [Link] = price;
}
}

class Electronics extends Product {

String brand;
Electronics(String productName, double price, String brand) {
super(productName, price); [Link] = brand;
}
}

class Laptop extends Electronics {

int ramSize;
Laptop(String productName, double price, String brand, int ramSize) {
super(productName, price, brand); [Link] = ramSize;
}
void display() {
[Link]("Product: " + productName);
[Link]("Price: Rs." + price);
[Link]("Brand: " + brand);
[Link]("RAM: " + ramSize + " GB");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new Laptop("Laptop Pro", 65000, "Dell", 16).display();
}
}

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Q11 Write a Java program to create a class Loan with loanAmount and tenure. Derive HomeLoan that adds
propertyValue and computes EMI as (loanAmount / tenure). Display the EMI.

■ SOLUTION
class Loan {
double loanAmount;
int tenure;
Loan(double loanAmount, int tenure) {
[Link] = loanAmount; [Link] = tenure;
}
}

class HomeLoan extends Loan {

double propertyValue;
HomeLoan(double loanAmount, int tenure, double propertyValue) {
super(loanAmount, tenure);
[Link] = propertyValue;
}
double computeEMI() { return loanAmount / tenure; }
void display() {
[Link]("Loan Amount: Rs." + loanAmount);
[Link]("Tenure: " + tenure + " months");
[Link]("Property Value: Rs." + propertyValue);
[Link]("Monthly EMI: Rs." + computeEMI());
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new HomeLoan(1200000, 120, 2500000).display();
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 11

Q12 Write a Java program to create a class Staff with name and designation. Derive class Teacher that
adds subject and salary. Override toString() in Teacher to display all details.

■ SOLUTION
class Staff {
String name, designation;
Staff(String name, String designation) {
[Link] = name; [Link] = designation;
}
}

class Teacher extends Staff {

String subject;
double salary;
Teacher(String name, String designation, String subject, double salary) {
super(name, designation);
[Link] = subject; [Link] = salary;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Name: " + name + ", Designation: " + designation +
", Subject: " + subject + ", Salary: " + salary;
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Teacher t = new Teacher("Prof. Sharma", "Lecturer", "Java", 55000);
[Link](t);
}
}

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Q13 Write a Java program to demonstrate that a subclass can access protected members of its parent
class. Create a class Account with protected balance. Derive SavingsAccount and access balance
inside a method.

■ SOLUTION
class Account {
protected double balance;
Account(double balance) { [Link] = balance; }
}

class SavingsAccount extends Account {

SavingsAccount(double balance) { super(balance); }
void showBalance() {
// accessing protected member of parent directly
[Link]("Balance: Rs." + balance);
}
void addInterest(double rate) {
balance += balance * rate / 100;
[Link]("Balance after interest: Rs." + balance);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
SavingsAccount sa = new SavingsAccount(10000);
[Link]();
[Link](5);
}
}

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Q14 Write a Java program to create a class Appliance with fields brand and powerWatts. Derive
WashingMachine that adds loadCapacityKg. Derive AutomaticWasher that adds hasWiFi. Display all
fields.

■ SOLUTION
class Appliance {
String brand; int powerWatts;
Appliance(String brand, int powerWatts) {
[Link] = brand; [Link] = powerWatts;
}
}

class WashingMachine extends Appliance {

int loadCapacityKg;
WashingMachine(String brand, int powerWatts, int loadCapacityKg) {
super(brand, powerWatts); [Link] = loadCapacityKg;
}
}

class AutomaticWasher extends WashingMachine {

boolean hasWiFi;
AutomaticWasher(String brand, int powerWatts, int load, boolean hasWiFi) {
super(brand, powerWatts, load); [Link] = hasWiFi;
}
void display() {
[Link]("Brand: " + brand);
[Link]("Power: " + powerWatts + "W");
[Link]("Load: " + loadCapacityKg + " kg");
[Link]("WiFi: " + hasWiFi);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new AutomaticWasher("LG", 2000, 8, true).display();
}
}

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Q15 Write a Java program to show that private members of a parent class are NOT directly accessible in a
subclass. Use public getter/setter methods in the parent to access them from the subclass.

■ SOLUTION
class Person {
private String name;
private int age;
Person(String name, int age) { [Link] = name; [Link] = age; }
public String getName() { return name; }
public int getAge() { return age; }
public void setName(String name) { [Link] = name; }
}

class Student extends Person {

int rollNo;
Student(String name, int age, int rollNo) {
super(name, age); [Link] = rollNo;
}
void display() {
// name and age accessed via public getters (private = not directly accessible)
[Link]("Name: " + getName());
[Link]("Age: " + getAge());
[Link]("Roll: " + rollNo);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new Student("Riya", 19, 42).display();
}
}

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Q16 Write a Java program to create a class Rectangle with length and width. Derive ColoredRectangle that
adds a color field. Override toString() to return "Color: X, Area: Y".

■ SOLUTION
class Rectangle {
double length, width;
Rectangle(double length, double width) {
[Link] = length; [Link] = width;
}
double area() { return length * width; }
}

class ColoredRectangle extends Rectangle {

String color;
ColoredRectangle(double length, double width, String color) {
super(length, width); [Link] = color;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Color: " + color + ", Area: " + area();
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
ColoredRectangle cr = new ColoredRectangle(5, 3, "Blue");
[Link](cr);
}
}

Q17 Write a Java program to demonstrate the IS-A relationship. Create Vehicle, Car and Truck classes
using inheritance. Show that a Car IS-A Vehicle and a Truck IS-A Vehicle using instanceof.

■ SOLUTION
class Vehicle {}
class Car extends Vehicle {}
class Truck extends Vehicle {}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Car car = new Car();
Truck truck = new Truck();
[Link]("car instanceof Vehicle: " + (car instanceof Vehicle));
[Link]("truck instanceof Vehicle: " + (truck instanceof Vehicle));
[Link]("car instanceof Truck: " + (car instanceof Truck));
[Link]("car instanceof Car: " + (car instanceof Car));
}
}

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Q18 Write a Java program to create a class Student with name, rollNo and marks[]. Derive class
GraduateStudent that adds thesisTitle. Compute and display total marks and thesis details.

■ SOLUTION
class Student {
String name; int rollNo; int[] marks;
Student(String name, int rollNo, int[] marks) {
[Link] = name; [Link] = rollNo; [Link] = marks;
}
int totalMarks() {
int sum = 0;
for (int m : marks) sum += m;
return sum;
}
}

class GraduateStudent extends Student {

String thesisTitle;
GraduateStudent(String name, int rollNo, int[] marks, String thesisTitle) {
super(name, rollNo, marks); [Link] = thesisTitle;
}
void display() {
[Link]("Name: " + name + ", Roll: " + rollNo);
[Link]("Total Marks: " + totalMarks());
[Link]("Thesis: " + thesisTitle);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new GraduateStudent("Zara", 201, new int[]{85,90,78}, "AI in Healthcare").display();
}
}

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Q19 Write a Java program to show that constructors are NOT inherited. Create a class A with a
parameterized constructor. Derive class B and show that B must explicitly call super() to use A's
constructor.

■ SOLUTION
class A {
int value;
A(int value) {
[Link] = value;
[Link]("A constructor called, value = " + value);
}
}

class B extends A {
String label;
// B must explicitly call super(value) — it cannot inherit A's constructor
B(int value, String label) {
super(value); // explicit call required
[Link] = label;
[Link]("B constructor called, label = " + label);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
B obj = new B(10, "Test");
[Link]("Value: " + [Link] + ", Label: " + [Link]);
}
}

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Q20 Write a Java program to override the toString() method inherited from the Object class. Create a class
Book with title, author and price. Return a formatted string from toString() and print the object.

■ SOLUTION
class Book {
String title, author;
double price;
Book(String title, String author, double price) {
[Link] = title; [Link] = author; [Link] = price;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Book[Title: " + title + ", Author: " + author +
", Price: Rs." + price + "]";
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Book b = new Book("Head First Java", "Kathy Sierra", 499);
[Link](b); // calls toString() automatically
}
}

Q21 Write a Java program to create a class Circle with radius. Derive class Cylinder from Circle that adds
height. Compute area of circle and volume of cylinder using inherited radius.

■ SOLUTION
class Circle {
double radius;
Circle(double radius) { [Link] = radius; }
double area() { return [Link] * radius * radius; }
}

class Cylinder extends Circle {

double height;
Cylinder(double radius, double height) {
super(radius); [Link] = height;
}
double volume() { return area() * height; } // uses inherited area()
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Cylinder cy = new Cylinder(5, 10);
[Link]("Circle Area: %.2f%n", [Link]());
[Link]("Cylinder Volume: %.2f%n", [Link]());
}
}

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Q22 Write a Java program to create a class Account with accountHolder and balance. Derive
CurrentAccount that adds overdraftLimit. A method withdraw() should allow withdrawal up to (balance
+ overdraftLimit).

■ SOLUTION
class Account {
String accountHolder;
double balance;
Account(String accountHolder, double balance) {
[Link] = accountHolder; [Link] = balance;
}
}

class CurrentAccount extends Account {

double overdraftLimit;
CurrentAccount(String holder, double balance, double overdraftLimit) {
super(holder, balance); [Link] = overdraftLimit;
}
void withdraw(double amount) {
if (amount <= balance + overdraftLimit) {
balance -= amount;
[Link]("Withdrawn: Rs." + amount);
[Link]("Remaining Balance: Rs." + balance);
} else {
[Link]("Exceeds overdraft limit! Cannot withdraw.");
}
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
CurrentAccount ca = new CurrentAccount("Rohan", 5000, 2000);
[Link](6000);
[Link](2000);
}
}

Unit 2 – Method Overriding 18 Questions

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Q23 Write a Java program to demonstrate method overriding. Create a class Shape with a method area()
that prints "Calculating area". Override area() in Circle and Rectangle to compute and print the actual
area.

■ SOLUTION
class Shape {
void area() { [Link]("Calculating area"); }
}

class Circle extends Shape {

double radius;
Circle(double r) { radius = r; }
@Override
void area() {
[Link]("Circle area: %.2f%n", [Link] * radius * radius);
}
}

class Rectangle extends Shape {

double l, w;
Rectangle(double l, double w) { this.l = l; this.w = w; }
@Override
void area() { [Link]("Rectangle area: " + l * w); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Shape s1 = new Circle(7);
Shape s2 = new Rectangle(4, 5);
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

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Q24 Write a Java program to demonstrate runtime polymorphism. Create a base class Animal with method
makeSound(). Override makeSound() in Dog, Cat and Cow. Use an Animal reference to point to each
subclass and call makeSound().

■ SOLUTION
class Animal {
void makeSound() { [Link]("Some sound"); }
}
class Dog extends Animal {
@Override void makeSound() { [Link]("Woof!"); }
}
class Cat extends Animal {
@Override void makeSound() { [Link]("Meow!"); }
}
class Cow extends Animal {
@Override void makeSound() { [Link]("Moo!"); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal[] animals = { new Dog(), new Cat(), new Cow() };
for (Animal a : animals) [Link](); // runtime dispatch
}
}

Q25 Write a Java program to demonstrate the use of the @Override annotation. Create a class Vehicle with
method fuelType() returning "Petrol". Override fuelType() in ElectricVehicle to return "Electric".

■ SOLUTION
class Vehicle {
String fuelType() { return "Petrol"; }
}

class ElectricVehicle extends Vehicle {

@Override
String fuelType() { return "Electric"; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Vehicle v1 = new Vehicle();
Vehicle v2 = new ElectricVehicle();
[Link]("Vehicle fuel: " + [Link]());
[Link]("EV fuel: " + [Link]());
}
}

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Q26 Write a Java program to demonstrate that a static method CANNOT be overridden (method hiding).
Create a class Parent with static display() and a class Child that defines its own static display(). Show
the behavior.

■ SOLUTION
class Parent {
static void display() { [Link]("Parent static display()"); }
void show() { [Link]("Parent instance show()"); }
}

class Child extends Parent {

static void display() { [Link]("Child static display()"); } // hiding
@Override
void show() { [Link]("Child instance show()"); } // overriding
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Parent p = new Child();
[Link](); // calls [Link]() — static, resolved at compile time (hiding)
[Link](); // calls [Link]() — instance, resolved at runtime (overriding)
[Link](); // explicitly calls Child's static method
}
}

Q27 Write a Java program to create a class Bank with method getInterestRate() returning 4.0. Override
getInterestRate() in HDFC (returning 6.5) and SBI (returning 5.5). Use a Bank reference to call
getInterestRate() for each.

■ SOLUTION
class Bank {
double getInterestRate() { return 4.0; }
}
class HDFC extends Bank {
@Override double getInterestRate() { return 6.5; }
}
class SBI extends Bank {
@Override double getInterestRate() { return 5.5; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Bank b1 = new HDFC();
Bank b2 = new SBI();
[Link]("HDFC Rate: " + [Link]() + "%");
[Link]("SBI Rate: " + [Link]() + "%");
}
}

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Q28 Write a Java program to demonstrate that the access modifier can be widened but NOT narrowed
during method overriding. Show a protected method in parent overridden as public in child.

■ SOLUTION
class Parent {
protected void greet() { [Link]("Hello from Parent"); }
}

class Child extends Parent {

@Override
public void greet() { // widened: protected -> public (allowed)
[Link]("Hello from Child");
}
}

// Narrowing example (compile error — shown as comment):

// class BadChild extends Parent {
// @Override
// private void greet() { } // ERROR: cannot reduce visibility
// }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Parent p = new Child();
[Link]();
Child c = new Child();
[Link](); // accessible as public too
}
}

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Q29 Write a Java program to override the toString() method. Create a class Student with name, rollNo and
CGPA. Override toString() to return the details in a formatted string.

■ SOLUTION
class Student {
String name; int rollNo; double cgpa;
Student(String name, int rollNo, double cgpa) {
[Link] = name; [Link] = rollNo; [Link] = cgpa;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student[Name: " + name + ", Roll: " + rollNo +
", CGPA: " + cgpa + "]";
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Student s = new Student("Abdulrehman", 101, 9.15);
[Link](s);
}
}

Q30 Write a Java program to use [Link]() inside an overriding method. Create a class Printer
with print() that prints "Printing document". Override in LaserPrinter to first call [Link](), then add
"Using laser technology".

■ SOLUTION
class Printer {
void print() { [Link]("Printing document"); }
}

class LaserPrinter extends Printer {

@Override
void print() {
[Link](); // parent behavior
[Link]("Using laser technology");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
LaserPrinter lp = new LaserPrinter();
[Link]();
}
}

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Q31 Write a Java program to demonstrate method overriding with a covariant return type. Create a class
Animal with a method getAnimal() returning an Animal object. Override in Dog to return a Dog object.

■ SOLUTION
class Animal {
Animal getAnimal() {
[Link]("Returning Animal");
return new Animal();
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override
Dog getAnimal() { // covariant: Dog is subtype of Animal
[Link]("Returning Dog");
return new Dog();
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal a = new Dog();
[Link](); // calls Dog's version at runtime
}
}

Q32 Write a Java program to show runtime polymorphism using an array. Create an array of Shape
references containing Circle, Rectangle and Triangle objects. Iterate and call area() on each.

■ SOLUTION
class Shape { void area() {} }
class Circle extends Shape {
double r; Circle(double r){ this.r=r; }
@Override void area(){ [Link]("Circle area: %.2f%n", [Link]*r*r); }
}
class Rectangle extends Shape {
double l,w; Rectangle(double l,double w){ this.l=l; this.w=w; }
@Override void area(){ [Link]("Rectangle area: "+l*w); }
}
class Triangle extends Shape {
double b,h; Triangle(double b,double h){ this.b=b; this.h=h; }
@Override void area(){ [Link]("Triangle area: "+0.5*b*h); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Shape[] shapes = { new Circle(7), new Rectangle(4,5), new Triangle(6,8) };
for (Shape s : shapes) [Link]();
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 26

Q33 Write a Java program to create a class Notification with method send() printing "Sending notification".
Override send() in EmailNotification to print "Sending email" and in SMSNotification to print "Sending
SMS".

■ SOLUTION
class Notification {
void send() { [Link]("Sending notification"); }
}
class EmailNotification extends Notification {
@Override void send() { [Link]("Sending email"); }
}
class SMSNotification extends Notification {
@Override void send() { [Link]("Sending SMS"); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Notification[] n = { new EmailNotification(), new SMSNotification() };
for (Notification x : n) [Link]();
}
}

Q34 Write a Java program to demonstrate that a final method cannot be overridden. Create a class
GovtEmployee with a final method salaryStructure(). Try to override it in a subclass and handle the
result.

■ SOLUTION
class GovtEmployee {
final void salaryStructure() {
[Link]("Fixed pay scale as per 7th Pay Commission");
}
}

class IASOfficer extends GovtEmployee {

// Attempting to override a final method causes a compile-time error:
// @Override
// void salaryStructure() { } // ERROR: cannot override final method
void display() {
salaryStructure(); // can still call it
[Link]("IAS Officer");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new IASOfficer().display();
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 27

Q35 Write a Java program to override the equals() method from the Object class. Create a class Point with
x and y. Two points are equal if both coordinates match. Test with two Point objects.

■ SOLUTION
class Point {
int x, y;
Point(int x, int y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; }
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) return true;
if (!(obj instanceof Point)) return false;
Point p = (Point) obj;
return this.x == p.x && this.y == p.y;
}
@Override
public String toString() { return "(" + x + ", " + y + ")"; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Point p1 = new Point(3, 4);
Point p2 = new Point(3, 4);
Point p3 = new Point(1, 2);
[Link]("[Link](p2): " + [Link](p2));
[Link]("[Link](p3): " + [Link](p3));
}
}

Q36 Write a Java program to create a class Logger with method log(String msg). Override in FileLogger to
append "[FILE]" before the message and in ConsoleLogger to append "[CONSOLE]".

■ SOLUTION
class Logger {
void log(String msg) { [Link](msg); }
}
class FileLogger extends Logger {
@Override void log(String msg) { [Link]("[FILE] " + msg); }
}
class ConsoleLogger extends Logger {
@Override void log(String msg) { [Link]("[CONSOLE] " + msg); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Logger[] loggers = { new FileLogger(), new ConsoleLogger() };
for (Logger l : loggers) [Link]("Application started");
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 28

Q37 Write a Java program to demonstrate method overriding in a payroll system. Create abstract class Staff
with abstract method computeSalary(). Override in FullTimeStaff (fixed salary) and PartTimeStaff
(hourly * hours).

■ SOLUTION
abstract class Staff {
String name;
Staff(String name) { [Link] = name; }
abstract double computeSalary();
void display() {
[Link](name + " -> Salary: Rs." + computeSalary());
}
}

class FullTimeStaff extends Staff {

double fixedSalary;
FullTimeStaff(String name, double fixedSalary) {
super(name); [Link] = fixedSalary;
}
@Override double computeSalary() { return fixedSalary; }
}

class PartTimeStaff extends Staff {

double hourlyRate; int hoursWorked;
PartTimeStaff(String name, double hourlyRate, int hoursWorked) {
super(name); [Link] = hourlyRate; [Link] = hoursWorked;
}
@Override double computeSalary() { return hourlyRate * hoursWorked; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Staff[] staff = { new FullTimeStaff("Alice", 50000),
new PartTimeStaff("Bob", 250, 80) };
for (Staff s : staff) [Link]();
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 29

Q38 Write a Java program to create a class Game with method start() printing "Game starting". Override in
Chess to print "Chess game starting" and in Cricket to print "Cricket match starting". Use a Game
reference array.

■ SOLUTION
class Game {
void start() { [Link]("Game starting"); }
}
class Chess extends Game { @Override void start() { [Link]("Chess game starting"); } }
class Cricket extends Game { @Override void start() { [Link]("Cricket match
starting"); } }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Game[] games = { new Chess(), new Cricket() };
for (Game g : games) [Link]();
}
}

Q39 Write a Java program to show the difference between method overloading (compile-time
polymorphism) and method overriding (runtime polymorphism) in the same program with a class
Calculator.

■ SOLUTION
class Calculator {
// Overloading — same class, same name, different parameters (compile-time)
int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
double add(double a, double b) { return a + b; }
int add(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; }
}

class ScientificCalculator extends Calculator {

// Overriding — subclass redefines parent method (runtime)
@Override
int add(int a, int b) {
[Link]("ScientificCalculator add called");
return a + b + 0;
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Calculator c = new Calculator();
[Link]("Overloading: " + [Link](2, 3));
[Link]("Overloading: " + [Link](2.5, 3.5));
[Link]("Overloading: " + [Link](1, 2, 3));

Calculator sc = new ScientificCalculator();

[Link]("Overriding: " + [Link](10, 20)); // runtime dispatch
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 30

Q40 Write a Java program to demonstrate that private methods are NOT overridden. Create a class A with
private method show(). Create class B extending A with its own show(). Show that A's show() is not
overriding.

■ SOLUTION
class A {
private void show() { [Link]("A's private show()"); }
void callShow() { show(); } // calls A's private show
}

class B extends A {
// This is NOT overriding — it is a NEW method in B
void show() { [Link]("B's show() — not an override"); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
A obj = new B();
[Link](); // calls A's private show() — B's show() is NOT invoked
B b = new B();
[Link](); // calls B's own show()
}
}

Unit 3 – Abstract Classes 18 Questions

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 31

Q41 Write a Java program to create an abstract class Shape with an abstract method area(). Derive Circle
and Rectangle from Shape. Implement area() in each. Create objects of both and display area.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class Shape {
abstract double area();
}

class Circle extends Shape {

double radius;
Circle(double r) { radius = r; }
@Override double area() { return [Link] * radius * radius; }
}

class Rectangle extends Shape {

double l, w;
Rectangle(double l, double w) { this.l = l; this.w = w; }
@Override double area() { return l * w; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Shape s1 = new Circle(7);
Shape s2 = new Rectangle(4, 5);
[Link]("Circle area: %.2f%n", [Link]());
[Link]("Rectangle area: " + [Link]());
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 32

Q42 Write a Java program to create an abstract class Employee with fields name and basicSalary, and
abstract method calculateBonus(). Derive Manager (bonus = 30% of salary) and Clerk (bonus = 10% of
salary). Display bonus for each.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class Employee {
String name; double basicSalary;
Employee(String name, double basicSalary) {
[Link] = name; [Link] = basicSalary;
}
abstract double calculateBonus();
void display() {
[Link](name + " Bonus: Rs." + calculateBonus());
}
}

class Manager extends Employee {

Manager(String name, double salary) { super(name, salary); }
@Override double calculateBonus() { return basicSalary * 0.30; }
}

class Clerk extends Employee {

Clerk(String name, double salary) { super(name, salary); }
@Override double calculateBonus() { return basicSalary * 0.10; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Employee[] emps = { new Manager("Alice", 80000), new Clerk("Bob", 30000) };
for (Employee e : emps) [Link]();
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 33

Q43 Write a Java program to demonstrate that an abstract class can have both abstract and concrete
methods. Create abstract class Animal with abstract sound() and concrete breathe(). Derive Dog and
Fish.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class Animal {
abstract void sound(); // abstract
void breathe() { [Link](getClass().getSimpleName() + " breathes"); }
}

class Dog extends Animal { @Override void sound() { [Link]("Woof!"); } }

class Fish extends Animal { @Override void sound() { [Link]("...blub"); } }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal[] a = { new Dog(), new Fish() };
for (Animal x : a) { [Link](); [Link](); }
}
}

Q44 Write a Java program to show that an abstract class cannot be instantiated. Attempt to create an object
of an abstract class and handle the compilation outcome.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class AbstractShape {
abstract double area();
}

class ConcreteCircle extends AbstractShape {

double r; ConcreteCircle(double r){ this.r=r; }
@Override double area(){ return [Link]*r*r; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// AbstractShape s = new AbstractShape(); // COMPILE ERROR: cannot instantiate
// Correct usage: use a concrete subclass
AbstractShape s = new ConcreteCircle(5);
[Link]("Area: %.2f%n", [Link]());
[Link]("AbstractShape cannot be instantiated directly.");
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 34

Q45 Write a Java program to create an abstract class Vehicle with abstract method fuelEfficiency(). Derive
Car returning "15 km/l" and Truck returning "8 km/l". Display fuel efficiency using abstract class
reference.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class Vehicle {
abstract String fuelEfficiency();
}
class Car extends Vehicle { @Override String fuelEfficiency() { return "15 km/l"; } }
class Truck extends Vehicle { @Override String fuelEfficiency() { return "8 km/l"; } }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Vehicle[] vehicles = { new Car(), new Truck() };
for (Vehicle v : vehicles)
[Link]([Link]().getSimpleName() + ": " + [Link]());
}
}

Q46 Write a Java program to implement the Template Method pattern. Create abstract class DataProcessor
with concrete method process() that calls abstract methods readData(), processData() and writeData().
Derive CSVProcessor.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class DataProcessor {
abstract void readData();
abstract void processData();
abstract void writeData();
// Template method — defines the skeleton
final void process() {
readData();
processData();
writeData();
}
}

class CSVProcessor extends DataProcessor {

@Override void readData() { [Link]("Reading CSV data"); }
@Override void processData() { [Link]("Processing CSV rows"); }
@Override void writeData() { [Link]("Writing output CSV"); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
DataProcessor dp = new CSVProcessor();
[Link]();
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 35

Q47 Write a Java program to create an abstract class TaxCalculator with abstract method
computeTax(double income). Derive IncomeTax (tax = 20% of income above 2,50,000) and GST (tax =
18% of income). Display tax.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class TaxCalculator {
abstract double computeTax(double income);
}

class IncomeTax extends TaxCalculator {

@Override
double computeTax(double income) {
return income > 250000 ? (income - 250000) * 0.20 : 0;
}
}

class GST extends TaxCalculator {

@Override double computeTax(double income) { return income * 0.18; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
TaxCalculator it = new IncomeTax();
TaxCalculator gst = new GST();
double income = 500000;
[Link]("Income Tax: Rs." + [Link](income));
[Link]("GST: Rs." + [Link](income));
}
}

Q48 Write a Java program to create an abstract class Appliance with abstract method powerConsumption().
Derive AC (2000W) and Fridge (350W). Print consumption for both using an Appliance reference.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class Appliance {
abstract int powerConsumption();
}
class AC extends Appliance { @Override int powerConsumption() { return 2000; } }
class Fridge extends Appliance { @Override int powerConsumption() { return 350; } }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Appliance[] apps = { new AC(), new Fridge() };
for (Appliance a : apps)
[Link]([Link]().getSimpleName() +
": " + [Link]() + "W");
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 36

Q49 Write a Java program to demonstrate that an abstract class can have a constructor. Create abstract
class Shape with a constructor that sets color. Derive Circle that calls super(color) and also sets radius.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class Shape {
String color;
Shape(String color) {
[Link] = color;
[Link]("Shape constructor: color = " + color);
}
abstract double area();
}

class Circle extends Shape {

double radius;
Circle(String color, double radius) {
super(color); // abstract class constructor called
[Link] = radius;
}
@Override double area() { return [Link] * radius * radius; }
void display() {
[Link]("Circle [%s] area: %.2f%n", color, area());
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new Circle("Red", 5).display();
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 37

Q50 Write a Java program to show that if a subclass does NOT implement all abstract methods of its
parent, the subclass must also be declared abstract. Demonstrate with Shape -> Polygon -> Triangle.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class Shape {
abstract double area();
abstract double perimeter();
}

// Polygon implements perimeter() but NOT area() — must be abstract

abstract class Polygon extends Shape {
int sides;
Polygon(int sides) { [Link] = sides; }
@Override
public double perimeter() {
[Link]("Generic polygon perimeter");
return 0;
}
// area() still not implemented — Polygon remains abstract
}

class Triangle extends Polygon {

double a, b, c;
Triangle(double a, double b, double c) {
super(3); this.a = a; this.b = b; this.c = c;
}
@Override public double area() {
double s = (a + b + c) / 2;
return [Link](s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c));
}
@Override public double perimeter() { return a + b + c; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Triangle t = new Triangle(3, 4, 5);
[Link]("Area: %.2f, Perimeter: %.1f%n", [Link](), [Link]());
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 38

Q51 Write a Java program to create an abstract class Discount with abstract method
computeDiscount(double price). Derive FestivalDiscount (20% off) and ClearanceSale (50% off).
Display discounted price.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class Discount {
abstract double computeDiscount(double price);
void display(double price) {
double disc = computeDiscount(price);
[Link]("%s: Original Rs.%.0f -> After Discount Rs.%.0f%n",
getClass().getSimpleName(), price, price - disc);
}
}
class FestivalDiscount extends Discount {
@Override double computeDiscount(double price) { return price * 0.20; }
}
class ClearanceSale extends Discount {
@Override double computeDiscount(double price) { return price * 0.50; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Discount[] discounts = { new FestivalDiscount(), new ClearanceSale() };
for (Discount d : discounts) [Link](1000);
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 39

Q52 Write a Java program to create an abstract class Report with a template method generate() that calls
abstract methods fetchData() and formatData(), and a concrete method printReport(). Derive
SalesReport.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class Report {
abstract void fetchData();
abstract void formatData();
void printReport() { [Link]("Printing formatted report..."); }
final void generate() { // template method
fetchData();
formatData();
printReport();
}
}

class SalesReport extends Report {

@Override void fetchData() { [Link]("Fetching sales data from DB"); }
@Override void formatData() { [Link]("Formatting into monthly table"); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Report r = new SalesReport();
[Link]();
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 40

Q53 Write a Java program to demonstrate polymorphism using abstract class reference. Create abstract
class Geometry with abstract method perimeter(). Derive Circle, Rectangle and Triangle. Store in a
Geometry array and call perimeter().

■ SOLUTION
abstract class Geometry { abstract double perimeter(); }

class Circle extends Geometry {

double r; Circle(double r){ this.r=r; }
@Override double perimeter(){ return 2*[Link]*r; }
}
class Rectangle extends Geometry {
double l,w; Rectangle(double l,double w){ this.l=l; this.w=w; }
@Override double perimeter(){ return 2*(l+w); }
}
class Triangle extends Geometry {
double a,b,c; Triangle(double a,double b,double c){ this.a=a;this.b=b;this.c=c; }
@Override double perimeter(){ return a+b+c; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Geometry[] g = { new Circle(7), new Rectangle(4,5), new Triangle(3,4,5) };
for (Geometry x : g)
[Link]("%s perimeter: %.2f%n", [Link]().getSimpleName(), [Link]());
}
}

Q54 Write a Java program to show an abstract class can have static methods. Create abstract class
MathUtils with static method square(int n). Call square() without creating any object.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class MathUtils {
static int square(int n) { return n * n; }
static int cube(int n) { return n * n * n; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Square of 5: " + [Link](5));
[Link]("Cube of 3: " + [Link](3));
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 41

Q55 Write a Java program to create an abstract class BankAccount with abstract method
calculateInterest(). Derive SavingsAccount (4% per year) and FixedDeposit (7% per year). Display
interest for a given principal.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class BankAccount {
double principal;
BankAccount(double principal) { [Link] = principal; }
abstract double calculateInterest();
void display() {
[Link]("%s -> Principal: Rs.%.0f, Interest: Rs.%.2f%n",
getClass().getSimpleName(), principal, calculateInterest());
}
}
class SavingsAccount extends BankAccount {
SavingsAccount(double p) { super(p); }
@Override double calculateInterest() { return principal * 4 / 100; }
}
class FixedDeposit extends BankAccount {
FixedDeposit(double p) { super(p); }
@Override double calculateInterest() { return principal * 7 / 100; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
BankAccount[] accounts = { new SavingsAccount(50000), new FixedDeposit(50000) };
for (BankAccount a : accounts) [Link]();
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 42

Q56 Write a Java program to create an abstract class Notification with abstract method send() and a
concrete method schedule(String time) that prints "Scheduled at: time". Derive PushNotification and
EmailAlert.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class Notification {
abstract void send();
void schedule(String time) { [Link]("Scheduled at: " + time); }
}
class PushNotification extends Notification {
@Override void send() { [Link]("Sending push notification"); }
}
class EmailAlert extends Notification {
@Override void send() { [Link]("Sending email alert"); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Notification[] n = { new PushNotification(), new EmailAlert() };
for (Notification x : n) { [Link](); [Link]("10:00 AM"); }
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 43

Q57 Write a Java program to demonstrate that an abstract class can implement an interface. Create
interface Printable with print(). Create abstract class Document implementing Printable partially. Derive
Invoice that completes it.

■ SOLUTION
interface Printable {
void print();
void preview();
}

// Abstract class implements interface but leaves preview() abstract

abstract class Document implements Printable {
String title;
Document(String title) { [Link] = title; }
@Override public void print() { [Link]("Printing: " + title); }
// preview() left abstract — subclass must implement
}

class Invoice extends Document {

double amount;
Invoice(String title, double amount) { super(title); [Link] = amount; }
@Override public void preview() {
[Link]("Preview: " + title + " | Amount: Rs." + amount);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Invoice inv = new Invoice("INV-001", 5000);
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 44

Q58 Write a Java program to create an abstract class Food with fields name and calories and abstract
method nutritionInfo(). Derive Fruit and Junk. Override nutritionInfo() to display relevant details.

■ SOLUTION
abstract class Food {
String name; int calories;
Food(String name, int calories) { [Link] = name; [Link] = calories; }
abstract void nutritionInfo();
}

class Fruit extends Food {

double vitaminsGram;
Fruit(String name, int cal, double vitaminsGram) {
super(name, cal); [Link] = vitaminsGram;
}
@Override void nutritionInfo() {
[Link](name + " | Calories: " + calories +
" | Vitamins: " + vitaminsGram + "g (Healthy)");
}
}

class Junk extends Food {

double fatGram;
Junk(String name, int cal, double fatGram) {
super(name, cal); [Link] = fatGram;
}
@Override void nutritionInfo() {
[Link](name + " | Calories: " + calories +
" | Fat: " + fatGram + "g (Unhealthy)");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Food[] foods = { new Fruit("Apple", 95, 0.4), new Junk("Burger", 540, 28.5) };
for (Food f : foods) [Link]();
}
}

Unit 4 – Interfaces 18 Questions

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 45

Q59 Write a Java program to create an interface Drawable with a method draw(). Implement Drawable in
Circle and Rectangle classes. Create objects of both and call draw().

■ SOLUTION
interface Drawable { void draw(); }

class Circle implements Drawable { public void draw() { [Link]("Drawing Circle"); } }

class Rectangle implements Drawable { public void draw() { [Link]("Drawing
Rectangle"); } }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Drawable[] shapes = { new Circle(), new Rectangle() };
for (Drawable d : shapes) [Link]();
}
}

Q60 Write a Java program to demonstrate multiple interface implementation. Create interfaces Flyable with
fly() and Swimmable with swim(). Create a class Duck that implements both and define fly() and
swim().

■ SOLUTION
interface Flyable { void fly(); }
interface Swimmable { void swim(); }

class Duck implements Flyable, Swimmable {

public void fly() { [Link]("Duck is flying"); }
public void swim() { [Link]("Duck is swimming"); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Duck d = new Duck();
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 46

Q61 Write a Java program to create an interface Payable with method computePay(). Implement in
FullTimeEmployee (fixed monthly salary) and Freelancer (hourly rate * hours worked). Display pay for
both.

■ SOLUTION
interface Payable { double computePay(); }

class FullTimeEmployee implements Payable {

String name; double monthlySalary;
FullTimeEmployee(String name, double salary){ [Link]=name; monthlySalary=salary; }
public double computePay() { return monthlySalary; }
}

class Freelancer implements Payable {

String name; double hourlyRate; int hours;
Freelancer(String name, double rate, int hours){ [Link]=name; hourlyRate=rate;
[Link]=hours; }
public double computePay() { return hourlyRate * hours; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Payable[] p = { new FullTimeEmployee("Alice", 50000),
new Freelancer("Bob", 500, 80) };
for (Payable x : p)
[Link]([Link]().getSimpleName() + " pay: Rs." + [Link]());
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 47

Q62 Write a Java program to create an interface Resizable with methods scaleUp(double factor) and
scaleDown(double factor). Implement in Image class that stores width and height. Display dimensions
after scaling.

■ SOLUTION
interface Resizable {
void scaleUp(double factor);
void scaleDown(double factor);
}

class Image implements Resizable {

double width, height;
Image(double w, double h) { width = w; height = h; }
public void scaleUp(double f) { width *= f; height *= f; print("ScaleUp"); }
public void scaleDown(double f) { width /= f; height /= f; print("ScaleDown"); }
void print(String op) {
[Link]("%s -> Width: %.1f, Height: %.1f%n", op, width, height);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Image img = new Image(800, 600);
[Link](1.5);
[Link](2);
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 48

Q63 Write a Java program to demonstrate interface with a default method (Java 8). Create interface
Greeting with default method sayHello() printing "Hello!". Implement in English and French classes.
French overrides sayHello() to print "Bonjour!".

■ SOLUTION
interface Greeting {
default void sayHello() { [Link]("Hello!"); }
}

class English implements Greeting {} // uses default

class French implements Greeting {

@Override
public void sayHello() { [Link]("Bonjour!"); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Greeting g1 = new English();
Greeting g2 = new French();
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

Q64 Write a Java program to demonstrate a static method in an interface (Java 8). Create interface
MathUtils with static method cube(int n). Call cube() using the interface name.

■ SOLUTION
interface MathUtils {
static int cube(int n) { return n * n * n; }
static int square(int n) { return n * n; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Cube of 4: " + [Link](4));
[Link]("Square of 5: " + [Link](5));
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 49

Q65 Write a Java program to demonstrate interface inheritance. Create interface Movable with move().
Create interface Flyable extending Movable that adds fly(). Implement Flyable in class Drone.

■ SOLUTION
interface Movable { void move(); }
interface Flyable extends Movable { void fly(); }

class Drone implements Flyable {

public void move() { [Link]("Drone moving horizontally"); }
public void fly() { [Link]("Drone flying upward"); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Drone d = new Drone();
[Link]();
[Link]();
Movable m = new Drone();
[Link]();
}
}

Q66 Write a Java program to create a functional interface Calculator with method operate(int a, int b). Use
lambda expressions to create Add, Subtract and Multiply behaviors. Display results.

■ SOLUTION
@FunctionalInterface
interface Calculator {
int operate(int a, int b);
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Calculator add = (a, b) -> a + b;
Calculator subtract = (a, b) -> a - b;
Calculator multiply = (a, b) -> a * b;

[Link]("10 + 3 = " + [Link](10, 3));

[Link]("10 - 3 = " + [Link](10, 3));
[Link]("10 * 3 = " + [Link](10, 3));
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 50

Q67 Write a Java program to create interfaces Printable with print() and Scannable with scan(). Implement
both in class MultifunctionPrinter. Call both methods on a MultifunctionPrinter object.

■ SOLUTION
interface Printable { void print(); }
interface Scannable { void scan(); }

class MultifunctionPrinter implements Printable, Scannable {

public void print() { [Link]("Printing document..."); }
public void scan() { [Link]("Scanning document..."); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MultifunctionPrinter mfp = new MultifunctionPrinter();
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

Q68 Write a Java program to demonstrate interface as a type. Write a method printAll(Printable p) that
accepts a Printable parameter and calls [Link](). Pass different Printable objects to this method.

■ SOLUTION
interface Printable { void print(); }

class PDFDocument implements Printable { public void print() { [Link]("Printing PDF");

} }
class WordDocument implements Printable { public void print() { [Link]("Printing Word
Doc"); } }

public class Main {

static void printAll(Printable p) { [Link](); }

public static void main(String[] args) {

printAll(new PDFDocument());
printAll(new WordDocument());
printAll(() -> [Link]("Printing via lambda"));
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 51

Q69 Write a Java program to create an interface DatabaseConnectable with methods connect() and
disconnect(). Implement in MySQLDatabase and MongoDatabase with appropriate messages.

■ SOLUTION
interface DatabaseConnectable {
void connect();
void disconnect();
}

class MySQLDatabase implements DatabaseConnectable {

public void connect() { [Link]("MySQL: Connected to database"); }
public void disconnect() { [Link]("MySQL: Connection closed"); }
}

class MongoDatabase implements DatabaseConnectable {

public void connect() { [Link]("MongoDB: Connected to cluster"); }
public void disconnect() { [Link]("MongoDB: Disconnected from cluster"); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
DatabaseConnectable[] dbs = { new MySQLDatabase(), new MongoDatabase() };
for (DatabaseConnectable db : dbs) { [Link](); [Link](); }
}
}

Q70 Write a Java program to demonstrate how a conflict between two default methods from different
interfaces is resolved. Create interface A with default greet(), interface B with default greet().
Implement both in class C and override greet().

■ SOLUTION
interface A { default void greet() { [Link]("Hello from A"); } }
interface B { default void greet() { [Link]("Hello from B"); } }

class C implements A, B {
@Override
public void greet() { // must override to resolve conflict
[Link](); // optionally call one parent's default
[Link]("Hello from C (conflict resolved)");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) { new C().greet(); }
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 52

Q71 Write a Java program to create an interface Sortable with method sort(int[] arr). Implement in
BubbleSorter and SelectionSorter. Display sorted array using both implementations.

■ SOLUTION
import [Link];
interface Sortable { void sort(int[] arr); }

class BubbleSorter implements Sortable {

public void sort(int[] arr) {
int n = [Link];
for (int i = 0; i < n-1; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < n-i-1; j++)
if (arr[j] > arr[j+1]) { int t=arr[j]; arr[j]=arr[j+1]; arr[j+1]=t; }
}
}
class SelectionSorter implements Sortable {
public void sort(int[] arr) {
int n = [Link];
for (int i = 0; i < n-1; i++) {
int min = i;
for (int j = i+1; j < n; j++) if (arr[j] < arr[min]) min = j;
int t = arr[i]; arr[i] = arr[min]; arr[min] = t;
}
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] a1 = {64,34,25,12,22};
int[] a2 = {64,34,25,12,22};
new BubbleSorter().sort(a1);
new SelectionSorter().sort(a2);
[Link]("Bubble: " + [Link](a1));
[Link]("Selection: " + [Link](a2));
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 53

Q72 Write a Java program to create interfaces Cookable with cook() and Serveable with serve(). Create
class Chef implementing both. Add a method prepareMeal() that calls cook() then serve().

■ SOLUTION
interface Cookable { void cook(); }
interface Serveable { void serve(); }

class Chef implements Cookable, Serveable {

String dish;
Chef(String dish) { [Link] = dish; }
public void cook() { [Link]("Cooking: " + dish); }
public void serve() { [Link]("Serving: " + dish); }
void prepareMeal() { cook(); serve(); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new Chef("Biryani").prepareMeal();
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 54

Q73 Write a Java program to implement a Comparable-style interface Rankable with method
compareTo(Rankable other). Implement in Product class (compare by price). Sort two products and
display in ascending order.

■ SOLUTION
interface Rankable { int compareTo(Rankable other); }

class Product implements Rankable {

String name; double price;
Product(String name, double price) { [Link] = name; [Link] = price; }
public int compareTo(Rankable other) {
return [Link]([Link], ((Product) other).price);
}
public String toString() { return name + " Rs." + price; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Product[] products = {
new Product("Laptop", 65000),
new Product("Phone", 15000),
new Product("Watch", 3000)
};
// Bubble sort using Rankable compareTo
for (int i = 0; i < [Link] - 1; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < [Link] - i - 1; j++)
if (products[j].compareTo(products[j+1]) > 0) {
Product tmp = products[j]; products[j] = products[j+1]; products[j+1] = tmp;
}
[Link]("Products sorted by price:");
for (Product p : products) [Link](p);
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 55

Q74 Write a Java program to demonstrate the difference between an interface and an abstract class.
Create an abstract class AbstractShape and an interface ShapeInterface both having area(). Show
differences in implementation.

■ SOLUTION
interface ShapeInterface {
double area(); // implicitly public abstract
default void describe() { [Link]("I am a shape (interface)"); }
}

abstract class AbstractShape {

String color;
AbstractShape(String color) { [Link] = color; } // constructor allowed
abstract double area();
void describe() { [Link]("I am a " + color + " shape (abstract class)"); }
}

class CircleI extends AbstractShape implements ShapeInterface {

double r;
CircleI(String color, double r) { super(color); this.r = r; }
public double area() { return [Link] * r * r; }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
CircleI c = new CircleI("Red", 5);
[Link](); // abstract class method
[Link]("Area: %.2f%n", [Link]());
ShapeInterface si = c;
[Link](); // interface default method (same override)
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 56

Q75 Write a Java program to create an interface Lendable with lend(String borrower) and an interface
Returnable with returnItem(). Implement both in class LibraryBook. Simulate lend and return
operations.

■ SOLUTION
interface Lendable { void lend(String borrower); }
interface Returnable { void returnItem(); }

class LibraryBook implements Lendable, Returnable {

String title; String currentBorrower = null;
LibraryBook(String title) { [Link] = title; }
public void lend(String borrower) {
if (currentBorrower == null) {
currentBorrower = borrower;
[Link](""" + title + "" lent to " + borrower);
} else [Link]("Already lent to " + currentBorrower);
}
public void returnItem() {
[Link](""" + title + "" returned by " + currentBorrower);
currentBorrower = null;
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
LibraryBook book = new LibraryBook("Clean Code");
[Link]("Alice");
[Link]("Bob"); // should reject
[Link]();
[Link]("Bob"); // now available
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 57

Q76 Write a Java program to create a mini-project: interface Taxable with computeTax(double amount),
interface Discountable with computeDiscount(double amount). Class Product implements both. Display
final price after tax and discount.

■ SOLUTION
interface Taxable { double computeTax(double amount); }
interface Discountable { double computeDiscount(double amount); }

class Product implements Taxable, Discountable {

String name; double basePrice;
Product(String name, double basePrice) { [Link]=name; [Link]=basePrice; }
public double computeTax(double amount) { return amount * 0.18; }
public double computeDiscount(double amount) { return amount * 0.10; }
void displayFinalPrice() {
double discount = computeDiscount(basePrice);
double priceAfterDiscount = basePrice - discount;
double tax = computeTax(priceAfterDiscount);
double finalPrice = priceAfterDiscount + tax;
[Link]("%s | Base: Rs.%.0f | Discount(10%%): Rs.%.0f | " +
"Tax(18%%): Rs.%.2f | Final: Rs.%.2f%n",
name, basePrice, discount, tax, finalPrice);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new Product("Laptop", 60000).displayFinalPrice();
new Product("Phone", 20000).displayFinalPrice();
}
}

Unit 5 – Exception Handling 20 Questions

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 58

Q77 Write a Java program to handle ArithmeticException. Accept two integers from the user. Divide the first
by the second. If the second is zero, catch the exception and print an appropriate message.

■ SOLUTION
import [Link];
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter dividend: "); int a = [Link]();
[Link]("Enter divisor: "); int b = [Link]();
try {
int result = a / b;
[Link]("Result: " + result);
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
[Link]("Error: Cannot divide by zero. " + [Link]());
}
}
}

Q78 Write a Java program to handle ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException. Create an array of size 5. Try to
access index 10. Catch the exception and display a meaningful error message.

■ SOLUTION
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
try {
[Link]("Accessing index 10: " + arr[10]);
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
[Link]("Error: Array index out of bounds! " + [Link]());
[Link]("Valid indices are 0 to " + ([Link] - 1));
}
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 59

Q79 Write a Java program to handle NumberFormatException. Accept a string from the user and try to
parse it as an integer using [Link](). Catch the exception if the string is not a valid integer.

■ SOLUTION
import [Link];
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter a number: ");
String input = [Link]();
try {
int num = [Link](input);
[Link]("Parsed integer: " + num);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
[Link]("Error: "" + input + "" is not a valid integer.");
}
}
}

Q80 Write a Java program to create a custom checked exception InsufficientFundsException. Create a
BankAccount class. Throw InsufficientFundsException when withdrawal amount exceeds balance.
Handle it in main.

■ SOLUTION
class InsufficientFundsException extends Exception {
InsufficientFundsException(String msg) { super(msg); }
}

class BankAccount {
double balance;
BankAccount(double balance) { [Link] = balance; }
void withdraw(double amount) throws InsufficientFundsException {
if (amount > balance)
throw new InsufficientFundsException(
"Insufficient funds! Balance: " + balance + ", Requested: " + amount);
balance -= amount;
[Link]("Withdrawn Rs." + amount + ". New balance: Rs." + balance);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
BankAccount acc = new BankAccount(5000);
try {
[Link](3000);
[Link](4000); // will throw exception
} catch (InsufficientFundsException e) {
[Link]("Caught: " + [Link]());
}
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 60

Q81 Write a Java program to create a custom unchecked exception InvalidAgeException. In a class Person,
throw InvalidAgeException in the setAge() method if age is less than 0 or greater than 150.

■ SOLUTION
class InvalidAgeException extends RuntimeException {
InvalidAgeException(String msg) { super(msg); }
}

class Person {
String name; int age;
Person(String name) { [Link] = name; }
void setAge(int age) {
if (age < 0 || age > 150)
throw new InvalidAgeException("Invalid age: " + age + ". Must be 0-150.");
[Link] = age;
}
void display() { [Link](name + ", Age: " + age); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Person p = new Person("Alice");
try {
[Link](25); [Link]();
[Link](200); // throws
} catch (InvalidAgeException e) {
[Link]("Caught: " + [Link]());
}
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 61

Q82 Write a Java program to demonstrate the use of the finally block. Open a simulated file (String
resource). In try block perform an operation that throws an exception. Print "Resource closed" in finally.

■ SOLUTION
public class Main {
static void processFile(String filename) {
String resource = null;
try {
resource = "File: " + filename;
[Link]("Opened " + resource);
int x = 10 / 0; // simulate exception
[Link]("Processing...");
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
[Link]("Error during processing: " + [Link]());
} finally {
[Link]("Resource closed"); // always executes
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
processFile("[Link]");
}
}

Q83 Write a Java program to demonstrate multi-catch (Java 7+). Write code that may throw either
NumberFormatException or ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException. Catch both in a single catch block.

■ SOLUTION
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] data = {"10", "20", "abc"};
for (int i = 0; i <= 4; i++) {
try {
int val = [Link](data[i]); // may throw NumberFormat or AIOOBE
[Link]("Value: " + val);
} catch (NumberFormatException | ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
[Link]("Caught (" + [Link]().getSimpleName() + "): " + [Link]());
}
}
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 62

Q84 Write a Java program to demonstrate the difference between throw and throws. Create a method
checkMarks(int marks) that throws InvalidMarksException if marks < 0 or > 100. Declare throws in the
method signature.

■ SOLUTION
class InvalidMarksException extends Exception {
InvalidMarksException(String msg) { super(msg); }
}

public class Main {

// 'throws' declares the exception in signature
static void checkMarks(int marks) throws InvalidMarksException {
if (marks < 0 || marks > 100)
throw new InvalidMarksException("Marks " + marks + " out of range [0,100]");
[Link]("Valid marks: " + marks);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] tests = {85, -5, 110, 60};
for (int m : tests) {
try {
checkMarks(m);
} catch (InvalidMarksException e) {
[Link]("Caught: " + [Link]());
}
}
}
}

Q85 Write a Java program to demonstrate exception propagation. Create three methods: method1() calls
method2(), method2() calls method3(). method3() throws an ArithmeticException. Catch it only in
method1().

■ SOLUTION
public class Main {
static void method3() { int r = 10 / 0; } // throws ArithmeticException
static void method2() { method3(); } // propagates
static void method1() {
try { method2(); }
catch (ArithmeticException e) {
[Link]("Caught in method1: " + [Link]());
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) { method1(); }
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 63

Q86 Write a Java program to create a custom exception InvalidPINException. In a class ATM, throw
InvalidPINException if the entered PIN does not match the stored PIN. Handle it in main and allow 3
attempts.

■ SOLUTION
class InvalidPINException extends Exception {
InvalidPINException(String msg) { super(msg); }
}

class ATM {
private int storedPIN = 1234;
void validatePIN(int pin) throws InvalidPINException {
if (pin != storedPIN) throw new InvalidPINException("Wrong PIN: " + pin);
[Link]("PIN accepted. Welcome!");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
ATM atm = new ATM();
int[] attempts = {1111, 9999, 1234};
for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {
try {
[Link]("Attempt " + (i+1) + ": ");
[Link](attempts[i]);
break;
} catch (InvalidPINException e) {
[Link]("Error: " + [Link]());
}
}
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 64

Q87 Write a Java program to create a class StudentGrade. Accept marks from the user. Throw a custom
InvalidMarksException if marks are not in range 0-100. Display grade (A/B/C/F) for valid marks.

■ SOLUTION
import [Link];
class InvalidMarksException extends Exception {
InvalidMarksException(String msg) { super(msg); }
}

public class Main {

static String getGrade(int marks) {
if (marks >= 90) return "A";
if (marks >= 75) return "B";
if (marks >= 50) return "C";
return "F";
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InvalidMarksException {
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter marks: ");
int marks = [Link]();
if (marks < 0 || marks > 100)
throw new InvalidMarksException("Marks must be between 0 and 100. Got: " + marks);
[Link]("Grade: " + getGrade(marks));
}
}

Q88 Write a Java program to demonstrate try-with-resources (Java 7+). Create a class FileResource
implementing AutoCloseable. Use it inside a try-with-resources block. Show that close() is called
automatically.

■ SOLUTION
class FileResource implements AutoCloseable {
String name;
FileResource(String name) {
[Link] = name;
[Link]("Opening resource: " + name);
}
void read() { [Link]("Reading from: " + name); }
@Override
public void close() { [Link]("Closing resource: " + name); }
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try (FileResource fr = new FileResource("[Link]")) {
[Link]();
// close() called automatically when try block exits
}
[Link]("After try-with-resources block");
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 65

Q89 Write a Java program to demonstrate exception chaining. Catch a low-level exception
(NumberFormatException) and wrap it in a higher-level custom exception AppException using the
cause constructor.

■ SOLUTION
class AppException extends Exception {
AppException(String msg, Throwable cause) { super(msg, cause); }
}

public class Main {

static int parseConfig(String value) throws AppException {
try {
return [Link](value);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
throw new AppException("Failed to parse config value: " + value, e);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int timeout = parseConfig("abc");
} catch (AppException e) {
[Link]("AppException: " + [Link]());
[Link]("Caused by: " + [Link]());
}
}
}

Q90 Write a Java program to re-throw an exception. In a method processData(), catch an

ArithmeticException, log the message, then re-throw it as a RuntimeException to the caller.

■ SOLUTION
public class Main {
static void processData() {
try {
int result = 100 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
[Link]("Logged: " + [Link]());
throw new RuntimeException("Data processing failed", e); // re-throw
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
processData();
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
[Link]("Caught in main: " + [Link]());
}
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 66

Q91 Write a Java program to create a custom exception hierarchy: AppException -> DatabaseException ->
ConnectionTimeoutException. Throw ConnectionTimeoutException and catch it at the AppException
level.

■ SOLUTION
class AppException extends Exception { AppException(String m) { super(m); } }
class DatabaseException extends AppException { DatabaseException(String m) { super(m); } }
class ConnectionTimeoutException extends DatabaseException { ConnectionTimeoutException(String m){
super(m); } }

public class Main {

static void connectDB() throws ConnectionTimeoutException {
throw new ConnectionTimeoutException("DB connection timed out after 30s");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
connectDB();
} catch (AppException e) { // catches ConnectionTimeoutException too
[Link]("Caught: [" + [Link]().getSimpleName() + "] " + [Link]());
}
}
}

Q92 Write a Java program to demonstrate that finally executes even when a return statement is present
inside the try block. Print messages from try, finally and after the method call.

■ SOLUTION
public class Main {
static String test() {
try {
[Link]("Inside try");
return "from try";
} finally {
[Link]("Inside finally — always runs!");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
String result = test();
[Link]("Returned: " + result);
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 67

Q93 Write a Java program to create an ATM simulation. Define checked exception
DailyLimitExceededException and unchecked exception InvalidAmountException. Throw appropriate
exceptions during withdraw().

■ SOLUTION
class DailyLimitExceededException extends Exception {
DailyLimitExceededException(String msg) { super(msg); }
}
class InvalidAmountException extends RuntimeException {
InvalidAmountException(String msg) { super(msg); }
}

class ATM {
double balance = 50000; double dailyWithdrawn = 0;
final double DAILY_LIMIT = 20000;
void withdraw(double amount) throws DailyLimitExceededException {
if (amount <= 0) throw new InvalidAmountException("Amount must be positive");
if (amount > balance) throw new InvalidAmountException("Insufficient balance");
if (dailyWithdrawn + amount > DAILY_LIMIT)
throw new DailyLimitExceededException("Daily limit Rs." + DAILY_LIMIT + " exceeded");
balance -= amount; dailyWithdrawn += amount;
[Link]("Withdrawn Rs.%.0f. Remaining: Rs.%.0f%n", amount, balance);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
ATM atm = new ATM();
double[] requests = { 10000, 12000, -500 };
for (double req : requests) {
try { [Link](req); }
catch (DailyLimitExceededException e) { [Link]("Limit: " + [Link]()); }
catch (InvalidAmountException e) { [Link]("Invalid: " + [Link]()); }
}
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 68

Q94 Write a Java program to handle NullPointerException. Create a String variable set to null. Try to call a
method on it. Catch the exception and print an appropriate message.

■ SOLUTION
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = null;
try {
int len = [Link](); // NullPointerException
[Link]("Length: " + len);
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
[Link]("Error: String is null. Cannot call methods on null.");
} finally {
[Link]("Execution complete.");
}
}
}

Q95 Write a Java program to accept n integers from the user and store them in an array. Handle both
NegativeArraySizeException (if n < 0) and NumberFormatException (if input is not an integer).

■ SOLUTION
import [Link];
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
try {
[Link]("Enter n: ");
int n = [Link]([Link]());
int[] arr = new int[n]; // NegativeArraySizeException if n < 0
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
[Link]("Enter element " + (i+1) + ": ");
arr[i] = [Link]([Link]()); // NumberFormatException if not int
}
[Link]("Array: ");
for (int x : arr) [Link](x + " ");
} catch (NegativeArraySizeException e) {
[Link]("Error: n cannot be negative.");
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
[Link]("Error: Invalid integer input. " + [Link]());
}
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 69

Q96 Write a Java program to demonstrate a try block with multiple catch blocks followed by a finally block.
Simulate different exceptions based on user input and show which catch block executes.

■ SOLUTION
import [Link];
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("1=ArithmeticException 2=ArrayException 3=NumberFormat other=NoException");
[Link]("Choose: ");
int choice = [Link]();
try {
if (choice == 1) { int x = 1 / 0; }
else if (choice == 2) { int[] a = new int[2]; [Link](a[5]); }
else if (choice == 3) { [Link]("abc"); }
else { [Link]("No exception thrown"); }
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
[Link]("ArithmeticException caught: " + [Link]());
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
[Link]("ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException caught: " + [Link]());
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
[Link]("NumberFormatException caught: " + [Link]());
} finally {
[Link]("Finally block always executes.");
}
}
}

Unit 6 – Packages 15 Questions

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 70

Q97 Write a Java program to create a user-defined package [Link]. Define classes Circle and
Rectangle inside this package with area() methods. Import the package in a Main class and compute
areas.

■ SOLUTION
// File: com/shapes/[Link]
package [Link];
public class Circle {
private double radius;
public Circle(double r) { radius = r; }
public double area() { return [Link] * radius * radius; }
}

// File: com/shapes/[Link]
package [Link];
public class Rectangle {
private double l, w;
public Rectangle(double l, double w) { this.l=l; this.w=w; }
public double area() { return l * w; }
}

// File: [Link]
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Circle c = new Circle(7);
Rectangle r = new Rectangle(4, 5);
[Link]("Circle area: %.2f%n", [Link]());
[Link]("Rectangle area: %.2f%n", [Link]());
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 71

Q98 Write a Java program to demonstrate subpackages. Create package [Link] with class
HRManager and package [Link] with class PayrollManager. Use both classes in a Main
class.

■ SOLUTION
// File: com/company/hr/[Link]
package [Link];
public class HRManager {
public void hire(String name) { [Link]("HR: Hiring " + name); }
}

// File: com/company/payroll/[Link]
package [Link];
public class PayrollManager {
public void processSalary(String name, double salary) {
[Link]("Payroll: Processed Rs." + salary + " for " + name);
}
}

// File: [Link]
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
HRManager hr = new HRManager();
PayrollManager pm = new PayrollManager();
[Link]("Alice");
[Link]("Alice", 55000);
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 72

Q99 Write a Java program to demonstrate the four access modifiers (public, protected, default, private) with
respect to package access. Create two classes in different packages and test accessibility.

■ SOLUTION
// File: com/demo/[Link]
package [Link];
public class Base {
public int pub = 1; // accessible everywhere
protected int prot = 2; // accessible in same package + subclasses
int def = 3; // package-private: same package only
private int priv = 4; // this class only

public void show() {

[Link]("pub=" + pub + " prot=" + prot +
" def=" + def + " priv=" + priv);
}
}

// File: com/demo/[Link]
package [Link];
public class SamePackage {
public void test() {
Base b = new Base();
[Link]([Link]); // OK
[Link]([Link]); // OK (same package)
[Link]([Link]); // OK (same package)
// [Link] -- NOT accessible
}
}

// File: com/other/[Link]
package [Link];
import [Link];
public class OtherPackage extends Base {
public void test() {
[Link](pub); // OK (public)
[Link](prot); // OK (subclass)
// def -- NOT accessible (different package, not subclass relationship at object level)
// priv -- NOT accessible
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 73

Q10 Write a Java program to demonstrate the use of import static. Import static methods of Java's Math
0 class ([Link], [Link]) using static import and use them without the class name prefix.

■ SOLUTION
import static [Link];
import static [Link];
import static [Link];
import static [Link];

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
double hypotenuse = sqrt(pow(3, 2) + pow(4, 2));
[Link]("Hypotenuse: " + hypotenuse);
[Link]("PI value: " + PI);
[Link]("Abs(-25): " + abs(-25));
// No Math. prefix needed due to static import
}
}

Q10 Write a Java program to create a package [Link] with classes Account (public) and Transaction
1 (default access). Show that Transaction is not accessible from outside the [Link] package.

■ SOLUTION
// File: com/bank/[Link]
package [Link];
public class Account {
private double balance;
public Account(double balance) { [Link] = balance; }
public double getBalance() { return balance; }
public void deposit(double amount) { balance += amount; }
}

// File: com/bank/[Link] (default/package-private access)

package [Link];
class Transaction { // no 'public' keyword
void record(String type, double amt) {
[Link]("Recorded: " + type + " Rs." + amt);
}
}

// File: [Link]
import [Link];
// import [Link]; // COMPILE ERROR: not visible outside [Link]
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Account acc = new Account(10000);
[Link](5000);
[Link]("Balance: " + [Link]());
// Transaction t = new Transaction(); // ERROR
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 74

Q10 Write a Java program to create a utility package [Link] with a class MathHelper containing static
2 methods add(int, int), subtract(int, int) and multiply(int, int). Use MathHelper in a Main class.

■ SOLUTION
// File: com/utils/[Link]
package [Link];
public class MathHelper {
public static int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
public static int subtract(int a, int b) { return a - b; }
public static int multiply(int a, int b) { return a * b; }
}

// File: [Link]
import [Link];
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("10 + 3 = " + [Link](10, 3));
[Link]("10 - 3 = " + [Link](10, 3));
[Link]("10 * 3 = " + [Link](10, 3));
}
}

Q10 Write a Java program to show the conflict when two imported packages contain a class with the same
3 name. Import [Link] and [Link] and use a fully qualified name to resolve the conflict.

■ SOLUTION
import [Link];
// import [Link]; // causes conflict — commented out

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Using [Link] normally via import
Date utilDate = new Date();
[Link]("[Link]: " + utilDate);

// Using [Link] via fully qualified name to avoid conflict

[Link] sqlDate = new [Link]([Link]());
[Link]("[Link]: " + sqlDate);
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 75

Q10 Write a Java program to create a mini-project with three packages: [Link] (class Student),
4 [Link] (class StudentService with an enroll() method), and [Link] (Main class). Use all three
together.

■ SOLUTION
// File: com/model/[Link]
package [Link];
public class Student {
public String name; public int rollNo;
public Student(String name, int rollNo) { [Link]=name; [Link]=rollNo; }
public String toString() { return name + " (Roll: " + rollNo + ")"; }
}

// File: com/service/[Link]
package [Link];
import [Link];
public class StudentService {
public void enroll(Student s) {
[Link]("Enrolling student: " + s);
}
}

// File: com/main/[Link]
package [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student s = new Student("Abdulrehman", 101);
new StudentService().enroll(s);
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 76

Q10 Write a Java program to create a package [Link] with class Animal. Create a package [Link]
5 with class Zoo that creates and uses an Animal object from [Link].

■ SOLUTION
// File: com/animals/[Link]
package [Link];
public class Animal {
private String name; private String species;
public Animal(String name, String species) { [Link]=name; [Link]=species; }
public void display() {
[Link]("Animal: " + name + " | Species: " + species);
}
}

// File: com/zoo/[Link]
package [Link];
import [Link];
public class Zoo {
public void addAnimal(String name, String species) {
Animal a = new Animal(name, species);
[Link]("Added to zoo -> ");
[Link]();
}
}

// File: [Link]
import [Link];
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Zoo zoo = new Zoo();
[Link]("Simba", "Lion");
[Link]("Nemo", "Clownfish");
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 77

Q10 Write a Java program to demonstrate the wildcard import. Import all classes from [Link] using import
6 [Link].*. Create an ArrayList and a HashMap. Show that subpackages are NOT imported by the
wildcard.

■ SOLUTION
import [Link].*; // imports ArrayList, HashMap, Scanner etc. from [Link]
// [Link].* is NOT imported by the above wildcard
// import [Link]; // needs explicit import

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
[Link]("Java"); [Link]("Python"); [Link]("C++");
[Link]("ArrayList: " + list);

HashMap<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();

[Link]("Alice", 95); [Link]("Bob", 87);
[Link]("HashMap: " + map);

// Subpackage NOT imported by [Link].*:

// ConcurrentHashMap chm = new ConcurrentHashMap(); // needs explicit import
[Link]("Note: [Link] is NOT covered by [Link].*");
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 78

Q10 Write a Java program to demonstrate protected access across packages. Create a class Vehicle in
7 package [Link] with a protected method start(). Derive class Car in package [Link] and call
start().

■ SOLUTION
// File: com/vehicles/[Link]
package [Link];
public class Vehicle {
protected void start() {
[Link]("Vehicle engine started");
}
}

// File: com/cars/[Link]
package [Link];
import [Link];
public class Car extends Vehicle {
public void drive() {
start(); // protected method accessible in subclass across packages
[Link]("Car is driving");
}
}

// File: [Link]
import [Link];
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Car car = new Car();
[Link]();
// [Link](); // ERROR: protected, not accessible here (different package, not subclass)
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 79

Q10 Write a Java program to create a package [Link] with three classes: Product, Cart and
8 Order. Cart holds a list of Products. Order processes the Cart and displays the bill.

■ SOLUTION
// File: com/ecommerce/[Link]
package [Link];
public class Product {
public String name; public double price;
public Product(String name, double price) { [Link]=name; [Link]=price; }
}

// File: com/ecommerce/[Link]
package [Link];
import [Link];
public class Cart {
ArrayList<Product> items = new ArrayList<>();
public void add(Product p) { [Link](p); [Link]("Added: " + [Link]); }
public double total() {
double sum = 0; for (Product p : items) sum += [Link]; return sum;
}
}

// File: com/ecommerce/[Link]
package [Link];
public class Order {
public void generateBill(Cart cart) {
[Link]("===== BILL =====");
for (Product p : [Link])
[Link]("%-15s Rs.%.2f%n", [Link], [Link]);
[Link]("----------------");
[Link]("TOTAL Rs.%.2f%n", [Link]());
}
}

// File: [Link]
import [Link].*;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Cart cart = new Cart();
[Link](new Product("Laptop", 65000));
[Link](new Product("Mouse", 800));
new Order().generateBill(cart);
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 80

Q10 Write a Java program to show the naming convention for packages. Create a package named
9 [Link] with a class CourseInfo that displays the institute, department and course name.

■ SOLUTION
// File: in/edu/vit/it/[Link]
package [Link];
public class CourseInfo {
private String institute = "Vidyalankar Institute of Technology";
private String department = "Information Technology";
private String courseName = "B.E. Information Technology";
private String batch = "2024-2028";

public void display() {

[Link]("Institute: " + institute);
[Link]("Department: " + department);
[Link]("Course: " + courseName);
[Link]("Batch: " + batch);
}
}

// File: [Link]
import [Link];
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new CourseInfo().display();
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 81

Q11 Write a Java program to demonstrate that a class with default (package-private) access cannot be
0 used outside its package. Define a default class Helper in [Link]. Try to access it from [Link].

■ SOLUTION
// File: com/tools/[Link]
package [Link];
class Helper { // default (package-private) — no 'public'
void doWork() { [Link]("Helper working"); }
}

// File: com/tools/[Link] (uses Helper within same package — allowed)

package [Link];
public class ToolKit {
public void run() {
Helper h = new Helper(); // OK: same package
[Link]();
}
}

// File: [Link]
import [Link];
// import [Link]; // COMPILE ERROR: Helper is not public
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new ToolKit().run(); // indirectly uses Helper via ToolKit
// Helper h = new Helper(); // COMPILE ERROR
}
}

Java OOP Solutions | Vidyalankar Institute of Technology | Page 82

Q11 Write a Java program to create a package [Link] with abstract class Shape and concrete
1 classes Circle and Triangle. Use the package in a driver class that computes area and perimeter.

■ SOLUTION
// File: com/geometry/[Link]
package [Link];
public abstract class Shape {
public abstract double area();
public abstract double perimeter();
public void display() {
[Link]("%s -> Area: %.2f, Perimeter: %.2f%n",
getClass().getSimpleName(), area(), perimeter());
}
}

// File: com/geometry/[Link]
package [Link];
public class Circle extends Shape {
private double r;
public Circle(double r) { this.r = r; }
public double area() { return [Link] * r * r; }
public double perimeter() { return 2 * [Link] * r; }
}

// File: com/geometry/[Link]
package [Link];
public class Triangle extends Shape {
private double a, b, c;
public Triangle(double a, double b, double c) { this.a=a; this.b=b; this.c=c; }
public double area() {
double s = (a+b+c)/2;
return [Link](s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c));
}
public double perimeter() { return a + b + c; }
}

// File: [Link]
import [Link].*;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Shape[] shapes = { new Circle(7), new Triangle(3, 4, 5) };
for (Shape s : shapes) [Link]();
}
}

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