introduction nour daily life experiences, we come across many activities that introduces us to the concept of force. For example, while pushing a chair. kicking a football, throwing a ball, ete., we have to act in different ways. To lift a heavy bucket or to move an almirah, we must apply either a push or a pull, The effort needed to do so is generally called force. FORCE Force is @ push or a pull on an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. 4 Force is a quantity which is measured using the standard metric unit known as newton, % Force is a vector quantity. It has both magnitude and direction, % In general, more than one force may be acting on an object However, the effect on the object is due to the net force acting on it. Chapter Contents * Introduction «Force * Contact Forces Non-contact Forces « Turning Effect of Force * Moment of a Force (Torque) © Center of Gravity « Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies © Uniform Circular Motion ‘* Machines as Force Multiplier * Levers * Pulley System * Gear or Toothed Wheel * The Inclined Plane and Mechanical Advantage of Inclined Plane * Quick Recap © Assignment Office : AESL, 3rd Floor, Incuspaze Campus-2, Plot-13, Sector-18, Udyog Vihar, Gurugram, |Sir Isaac Newton Born: 4M January, 1643 Woolsthorpe:by-Golsterworth Lincolnshire, England Died = 31" March, 1727 (aged 64) Kensington, Middlesex, England Known for: Newtonian Mechanics Godthey Kraters a Universal Gravitation of Sir Isaac Newton (ase Infinitesimal Calculus Optics Binomial Series Newton's Method Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica Cause of Force It is due to mutual interaction between two objects. ‘When you drop a ball it falls under the effect of gravity. Here force acts on the ball due to the interaction the ball and the earth. When you push a door the force is a result of the interaction between your hands the door. If the two forces are applied on an object in the same direction, the net force acting on the object is the su of the two forces. If the two forces act in the opposite directions on an object, the net force acting on it is the difference betwee the two forces. Thus the net force on an object is zero if the two forces acting on it in the opposite directions are equal Example 1: What is the main cause of force? Solution : Force is caused by the interaction between two bodies. Effects of Force It can move a stationary object It can change the speed of a moving body It can change the direction of a moving body Aopa It can change the shape or size of a body CONTACT FORCES These are the forces which come into action only when the two interacting objects are in physical each other. In other words, when there is a physical contact between two interacting objects, the is known as contact force. Corporate Office : ASL, 3rd Floor, Incuspaze Campus-2, Plot-13, Sector-18, Udyog Vihar, Gurugram,Examples of contact forces Muscular Force % Frictional Force % Tension + Normal Reaction + Air Resistance 4 Viscous Force Muscular Force : The forces exerted by the action of muscles of our body are known as muscular forces. Frictional Force : It isa force which comes into play when one body tends to. move or actually moves over the rough surface of another body. Its direction is akvays opposite fo the direction of relative motion of the object It depends on the nature of the surfaces in contact, normal reaction (how hard they press each other). It independent of the area of contact. ge Note Megat ete body moving with constant velogiy is equal othe force of fretion acting on mee an ee To further strengthen the concept of “Friction Force”, do check out this interesting activity video. To watch the video, scan the given QR code. To further strengthen the concept of “Friction Force”, do check out this interesting activity video of "Skin Friction Force”. To watch the video, scan the given QR code. tra Shoo: The Physics of Car Safety When a car stops suddenly, you keep going. This example of Newton's first law of motion (inertia) has been responsible for many traffic injuries. Countless drivers and passengers have survived horrible crashes because they were wearing seat belts, and air bags have also played a major role. To understand the physics behind the design of air bags, imagine that the car you are diving is suddenly involved in a head-on collision. At the instant of impact, the car begins to decelerate. Your head and shoulders: jerk forward, and the air bag pops out ofits compartment. The bag must inflate rapidly, before your head reaches the wheel, and then start to deflate as your head hits it. This causes your head to decelerate at a slower rate. In addition, the force of your impact with the air bag is exerted over a wider area of your body, instead of being concentrated at the impact site of your head with something small, such as the top of the steering wheel, Tension : The force which develops in a rope or a string when it is pulled by applying a force on its ends is called tension.Normal Reaction : When two bodies come in contact, they apply force on. ‘other normal to the surfaces in contact. When a block is kept on a table, the to hold it. This force is normal to the surfaces in contact and is called the normal to the interaction between the block and the surface. N-* Normal force W= mg Force exerted during Collision : When two bodies collide with each other, equal and opposite ‘on each body which make them move apart after the collision. Air Resistance : The force exerted by air on a moving body is called air resistance. It is opposite to direction of motion of the body. Viscous Force : When a layer of a fluid slips or tends to slip on another layer in contact. The force be the layers opposing relative motion between them is known as the viscous force, Viscous force may be of as the intemal friction force of a fuid in motion Example 2: A dog and his master are running in the same direction. The dog is tied with a rope and other free end of the rope is in the hand of his master. If there is no tension in the rope, then who is pulling ~ the dog or his master? Solution: No one is pulling any one as there is no tension in the rope. j ‘Note : rope can never push. It can only pull and when it does, there will be tension in it. Example 3: When we stop pedaling a bicycle, it gradually slows down and finally comes to rest. Why? Solution: It is due to the force of friction. : 2 Example 4: How many forces act on a book lying on a table’ Nora Solution; There are two forces that act on the book i.e. (The weight of the book acts vertically downward and (i) The normal reaction from the table acts vertically upward. ‘Weight Example 5 : Give two examples of contact force. Solution : Muscular force and frictional force. NON-CONTACT FORCES A force ts Arie beoied oy {wo objects on each other without there being any physical contact between them is % These forces act through the space around the objects by generating a field around them. % _ Magnitude of these forces decreases with the increase in distance of separation Examples of non-contact forces 5, 4 Magnetic force Electrostatic force © Soteinn oy % Nuclear force Corporate Office: AESL, 3d Foo, icsspaze Campus 2, Pot 13, Seclor-18,— oe we Exam, Force Magnetic Force : It isthe force exerted by a magnet on another magnet or on some magnetic materials like iron, nickel, cobalt and alloys (steel). It is a non-contact force. 'n 1819, a Danish physicist, Hans Christian Oorsted (1777-1851), was demonstrating the heating effects of an [Link] in a wire to,some fiends and students. On his table, he had some compasses ready for a demonstration he was doing later that day, of magnetism. He noticed that when he closed the circuit, the needles of the compasses were deflected at right angles to the conductor. He kept this to himself until he had a chance to explore it further. It did not seem to make sense that the compass needle was neither attracted nor repelled by the current but deflected at right angles to it. Oersted had discovered that a current: carrying conductor caused the needle of a magnetic compass to deflect at right anges to the conductor. When he published his findings, it set off a furry of research into the newly discovered phenomenon called electromagnetism, That is, moving electrons produce a magnetic feld and a changing magnetic field will cause electrons to move. Gravitational Force : In this universe every particle attracts every other particle by a force, known as gravitational force. % Gravitational force is independent of the medium i. the particles are placed. Mass does not depend on the medium in which Mass is the quantity of matter contained in a body. It is the measure of an object's inertia. SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg). Weight Itis the measure of the gravitational pull of earth on a body. Weight is also defined as the product of mass an¢ eleration due to gravity, ie. W= mg where W= Weight m = mass ration dh gra to gravity Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object. The term mass and weight are commonly thought to be synonymous, but they are not. Mass is a quantity that does not vary with location, whereas weight depends on your location in the universe, Weightlessness Itis the state of zero gravity when weight of a body becomes zero Weightlessness can be experienced, (i) Atthe centre of the earth (i) In gravity free space. (ii) At null point, where the gravitational pull of two or more than two objects cancel each other, ‘s Corporate Office : AESL, 3rd Flor, ncuspaze Campus-2, Pot-13, Setr-18, Udyog Var, Gurugram, HaryanaHlectrosatic Fores: itis the force exerted by a charged body on another charged or uncharged force comes into play even when the bodies are notin contact # Like charges repel each other while unike charges attract each other. 4% Electrostatic force depends on the medium in which, the bodies are placed. TACT A 2, Two sinilar straws are rubbed with a Paper, one of them being suspended with a thread. Straw is brought close to it, the suspended straw moves away, It shows both the straws a charges or like charges, This shows that like charges repel each other. Sania ican also be proved that unlike charges attract each other. + Define non-contact force. Give an example It's force applied by one body on the other without actual physical contact between Gravitational force is @ non-contact force. What kind of charges attract each other? Unlike charges attract each other Force proton and ‘exerted between nucleons (e.g. between @ proton and a proton, @ G i ), tacts at a very short range (~10-!® m), is the strongestWhen two or more forces act on a rigid body simultaneously, then the single force which produces the same effect as produced by the combined effect of all the forces acting together is known as the resultant force. F Fy Fy (Frictionless surface) | Resultant force F = F, + F, -F, Balanced Force When a number of forces acting simultaneously on a body do not bring about any change in its state of rest © of uniform motion along a straight line, then the force acting on the body are said to be balanced forces. Balanced forces do not produce any acceleration as the resultant force is zero. Unbalanced Force When a number of forces acting simultaneously on a body bring about a change in its state of rest or of unform motion along a straight line, then these forces acting on the body are said to be unbalanced forces. if a | Unbalanced force is applied on the object, there will be a change either in its speedivelocty or in the diction of its motion. Thus, to accelerate an objec, an unbalanced force is required Units of Force & Sl unit of force is newton which is represented by ‘N’. ‘One newton is that force which when acting on a mass of 1 kg produces in itan acceleration of 1 mis? in its direction. CGS unit of force is dyne and it is denoted by dyne. f m=tg a= toms? By F = ma, we get F = 1 cm/s? = 1 dyne So, one dyne is that force which when applied on a body of mass 1 g produces in it an acceleration of 4 emis? in its direction 4 Relation between SI and CGS unit of force 1N= 1 kg mis? = 103 g x 10? omis? 1N= 10° g omis? = 10° dyne 1.N = 10° dyne or 1 dyne = 10 °.N Gravitational unit of force : One gravitational unit of force is that force which produces an acceleration equal {0 g (acceleration due to gravity) in a body of unit mass, This may also be defined as the weight of a body of unit mass. InSSl, the gravitational unit of force is kilogram weight (kg wt) or kilogram force (kg f) : : It is defined as the amount of force which produces an acceleration of 9.8 mis? ina body of mass 1 kg kg wt=1kgf=98N Floor, Incuspaze Campus-2, Po-13, Sectr18, Udyog Vihar,& INOS systom the gravitational unit of foree is gram force (g f) or gram weight (g yA) ‘14s defined asthe foree which produces an acceleration of 960 cm/s? in a body of mags 4 Tgwt= ta f= 980 dyne ‘When a body is stationary (1) There is no force acting on it (2) The force acting on its non-contact \/) The combination of forces acting on it balances each other © (@) The body is in vacuum ‘2. Passengers standing in a bus tend to be thrown outwards, when the bus takes a sudden This happens because of the (1) Barth's attraction (2) Change in their mass Inertia of direction (4) Inward push on them 3, Which one of the following is not an effect of force? (1) Change in the direction of motion of a moving object (2) Change in the shape or size of an object @) Change in the speed of a moving body Ly Censtnt speed 4. A caris moving wit a constant speed along a smooth straight road. Force is not required to (1) Increase its speed (2) Decrease its speed (8) Change its direction 9 Keep it moving with the unitorm velocity 5. In which of the following cases the net force is not zero? (1) Axkite skilfully held stationary in the sky re A ball freely falling from a height (3) ‘An aeroplane rising upwards at an angle of 45° with the horizontal with a constant speed (4) A wooden block floating on the surface of water 5. Which of he folowing forces can be applied by puling ony? (1) Friction (2) Normal Reaction 19) Tension (4) Muscular 7. Ifthe force of friction on a car moving with constant Velocity is 100 N, then the magnitude applied force acting on it is : (1) Less than 100 N AA Fakta 100 0 (3) Greater than 100 N (4) Equal to weight of the car 8, The normal force exerted by a table on an object kepin 'tand having a weight Wi (1) 2er0 aw o% ) awICSE Board Exam. (Class X) Force 9 Sra 8. Tyres of vehicles wear out in few months due to the (1) Force of gravity (2) Size of the vehicles 8 Tyres of vehicles generally lose grip due to its weight lf) Force of ction between road and tyres 10. Arman can run faster on a rough road than on a smooth surface, because surface provides large fiction force as compared to a smooth surface (2) Smooth surface provides large friction as compared to a rough surface (3) Friction on a rough road is less than that on a smooth surface (4) None of these 11, Ifthe gravitational force disappears, then which ofthe folowing forces do you think would ater in some respect? ie (1) Magnetic force A Weight @) Electrostatic force ~) Nuclear force 12. A person can jump 6 metre on the surface of moon. How high he wil jump on the surface of earth? (1) More than 6 metre but less than 30 metre (2) More than 36 metre (@) Six times higher than on the surface of moon (Less than 6 mete . Two bodies A and B have masses M and m respectively, where M> m, and they are apart by a distance d. Equal force is applied on them so that they approach each other. The postion where they hit each other is (1) Nearer to 8 (2) Nearer to A (3) At equal distance from A and 8 4) Cannot be decided 44, Which one ofthe following is weakest force in nature? (1) Electrostatics (2) Gravitational force (3) Nuclear force (4) Magnetic force 15. Weight of a person is maximum (1) On moon (2) At the poles (3) At the equator (4) Atthe center of earth (Z)St (2brb (Zen UH)eb (24 “CHOL {)6 (ZB (ZL (EO (Zs (hd “ole “ele (ede “sy TURNING EFFECT OF FORCE 1. Translational Motion When all the points in a body are displaced equally, the motion is ca tion. inthis motion, the magnitude of displacements remains same for al the points. 2. Rotational Motion Rotation means the movement ofall the points in a body in circular path. A three dimensional object like a fod which rotates around a center or a point of rotation executes rotational motion. Each point on this ro. / is in circular motion and circular paths made by all the points are having a comm passes through this common center and is perpendicular to the plane of th rotation. Corporate Office AES. 1 Foo, nouspaze Canpus.2, Pot13, Sector-18, Udjoq Vihar, Guraran, Ha et” non ce et. An axis which circular paths is called axis of yana-t22015Introduction Te open a door we usualy apply fore on its edge and the door tums on its hinges. This is ¢ ost. Undoubtedly, fore is always required to produce tuning effect. ‘Now, we try to open the door by applying the same force near the hinges, we will see that toring eft produced i less and we need to apply more free fo tun the door. This can beg the concept of torque or moment ofa force Torque (or Moment of a force) “Tne turing effect due to a force about a point is measured in terms of torque or moment of a force, This turing free can be understood by : 4 Point of action of force : The point onthe rigid body where the force acs. Line of action of force : An imaginary line passing through the point of action of force and dra direction of force. 4 Moment arm : The perpencicularcistance from the axis of rotation tothe line of action of fore Torque is the measure of capacity of a force to turn a body. Factors affecting Torque 4 The magnitude of force applied : Greater the force, greater is the turing effect produced. 4 Perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of force or moment arm, Gre moment arm, greater is the turning effect in the object. Therefore, torque due to a force F at a point P can be defined as the product of force and its perpe distance from the point P. i.e, Torque = Force x Perpendicular distance SI unit of torque is newton metre (N m) The CGS unit of torque is dyne cm. We have, [n= a Now, we can very easly see that when the force is applied nearer to the hinges of the door, the ta ve. fi sino the same force is applied away from the hinges. Hence same force can produce d lurning effect depending on the perpendicular distance of the force. Examples Explaining the Concept of Torque 1.ee {10SE Board Exam (Class X Fore 11 2. If you want to rotate a bicycle rim on road then it is easy to spin this rim by applying a force at the rim as shown than a the hub. Force of 20 ibs Force of 10 ibs (o) Fig. Tuming effect of the force depends upon the perpendicular distance ofthe axe from the force 3. Along spanner is used to loosen a tight nut. By increasing the length of the spanner, the moment arm increases and even a small force can produce a large turning effect. ‘The moment of a force is a vector quantity. f the turning effect produced by a force is anticlockwise, we call it anticlockwise torque and if it produces the turing effect in the clockwise direction, then the torque produced is called clockwise torque We always take anticlockwise torque to be positive and clockwise torque to be negative. Principle of Moments ‘According to this principle if a body is in the state of rotational equilibrium then the net torque on this body at any point is always zero. c., the net torque produced by the different forces will result into zero. Clockwise moments (negative) + anticlockwise moments (positive) = 0 Or, Sum of all clockwise moments about an axis = Sum of all anticlockwise moments about the same axis. Verification of Principle of Moments () Suspend a metre rule horizontally from a fixed support by means of a thread. (i) Now, suspend two spring balances on either side of thread at different distances say d, and (ii) Hang weights w, and w, on the two spring balances such that scale again becomes horizontal (W) At equilibrium, itis found that w, * d, = W) * dp i.e., Sum of clockwise moments = Sum of anticlockwise moments This verifies the principle of moments. Metre rue balance Anticlockwise moment Clockwise moment ‘corporate Ofc : AESL rd Foo, Ieuspaze Campus-2, P13, Sector, Uj Vihar, Guvgram,Harana122018set ng yates ty ng ert as on im a cue these forces, have any tran: is zero. Hence the body will not But each of these forces exerts a turning effect in the same d veotor sum of ‘The torque due to couple is calculated by multiplying either force (F) with the perpendicular dist the forces called the arm of couple (L). Torque = LxF Examples of Couple To open the lid of bottle. 4 To screw or unscrew a screw. To tum the steering of a car or ship. Calculate the resultant moment of the lamina shown in the figure. 20N 40.N AON 1000N Solution : PI a 51012, 1000 «0a = 400 - 100 - 20 — 129 Netto = 1206 m () an ai————— KC ICSE Board Exam. (Class X) Force 13 ‘Example 10: A meter scale is supported at the center. It is balanced by two weights, Land M as shown below. 0 Hanson 400 cm qu IM 7d 40N 20N Find the distance of the point M from the pivot Solution : Because itis balanced, the net torque acting on it must be zero. 20 = 40x _axg= Nettorque = 40x<55 - 20x d= 0 Gee . 3p mete Sa... 16. Which of the following is a vector quantity? (1) Distance (2) Speed (3) Average speed (4) Torque 17. Its easier to open a door by applying the force atthe free end ofthe door. This is because | 2 d= = = 0.4 metre or d= 40 cm | (1) Torque at free end is more (2) Free end has less mass and hence easier fo move (@) Torque at the free end is very less (4) Torque at the free end is always zer0 18. Which ofthe following is correct? (1) Same force can produce different torque (2) If net force on a body is zero, then its torque must be zero, {@) Torque depends only on the force applied and it does not depend on the point of application of force (4) Torque is a scalar quantity 19. Which of the following is not an example of application of couple? (1) A man pulling a block with a rope on a horizontal road (2) A driver using steering to take a sharp tun (3) Aman unscrewing a screw from a machine (4) A man opening ld of a bottle 20, Which of the following is not a unit of torque? (1) Nm (2) kg mis? (3) g cms? 4) g cms (ploz (H)64 ‘(ab (WILL ‘(righ suy LAESL, 31d Floor, Incuspaze Campus-2. Plot, S ‘Usyog Vina Gurugram, Haryana-122015GRAVITY. E which the whole weight of the particle acts his a point at boat on your finger tip, then you will find only one, Understanding you tr 10 balance your cn dotermine the conte of gravity of an iregularly shaped lamina using a plant : a ie edge of the lamina so that the lamina swings freely when pivoted fre cok eet Marg the lamina about one of its holes on a pin clamped on a retort sta as shown in the figu Fig. : C.G. of an irregular body Suspend a plumb line from P and mark the position PP” on the lamina. 1d R and similarly mark the plumbing Repeat the experiment by suspending the lamina from Q ani 3 QQ’ and RR’. You will observe that all the three lines, PP’, QQ’ and RR’ intersect at one point, of intersection of these lines is the centre of gravity of the lamina. nter of Gravity of regular shaped bodies The center of gravy of regular shaped bodies such as cone, cylinder, sphere and circular lamina ete. Srometre centr. The positon ofthe center of gravity of some regular shaped bodies is given inthe tab fx Object Center of Gravity 1 Uniform straight wire The mid-point CG 2 Uniform be: The mid-point of its axis G am or rod e ‘Pot oS 3 Circle The centre of the circle 4 Ring Its centre 6 Triangle Centroid 6 Rectangle Intersection of its diagonals , Rhombus Intersection of its diagonals Its centre{Av of its height from its base “Jd of ts height from ts base 1" Cubelcuboid ‘The mid-point of the line joining the centres of opposite sides. EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES AA rigid body is said to be in equilibrium, when net extemal force is equal to zero and net external torque is also zero, ‘Types of Equilibrium There are two types of equilibrium. 1. Static equilibrium. 2. Dynamic e 1. Static Equiblirium: When all particles in the system are at rest and do not have velocity, is known as static equilibrium. For example, a book resting on a table is pushing down on the table with the force of its weight acting vertically downdards, then itis balanced by equal and opposite force of normal reaction acting vertically upward to keep the book at rest on the table. Hence, book is in static equilibrium. All the forces acting on the book are balanced to zero. 2. Dynamic Equiblirium: A body is said to be in dynamic ‘equilibrium, if body has a velocity but no net forces are acting on the body, i., the velocity of the body remains constant For exdample, a rain drop is falling with constant velocity through a viscous medium (air) called terminal velocity The weight of falling drop through the viscous medium (air) is balanced by the sum of buoyant force and viscous drag force. Hence, net force on the rain drop is Zero and it falls with a constant velocity. Conditions for rigid body equilibrium: librium mg Static equilibrium om Ran dp Weng Dynamic equilibrium From the above examples, we conclude the following conditions for the rigid body to be in equilibrium 1. Total force, ie., resultant force of all the forces acting on a rigid body must be zero. ' a 2. The sum of the clockwise moments about any point is equal to the antcloc point, or algebraic sum of moments about any point must be zero, ‘Campus-2, Plo-13, Sector-18, seg Vins Gunga, Hayana-2045 9 wise moments about thattay ronan or postion. can be need by ata boys wen yoy no ee eae conte in isher hands vile walking on a esa ong stk (or pole) in aways cats 8 ast the ene of gly ust al thin he ge sess ts tal Pere ie tothe ober in ote to kee he ona ‘one side, fe aanng inset be 08 Ai), Set erecting toys sland erect event ater being knocked mutile times, This is ‘There ae cern toys which abways tase in order to keep their centre of gravity at lowest positi va nea a inal erect poston when the extra force is removed oie Sancng verily $0, ating wile caring load o..., e a Jeans forward so that the vertical ne passing throught the cente of Sb f. ‘eal its feet, Thereby, balancing himsel fas between eerie sen ifort CIRCULAR MOTION th its motion is said to be the uniform es with a constant speed in a crcular pat peli motion the direction of motion changes at every point and hence the velo} soi. unr. 's an accterated motion. | Direction of velocity at any point on the ciroular path can be found by simoly drawing tangent at tal WA ‘ 8 Centrpetal Force ‘As we now that afore is aa YS required to change the direction of oa body. n case of 1h rection ofthe boy tal points scaled centipetal force and iti ‘ree owas he center fe ci, his given bythe formula F Iho te fe wich changes ‘Whe m= mas of body r= ras of cca path V = Felling are the examples of the cenit fore, Cantpetal force provided ty (i Wa Hass te tnd te an ects 7 be roaon w rst biesa taptin tent onal oes spon | Conporate Otice ESL, 314 Foor, ncuspaze Camoe-> es...further strengthen the concept of "Circular Motion”, do check out this interesting ie 'video. To watch the video, scan the given QR code. Centrifugal Force A force acting on the body away from the circular path is called the centrifugal force. We can see the infuence of the centrifugal force in the following example. When a car takes a sharp tur, driver in the car feels a force away from the centr, this force is centrifugal force. Centrifugal force is not a real force. This force is called fictional force or virtual force. This can be explained by considering the following example, Let us consider the motion ofthe ballin the hand of a boy sitting in a merry-go-around, An observer standing fon the ground sees the ball in the hand of boy. For him the ball is seen to be moving in the circular path so long as itis in boys hand. The reason is that when the boy holds the ballin his hand the required centripetal force is provided by the muscles of his hand. As soon as the boy keeps it on the platform, the centripetal force is withdrawn and it moves in a straight lin. So, for a person standing on the ground centrifugal force does not exist MACHINES AS FORCE MULTIPLIER Machine Itis @ device which helps us to do work at one point and deliver at another point. Machines are used to do the following basic tasks. (To muttiply a force (i) To change the direction of the force (ii) To increase or decrease the speed Examples (2) A system of gear wheels transfers the energy in the small electric motor to the hands of the clock (b) Nails are pulled out of the plank by using claw hammer. (¢) To change tyre of a car we use jack. (@) Water from a well is drawn by using a pulley, Simple Machines Machines that are used to multiply or reduce the force or to chan, machines. There are following five types of simple machines. () The lever We its direction of application are called simple (i) The pulley (ii) The wheel and axle (w) The inclined plane () The gear wheels Principle of a Machine When energy is supplied to a machine by applying effort, on it itovercomes the load by doing some useful work The point at which energy is supplied to a machine by applying effort is Se ci ¥Y applying effort is called th ed by overcoming the load, is called the load point » i" Po and oot ‘Input energy = work done at the effort point—eEE——e—eeeeeEeEeEeEOoUyeeEeEeEeEeEeEeEerre. Qutput energy = work obtained at the load point . = loa * displacement ofthe point of application of oad, For an idea machine, [ulput energy = Input energy Some basic tems to understand machines ae discussed below. (i) Effort : The force applied to the machine is called effort. {il) Load : The force against which machine does work. (i Mechanical Advantage (MA): MA.= Fo p= Dislacement of effort © Displacement of oad Velocity rato (VR.) depends onthe design of machine and is always same for a particular MA. can vary fora particular machine Efficiency is usualy expressed in percentage. Therefore we can write 2 Work output = Moreau 99 eee A Wak ret ® Relation Between Efficiency, Mechanical Advantage and Velocity Ratio Output energy Input energy LoadxDistance moved by load EfortxDistance moved by efon We can also write Efficiency = or Efficiency = ( Load ) - Effort) & Etioeney = Deance moved by aot Distance moved by load (Mechanical Advantage) Efficiency = ~ (Weecly Raia) — MA fi Sed Eficency % = 7100 It shouldbe noted that 100% efficiency is Practically not possino, LEVERSEffort i)" Load Lever of first order ‘The length of the arm CD is called effort arm and length DE is called load arm. {f the lever is in equilibrium then net moment of load and effort at fulcrum should be zero. ie. Effort « Effort arm — Load * Load arm = 0 Effort _ Load arm Load ~ Effort arm Effort arm Load arm MA. (Mechanical advantage) = when effort arm = Load arm MA=4 when effort arm > Load arm MA>1 when effort arm < Load arm MA <1 Examples of Class | Lever Beam balance is an example of class | lever. It consists of two arms of equal length and two pans of equal weight. The diagram of the beam balance is shown in the figure below. Pe | Pr A see-saw, a pair of scissors, a crowbar are some other examples of class | lever. Lever of Second Order or Class Il Lever In this type of levers the load is situated between fulcrum and effort. The schematic diagram of the class Il lever is shown below. Effort‘From the above figure we can see that Effort arm > Load arm and hence for a class I lever advantage (MA) is always greater than 1, ‘of Class Il Lever TID Walid ror wer wari ces eT ce cle ob, 4 > Class Ill Lever or Lever of Third Order In this type of lever the effort is situated between the load and the fulcrum as shown below. Effort a From the above figure we can see that the effort arm is less than load arm and hence mechanical (MA) is always less than one, Examples of Class Ill Lever Human arm liting a weight and tong are the examples of cass Il lever. Pictures of the devices are ianty Second class lever F Examples of Each Class of Lever as Found in the Human Body (i) Class | lever in action of nodding of head : Inthe acti load is at its front part and while the effort is at its rear n of nodding of head the spine acts as part. EffortICSE Board Exam. (Class x (ii) Class MI tever in raising a toad by arm : In this case elbow joint acts as fulcrum at one ends biceps {exerts force in the mile and the load is placed on the palm atthe other end as shown. Sol Effort / Load F Example 11 : Calculate the ideal mechanical advantage of a lever in which the effort arm is 60 om and the load am is 4 cm. Effort arm = 60 cm Load arm = 4 cm Effort arm _ 60 MA = SL Se A= Toad arm 4 = *® Example 12: Solution : Example 13 Solution : ‘Answer the questions based on the diagram of a lever shown below. A FE B Load = 18 kg f Effort (0 Towhich class of lever does it belong? (i) Calculate the mechanical advantage if AB = 2.0 m and AF = 20 cm. (ii) Calculate the effort needed to lift the load. () As the fulcrum is in between load and the effort, so it is a class | lever. Effort arm (i) Mechanical advantage = To24-anm wae 28m 02m Load (i) MA.= epee Effort = ae X 2kgf ‘A machine has a velocity ratio of 10. It is used to raise a load of 2000 N by 5 m using an effort of 250 N. Find () The work obtained from the machine (i) Mechanical advantage (i) Efficiency of the machine () Work obtained from the machine = Load * Distance moved by load = 2000 « 5 = 10,000 J Corporate Office : AESL, 3rd Floor, Incuspaze Campus-2, Piot-13, Sector-18, Udyog Vihar, Gurugram, Haryana-122015. Force ae+ Wich ofthe following is not true for a machine? The unit of mechanical advantage is (1) newton (2) newton metre (@) No unit (4) metre . The unt of velocity ratio is (1) metrelsecond (2) metre/second? (3) newton (4) No unt Which ofthe following is correct expression? Effort . ‘Mechanical advantage (1) Mechanical advantage = T= @) Efficiency = Velocity ratio Load sr Voloaly rato ey 100 = (4) Effciency = ‘Mechanical vantage ‘When we lian object with our arm, then the type of lever is (1) Class 1 (2) Class 2 @) Class 3 (4) Class 4 5. Class Il levers are designed to have () MA = VR 2) MA >VR () MA > 4 (4) MA <1 ‘Alever for which the mechanical advantage is less than 1 has (1) Fulcrum between load and effort (2) Load between effort and fulcrum (9) Effort between fulcrum and load (4) Load and effort acting at the same point (1) The efficiency is always less than 100% ) Han also be used as speed multiplier (@) Itcan have mechanical ‘Advantage greater than velocity ratio (4) Mechanical advantage canbe less than one (Chez ee ‘edge (edve alex ‘wlee (eke Sr Flo, euspaze Campus-2, lt 13,Use of pulley in Use otputeyin ‘exercise machine ‘drawing water 3s ley is lic (or woode ise havi daphhiee a n) circular disc having a groove along its rim and is capable of rotating about There are two types of pulley system : (i) Fixed pulley system (i) Movable pulley system Fixed pulley A fixed pulley is used to change the direction of force. We can think of a single fixed pulley as a lever of class | where the fulcrum is at the center and the load and effort arm have the same length. The diagram of a single fixed pulley system is shown. ‘Since the load arm and effort arm are equal and hence the mechanical advantage is 4. The fixed pulley system used to hoist the flag is an example of fixed pulley | system, Movable pulley system A system in which a pulley is not fixed and it can move up or down with load. The diagram of a movable pulley is shown in the figure. Single movable pulley ‘Single movable pulley with a fixed pulley Rigid Support Lear VR=2 MA.=2 3rd Floor, Incuspaze Campus-2, Piot-13, Sector-18,,| The weight of pulley itself reduces ite mechanicaladvantage. .| tis used as a force multiplier. | Theload movesin the direction of the effort. 4. Using one fixed pulley and other movable pulleys: ‘A system of one fixed pulley (0) is used with three movable pulleys A, B and C, as shown in the ‘movable pulley is attached with a separate string. The tension is different in different strings and ‘in the string of pulley to which load is attached. Rigid Support MA. =2=8 VR =2=8 (System of one fixed pulley and other three moveble pulleys) MA_ 2" ae et 6 VR pr 71" 100% n= number of movable pulley with one fixed pulley Block and Tackle system of pulleys Instead of using separate pulleys, more practical way is to use a number of pulleys and to pass @ CO fope around them. In this pulley system each block contains one or more pulley mounted on the ‘An example of such pulley system is shown below. | Floor, Incuspaze Campus-2, Plot-13, Sector-18, Udyog Vihar, Gvrs de In this type of system velocity ratio is always equal to number of pulleys. ‘Some more examples of such systems are shown below and their (MA.) and velocity ratio is aso mentioned. L=5T VR. = 5 MA. =5, But practically friction comes into play and efficiency is always less than 1 Effect of weight of pulleys on MA., V.R. and 1, Consider a system of n pulleys. Let w be the total weight of the lower block alongwith the pulleys in it. In the balanced position, E=TandL +w=nT o L=nT-w=nE-w Iya [Link]-w_ w| zi Thus, mechanical advantage is always less than the ideal value n. The velocity ratio does not change, it remains n, ie., VR =n) Hence, efficiency». MA. VR w ae ol or mete at‘efficiency, the pulleys in the lower block should be as light @ Possible and the of the pulleys should be minimised by the use of lubricants. [GEAR OR TOOTHED WHEEL ‘is pat of machine oonssng ofa round whee that has linkage called teeth or Bian on gear meshes: far tha the by direct contact or by a chain, alloni Jobe ful Wansferred without sippage, The rate of rotation is direct Inked with the number of whee tf one gear is larger than the other, then the one wit larger numberof teeth is called the g ‘ane with smaler number of teeth is called the pinion. If we connect a gear with the pinion then sataton ofthe gear with les cogs i, pinion willbe more. The diagram ofthe gears are shown pe ‘Each gear has @ metal axe inthe centre, The axle of one gearis connected to a power source such as mi ‘motor or manual pedaling in case of a bicycle etc. This is called driver or the driving gear. When the Po tums, the crn gar tums and causes the second gear to rotate. This gear wheel which receives motion: rveriscaed ven gear tn case ofa bicycle the pedal is atachedto whee! A wich s futher connected to wheel B by means Of Because the wheel Bis smallerinciameterhence one revolution in whee! A produoes more revolutions in Velocity ratio ofa gear ttcanbe defnedin the folowing ways: 4 Ratocl te speed of lation of ting gear (Vote sped ofrtaton of vn gear (V) 4 Roof teraduscf ven ea.) radius of ving ear) 4 Ratool the number often be civen gear (Nt thee ofteth inthe drving gear (N,) vr V4 2/0 Ne Gear ratio (GR) the rato between he numberof tet in diving gear and those of the diven gear. Speed multiplier % When larger gear drives the smaller gear % Gear ratio is greater than 1 (GR > 1) Speed reducing effect 4 ‘When smaler gear dives the larger gear 4 Gear ratios less than 1 (GR < 1)16 ve ies ' = 4 rotations/second een THE INCLINED PLANE AND MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE OF INCLINED PLANE It has been seen and also has been proved that less effort is required in raising a load to some higher level by moving over an incined plane as compared to Iiting the load vertically up: And hence an inctined plane works as @ force multiplier. It is believed that this method was used by Egyptians in building their famous pyramids. Mechanical advantage of this simple machine is greater than one. 1 Mechanical advantage = S55 A o Cc I< Velocity ratio = MA Efficiency = 7a = 1 Example 15 : Figure given below shows the combination of a movable pulley P, with a fixed pulley P, for iting a load L. Answer the following questions. () What is the role of pulley P,? (i) If the free end of the spring moves through a distance y by what distance is the load L raised? jed at Q to just raise What value of effort has to be appl the load L = 30 kg f? Neglect the weight of the pulley P, mice : AESL. 3rd Floor, Incuspaze Campus-2, Plot-13, Sector-18, Udyog Vihar,W T=E= > = 15h! ee Example bya 16; Te dam oie blow shows a fied puley used toy to ta load of 400 N through @ vertical height of § m in 10 seconds. The effort applied by the boy on the other ‘end of the pulley is 480 N. Answer the following questions. ‘What is the velocity ratio ofthe pulley? Caleulate the mechanical advantage, Calculate the efficiency of the pulley Explain why the effciency ofthe pulley is not 100%. What isthe energy gained by the load in 10 seconds? Displacement of effort Displacement of load Since displacement of effort = Displacement of load Hence velocity ratio = 4 22a a ; Velocity ratio = Load — 400 {i) Mechanical advantage = +224. 400 _ 5 Effot 480° 6 MA 5 (i) Efficiency = <7 = 5 = 0.833 or 83.3% Tiss because some energy wil get wasted due to friction cases. Energy gained by the load = Load x Displacement of load = 400 « 5 = 2000 joule Example 17 : A toy uses an incined plank of 2 er ee length 1M t0 raise hj 4g, find the effort that m= 200 kg the ground and other end at tion NS Scooter to a height of 1 m by. the fe eps. Negoe nen 2 height If mass ofthe scotResi. “The mechanical advariage of an else movable ples at (2) 2 (@) Less than 2 (4) Less than 1 (zie (Woe “(rez (e)ez ‘suy QUICK RECAP 4. Force is a push or pull on an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. 2. Force can move a stationary object, change the speed of a moving body, change the direction of a moving body or change the shape or size of a body. 3. Contact force : When there is actual physical contact between the objects e.g, tension, frictional force. Non-Contact force : Force exerted without there being any physical contact between the objects e.g. magnetic force, gravitational force etc. 4. Torque due to a force F at a point P is defined as the product of force and its perpendicular from the point P. SI unit of torque is N-m. 5. Torque can be anti-clockwise (positive) or clockwise (negative), 6. According to principle of moments, if a body is in the state of equilibrium then the net torque on this, body at any point is always zero. 7. Two equal and opposite force acting along different lines on a body form a couple. 8. Centre of gravity is the point at which the whole weight of the particle acts. 9. A body that is not undergoing any translational and rotational motion is in the state of equilibrium. There are three states of equilibrium (i) Stable equilibrium (i) Unstable equilibrium (i) Neutral equilibrium 40. A particle moving with constant speed in a circular path is said to be in uniform circular motion. Floor, Incuspaze Campus-2, Plot-13, Sector-18, Udyog Vihar, Gurugram, Haryana-122015