A.1.

1 - THE HEART

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

The human body is made up of trillions of cells (cells are the basic unit of structure and function).
Their cells are tightly packed like houses in a city.

Each "house":
 generates waste
 requires a supply of resources

Blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries) in the human body function very much like road systems in
a city. Every cell is no more than 2 or 3 cells away from a blood vessel. All houses have access to a
road like how all cells have access to a blood vessel.

Just line roads, they are one-way blood vessels, major and minor "highways", and occasionally traffic
jams (stroke or heart attack)

THE BODY'S INTERNAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

The body's main transportation systems include:

 Circulatory (or Cardiovascular) System

 in charge of transporting oxygen and removing CO from cells.

 Nervous System

 in charge of transporting electrical messages

 Endocrine System

 in charge of transporting chemical messages

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Also known as the Circulatory System consists of the heart (cardio), blood vessels, and blood

It has 4 key functions:

1. Transports and delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body's calls in exchange for carbon
dioxide (CO ) and waste
2. The transportation network for the Endocrine system which includes chemical messengers
(hormones)
3. Distributes body heat

4. Defends against disease (allows white blood cells to get around)

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IDEAS ABOUT THE HEART

 Egyptians: thought a person’s wisdom, emotions, and personality came from the heart
 Galen: a 2nd century Greek physician who became very influential to the Roman Emperor.
Human dissections were not accepted at the time, so his studies were mainly of animal
dissections. Because of this he got a few things wrong:

o Thought heart was only 2 chambers

o Thought food turned into blood by liver

o Didn't know how blood got around, so he compared bloods movement to the sloshing
of tides

o Thought the heart used suction instead of pumping

His ideas lasted 1500 years

 Leonardo da Vinci: began examining human cadavers in the 15th century and made detailed
drawings of the heart and blood vessels.

o He often compared the human body to a machine, one of his drawings compares the
heart to a furnace. His work contradicted the beliefs at the time, so he kept his work a
secret and wrote in code.

 William Harvey: began to dispute Galen's work in the 1600 's. Some of his findings include:
o Valves in the heart and veins that keep blood moving in 1-direction - proved blood didn't
slosh around
o the heart re-pumps same blood - proved that food wasn't turned into blood
o made equations for stroke volume and amount of blood pumped
o couldn't figure out how blood got from arteries to veins

o arteries move blood away from heart

o veins move blood to the heart

o after his death, Marcello Malpighi discovered capillaries

o connect arteries to veins

o where cells get oxygen

o Harvey was known for his equations on blood volume and heartbeats.
cardiac output = ( stroke volume ) × ( heart rate )

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Q: A typical male has a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat and a resting heart rate of 72 beats/min
a) Calculate cardiac output in L/min

b) How much would that be in one day (L/day)

ANATOMY OF THE HEART

Contrary to popular belief, the heart is not located on the left side of the body, it is centered behind
the sternum (a.k.a. breastbone). It points slightly to the left, making it easier to feel/measure the
heartrate on the left side

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PATHWAY OF BLOOD

1. The superior and inferior vena cava veins supply the heart with blood collected from the

body

2. Blood enters the right atrium, right atrium contracts, forcing blood into the right ventricle

3. Right ventricle contracts, forcing blood into the pulmonary arteries to go to the lungs. AV

valve prevents blood flow in the wrong direction

4. Blood enters back into the left atrium from the pulmonary veins (from lungs)

5. Left atrium contracts, forcing blood into the left ventricle (the most muscular chamber)

6. Left ventricle contracts, forcing blood into the aorta (largest artery in the body) which

supplies the body with blood

HEARTBEAT

The heart beats in 2 phases that occur simultaneously: Diastole and Systole.

Diastole: the phase of the heartbeat where the heart ___________ and fills with blood.

Systole: the phase of the heartbeat where the heart ___________, ejecting blood.

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FACTORS AFFECTING HEART RATE

External Factors:
 Emotions. ex. fear
 Temperature
 When it’s hot, your heart rate _____________ to try and dissipate neat
Factors in Your Control:
 Diet
 High ______________ fills your blood vessels with plaque, making them smaller
o results in higher heartrate to compensate for low flowing blood vessels
 Exercise
o Cardio workouts (non-stop for 20 mins)
o Considered cardio if muscles run out of _________
o Cardio workouts make your heart more _________
o Heart doesn't get bigger but having more flexibility means it can stretch
bigger

 A stretchier heart has a larger stroke volume resulting in a lower heart rate down to 45
beats/min from 72 beats/min
 Target heart rate for exercising your heart is calculated from your maximum heart rate:
Max HR = 220 − Age
o to stay in shape: target HR is 50% − 60% of max
o to burn fat: target HR is 60% − 70% of max
o To increase cardiovascular endurance: target HR is 70% − 80% of max
o over 80%, your body burns less fat and creates lactic acid which leads to muscle
soreness

Q: Determine your maximum heart rate and complete the following table.

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REVIEW
1. Beginning with the vena cava, indicate the order of the following structures of the
cardiovascular system through which blood flows: left atrium, right ventricle, lungs, body,
right atrium, left ventricle, aorta.

2.
a. If an Olympic athlete has an increased stroke volume of 100 mL, calculate his
cardiac output at rest (50 bpm), with light exercise (115 bpm), and with high-
intensity exercise (180 bpm). Assume the stroke volume remains constant.

b. Explain why you expect the athlete to have a lower resting heart rate than a person
with an inactive lifestyle.

3. Compare the systole and diastole portions of the heart cycle.

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A.1.2 - BLOOD VESSELS

The system of blood vessels in the body is similar to the water pipe system in a city.
 Clean water come is main feeder pipes
o ex. Bearspaw + Glenmore feeder mains

o like the aorta

 Water pipes branch off and get smaller
o arteries branch into arterioles
 Houses attach to water pipes and use only a fraction of the water available
o arterioles branch into capillaries
 After a house uses water, it has wastewater that is collected in the sewer
o capillaries collect into larger venules
 All sewers collect into the water treatment plant
o venules collect into veins

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TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS

Arteries:
 move blood _________
from the heart, ex.
aorta
 _________ elastic walls
to withstand pressure
of pumping heart
 _________ pressure and
fast
 Blood is usually bright
red due to high
____________ levels.
o exception:
pulmonary
artery has
deoxygenated
blood because
blood hasn't
been to lungs
yet
 As they get further from
the heart, pressure ________, and they split into arterioles which are ___________ in diameter
Veins:
 move blood ___________ the heart
 ____________ walls because of very little blood pressure and slow blood flow
 Have _________ to keep blood from flowing wrong way
o blood is moved by nearby muscles contracting

 Usually blood dark and ________ish because of low oxygen

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 o exception: pulmonary vein which travels from the lungs to the heart
 As venules get closer to the heart they collect into veins.
 Varicose veins occur when valves become damaged, and blood is allowed to ___________ in
the veins.
o people who stand for much of their day have a greater chance to develop varicose
veins
Capillaries:
 _________________ blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules
 So small only "single-file" blood cell flow
 Thin walled and ____________ letting oxygen out into cells and letting carbon dioxide and
waste in
 Every living cell must be close to a capillary to remain alive
 Not as low pressure as veins, but extremely slow moving:
o in _________ starts low oxygen ends high
o in any other part: start high in oxygen ends low

Q: Name the blood vessel

a) carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

b) the body's largest artery

c) carries oxygen-rich blood from the aorta to heart tissues

d) carries oxygen-rich blood to the heart

e) carries oxygen-poor blood to the heart from body's tissues

Q: Place the previous terms in the order of which blood cells would pass through each starting from
the heart

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BLOOD PRESSURE

If you've ever been to the doctor, you may have noticed an "armband" somewhere in the room. There
is a gauge on this armband that looks like a thermometer (and even has mercury in them like
thermometers)
 Instead of measuring temperature using ∘ C it measures pressure in units of mmHg
(millimeters of mercury)
 This gauge is designed to have a column of mercury rise and fall due to the pressure push
from below
Blood Pressure: the pressure exerted on the __________ of arteries.

HOW IT'S MEASURED

*once all pressures are _______________, the blood pressure can be read

pressure of air pressure pressure of

= =
blood in cuff mercury due to gravity

Since the heartbeat has 2 phases, systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation), the blood pressure
will be jumping up and down.

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  the values are often expressed in the form of a fraction although they are not a ratio

o ex. 120 over 80 →

o This represents a systolic blood pressure of ______ mmHg and a diastolic
blood pressure of ______ mmHg

o blood pressures exceeding are generally considered _____________________

BLOOD PRESSURE IN DIFFERENT BLOOD VESSELS

 It is important for blood to have ________

pressure in the capillaries, so they don't
have blood moving too fast
 Muscles won't have the time to extract
oxygen
 The speed of blood is ____________ in the
capillaries because there is so many of
them.

Why Check Blood Pressure?

 If too low:
o blood may not get to all vital body parts
o causes ______________ or _______________
o causes blood vessels to narrow or constrict
 If too high:
o risk of blood vessels ______________
o causes blood vessels to widen
o caused by anxiety levels, exercise, viscous (thick) blood, too much blood, kidney
disease, presence of chemicals (ex. caffeine), or the narrowing of blood vessels
because of plaque buildup.

Q: During diastole, the heart’s ventricles are relaxing but there still is residual pressure in the
arteries. Identify the source of this pressure.

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REVIEW
1. Complete the following table to compare arteries, veins, and capillaries.

2. People who have type 1 diabetes do not produce insulin— the sugar-regulating hormone—
and they must have regular hypodermic insulin injections to regulate their blood sugar.
Researchers are working on developing a dry powdered form of insulin that can be delivered
by the same kind of inhaler used by people with asthma.
a. Describe some possible benefits of the inhaler delivery system.

b. Insulin is usually injected into fat underneath the skin. List the pathway that injected
insulin takes from a capillary bed under the skin to a target cell in the liver.

c. List the pathway that inhaled insulin would take from the lungs to a target cell in the
liver.

d. Which of the two delivery methods—injected or inhaled—would be faster at getting

to target cells?

3. Explain why it is more dangerous if an artery—rather than a vein—is cut in an accident.

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A.1.3 - BLOOD

BLOOD COMPONENTS

Blood appears to be a uniform substance but is actually a mixture of living cells, pieces of cell, and
liquid.
Letting a blood sample sit, or running it through a centrifuge can separate blood into leapers by
weight

RED BLOOD CELLS

Also called ____________________________, are the most numerous cells in a blood sample.
 a drop of blood contains about 1 million red blood cells.
 they have a ________________ shape
o shape is _____________ enough to travel
through capillaries easily
o has a large ___________ __________ to
better exchange oxygen and CO
 have a 120-day lifespan, as they die, they are recycled into new cells in the ________________
o bone marrow is creating millions of cells per second
o each cell takes about 2 days to develop after creation
o during this time, they lose their nucleus to make room for more hemoglobin
 hemoglobin is what ____________ latches on to.
 it is a ___________ that gives blood its red colour
 contains iron, people low on iron would have less
hemoglobin. May result in ______________ and ___________.
 as hemoglobin attaches to oxygen it becomes
________________________, an even brighter red pigment
 as blood gives away its oxygen, oxyhemoglobin turns back
to hemoglobin losing its bright red colour

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Q: Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless gas produced during the combustion of fossil fuels,
including gasoline. Carbon monoxide binds to the hemoglobin in red blood cells much faster and
more strongly than does oxygen. Based on your knowledge of the role of red blood cells, explain why
exposure to carbon monoxide can be so dangerous.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Also called _________________, are much larger and fewer than red blood cells. Around I white to
every 600-700 red blood cells
 Also made in the bone marrow
 Keep their _____________
 Not a uniform shape and lack a colour _______________

 Lifespan of 13-20 days

 Stored in the body and released when a disease-causing _______________ enters the body.
Swallow pathogens whole

Q: The body produces millions of red blood cells in the bone marrow every second. White blood
cells are made in bone marrow at twice the rate of red blood cells. However, in a given sample of
blood, nearly 45% of the blood consists of red blood cells and less than 1% is made of white blood
cells.
a) Suggest a reason for the lower volume of white blood cells in a sample of blood even though
they are produced at twice the rate of red blood cells.

b) Most agents that cause disease are outside the bloodstream and are found in the fluid
spaces between tissue cells. Use this information to develop another reason for the lower
volume of white blood cells in a sample of blood.

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PLATELETS

Platelets are the reason our blood can

harden into ___________ or ____________.
 filled with ________________
 When ruptured, the fibrinogen
dissolved in platelets is
chemically converted into
___________
o fibrin is thread-like,
creating a mesh. Red
blood cells get caught in
the mosh resulting in a
blood clot.
o if the clot dries
it turns into a
scab
 Many life-threatening conditions
are related to blood clotting:
o ______________________
and _____________ are
often caused by blood
clots clogging arteries
and starving the heart or
brain of
oxygen
o __________________ is a
condition where the
platelets don't function
or blood lacks platelets.
Minor cuts and bruises
bleed excessively and
take much longer to
heal,
often requiring blood
___________________ or
external clotting factors.

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REVIEW
1. Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless gas produced during the combustion of fossil
fuels, including gasoline. Carbon monoxide binds to the hemoglobin in red blood cells much
faster and more strongly than does oxygen. Based on your knowledge of the role of red blood
cells, explain why exposure to carbon monoxide can be so dangerous.

2. Leeches and vampire bats are both parasites that feed on animal blood. After they use their
sharp teeth to cut the surface of the animal’s skin, they release a blood-thinning chemical
called an anticoagulant that not only stops blood from clotting but also allows greater blood
flow by dilating blood vessels. Explain why an anticoagulant might be useful for treating
circulatory system problems.

3. Leukemia is a type of cancer where the body produces large numbers of abnormal blood
cells—particularly white blood cells—that do not function properly.
a. How could having improperly functioning white blood cells affect people with
leukemia?

b. Why would doctors treat leukemia by giving patients a bone marrow transplant?

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A.1.4 - CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND DISORDERS

CHOLESTEROL AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Cardiovascular diseases are disorders of the heart and/or blood vessels

In many cases these diseases can be attributed to ____________________________ levels.

We can't get rid of cholesterol because our bodies also need it for our cell membranes, hormone
production and vitamin D production. Even if we stopped eating cholesterol, we would still make our
own ( 75% of our cholesterol is made by us)
High cholesterol is bad because it accumulates on the walls of arteries and forms ______________.
 Hardened plaque can make arteries stiff and give them a rough interior

TYPES OF CHOLESTEROL

 LDL (low-density lipoprotein)

o makes up 2/3 of your cholesterol

o responsible for carrying cholesterol to your calls from the liver

o Often finds it reel in blued vessels

o "bad cholesterol"

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  HDL (high-density lipoprotein)
o carries cholesterol to your liver so it can be excreted from your body

o collects cholesterol from bloodstream

o "good cholesterol"
 LDL and HDL are _______________ not actual cholesterol, even though they are often referred
to as such

ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE

Atherosclerosis: the process where cholesterol builds up on walls of arteries

 can occur in any major artery
 if it occurs in the coronary arteries, it becomes __________________________________________
o causes insufficient blood supply to the heart leading to toxic buildup
o causing cramping called ______________
 not a heart attack but hurts like one
 often a predecessor of a heart attack
 angina is caused by a narrowing of coronary arteries whereas heart
attacks are a blockage

CLOTS, STROKES, AND HEART ATTACKS

If a plaque coating in an artery is rough or cracked it may cause platelets passing through to rupture,
starting the clotting process

 in either case, the _____________ starved cells die

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FATS AND CHOLESTEROL

Since cholesterol build up is the root cause of cardiovascular disease you might be tempted to cut
out fat entirely.
 For many years doctors advised this.
 Didn't explain why Canadian Inuit, who had a diet mostly of fat, had low rates of
cardiovascular disease
 The real secret is to analyze what fats we're eating
There are 3 main types of fats:
1. _______________ Fats: at a molecular level these fats have only single-bonded carbons
o ex. butter, grease, lard, cheese, egg yolks
o typically
________ at room
temperature
o saturated refers
to the molecule
being
"saturated" with
hydrogen →
can't hold any
more
2. ____________________ Fats: at a molecular level these fats have several double or triple
bonded carbons
o typically __________ at room temperature
o ex. olive oil, canola oil, fish oil
3. ___________ Fat: unsaturated fat with _______________ forced in
o Industrially made fat where hydrogen gas is pumped into hot oil
o behaves like saturated fat physically
o ex. margarine (looks a lot like butter)
o Have the ___________ effects of cholesterol

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Q: In each part of this question you will be given a meal description. In each case, identify the
dominant type of fat or fatty acid consumed and describe the likely effect on blood cholesterol
levels.
a) A day begins with a breakfast of bacon, eggs, and two pieces of buttered toast.

b) A snack at a sporting event consists of a large order of deep-fried onion rings, a doughnut,
and a large soft drink.

c) A lunch at school consists of a tin of flaked tuna, along with a salad made up of fresh
vegetables and homemade dressing created from olive oil and spices.

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

Fatty acids are the "building blocks" of ________. Just like how:
 __________________________ are the building blocks of protein
 __________________________ are the building blocks of carbohydrates
 __________________ are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
Together, these 4 types of organic matter (carbs, proteins, lipids (fat), and nucleic acids) make up us
and everything living
Our body is capable of making fatty acids, amino acids, monosaccharides, and nucleotides, but not
every kind
 the fatty acids we need and can't synthesize (make) are called _________________ fatty acids
o ex. omega-3 and omega-6 contain fatty acids we can't synthesize

HEART HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

If you eat foods high in cholesterol (especially trans fats) it can have a negative effect on your blood
cholesterol.
To maintain a healthy cholesterol level, the right mixture of fats is key
 eliminate foods high in __________ fat and replace with foods high in ___________________ fat.
 other ways to improve cardiovascular health are to:

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OTHER CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Not all cardiovascular diseases are linked to high cholesterol; some are due to injuries or conditions
at birth.
Aneurysm: a stretched weakness in a blood vessel
 the weakness may eventually bulge or even tear
 most common in _______________________ blood
vessels (arteries)
 could be from an injury or present at birth
 a _______________ aneurysm can cause internal
bleeding
o if in the brain → stroke or death
Septal Defect: when a fetus is developing, it doesn't use its lungs
for an oxygen supply, instead the ______________________________
provides oxygen-rich blood to the baby.
 since the heart doesn't need to move blood to the lungs, a
fetus' heart has an ______________ in the septum.
 usually closes up on its own, but if it’s especially large it
may require surgery.
Valvular Heart Disease: heart valves don't close properly
 leads to blood "backwashing"
o heart must work harder
 if the valve cannot be repaired, it is often replaced with an artificial valve or one from an
animal
o artificial valves are prone to forming blood clots so patients will need to be on blood
thinners the rest of their life.
o animal valves have less risk of blood clots but don't last as long.

REVIEW
1. A woman with a family history of heart and circulatory problems visits her doctor. List at
least four things the doctor might ask about the patient’s lifestyle, and describe changes the
doctor might suggest to reduce the risk of the patient developing a circulatory disease.

21
2. Match each of the following terms with a description of its circulatory problem.
o plaque
o atherosclerosis
o angina
o heart attack
o stroke
o aneurysm
o septal defect
a. a chest pain during exertion due to constricted coronary arteries

b. a death of brain cells due to a blood clot in an artery supplying the brain with blood

c. a hole between the two halves of the heart that hasn’t yet closed after birth

d. a hardening of the arteries due to a buildup of plaque in the vessel

e. a material with a rough, hard surface that forms on the inside of arteries due to the
buildup of cholesterol and fatty substances

f. a condition that is caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries

g. a weakened bulge in a blood vessel that could rupture

3. Compare the analogy of a city’s water delivery system to the human circulatory system.
Explain what the following problems with a water delivery system can be compared to in the
human circulatory system.
a. Something is stuck in one of the pipes and has caused some homes to lose water
service.

b. The water pressure is so high that it is putting a strain on the pipes and causing
them to leak.

c. A valve in the water pump is faulty

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A.1.5 - THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Our bodies put a lot of work into making it the perfect environment for our cells.
 But, the perfect environment for our cells is also the perfect environment for disease-
causing agents.
 Disease causing agents are also called ___________________
o ex. viruses and bacteria
Our bodies have several defense mechanisms to prevent the spread of pathogens:
1. Our __________ is a barrier
2. ___________ and oil secretions
o acidic and prevent bacterial growth.
3. Barriers defending openings
o nasal hairs are coated in mucous, filtering and trapping pathogens from entering the
body.
o ex. tears are antiseptic
o ex. stomach acid is acidic
4. ________________________________ detect and kill pathogens
A pathogen is spread by either:
 person → person (by airborne, bloodborne, droplet, or direct contact)
 food/water → person
 person → vector → person

SPREADING DISEASES

If the body doesn't immediately deal with the pathogen, the pathogen will ____________________ and
_____________.
Depending on what cells the pathogen attacks or uses to reproduce, the disease will spread
differently:
1. Airborne: transferred through ________________ or __________________
o ex. cold, influenza (flu), tuberculosis (TB)
2. Bloodborne: transferred through the exchange of _______________________________, must
enter your bloodstream.
o ex. HIV, hepatitis C
3. Droplets: spread by droplets or _______________ in a cough or sneeze.
o ex. meningitis, pertussis
4. Direct Contact: transferred through bodily fluids, skin, or mucous and doesn't necessarily
need to enter blood stream.
o ex. cold sores

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FOOD POISONING

Occurs when pathogens spread through food that is not ______________ thoroughly, improperly
______________, or prepared in ____________________ places.
 Sometimes the bacteria are in _____________ and not food itself.
o ex. Cholera (found in dirty and untreated water)

VECTORS

An ____________________ that carries pathogens from one person to another.

 ex. mosquitoes are vectors of malaria (parasite that live in mosquito saliva)
o mosquitoes must inject their saliva to thin your blood otherwise it’s too thick to be
extracted

HISTORY OF FIGHTING PATHOGENS

Joseph Lister was a British surgeon who read about micro-organisms and believed hospitals should
be clean.
 he began spraying carbolic acid into wounds and coaling bandages in the acid.
o first use of ___________________
o Listerine was named after him

TYPES OF PATHOGENS

Protozoans: single-celled organisms that often live as ___________________ inside infected cells.
 hard to hill because live inside host cells.
 ex. the protozoan malaria infects red blood cells.
Fungi: often live off _________ or _______________ matter except a few are parasitic (ex. athlete's foot)
Bacteria: small, single-celled organisms with no ______________ and can multiply rapidly without the
need of a ___________
 antibiotics such as penicillin compromise the ___________________ of bacteria

Viruses: extremely small ( the size of bacteria) and are simply a ____________shell with DNA inside

 reproduce by injecting a host cell with its DNA, reprogramming the cell into a virus making
factory.

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IMMUNE RESPONSE

1. Pathogen breaks through protective barriers

2. White blood cells called macrophages, who
eat dead and foreign cells or materials,
kills pathogens but leave antigen.
3. Macrophage presents the
antigens.
4. Helper T-cell binds to
antigen, identifying it.
5. Sends message to the white
blood cells of an intruder.
6. When B-cells get alerted,
they multiply.
7. B-cells release antibodies that attach to
the antigens of other identical
pathogens.
8. Antibodies are like
handcuffs, immobilizing __
pathogens until
macrophages eat them.
9. Killer T-cells look for infected or
mutated cells of our own and
destroy them.
o can actually fight __
cancer
10. After immune response, ________________________________________
memory B- and T-cells are created. They stick around after and respond to any future
attacks.
o ex. chicken pox memory cells last a lifetime
11. Suppressor T-cells send messages once the threat is destroyed to resume normal function.

VACCINATIONS

Recall memory T-cells stick around a long time after an infection (ex. chicken pox)
Memory T-cells provide __________________ to future attacks
 immunity can be artificially developed by a ____________________
A vaccination (a.k.a. immunization) involves the injection of a _________, _________________, or
_______________ pathogen. Exposure to the pathogen triggers an immune response allowing the body
to produce its own _________________________.

25
  some memory cells don't last long and so ______________ shots are given to "remind" the
immune system of that pathogen.

THE FIRST VACCINE

Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine which was to protect against _________________.
 In 1796 Edward noticed milkmaids would develop cowpox from exposure to cows with the
disease
o he also noticed people who've had cowpox are immune to smallpox
o he took the puss from a milkmaid’s cowpox sore and put it into the cut of 8-year-old
James Phipps
o after James recovered from cowpox. Edward exposed him to smallpox but James
never got it.
o This was actually an ___________________
 inoculations are introduced via cuts
 vaccinations are introduced via injections

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

When a person's _____________________________ forms antibodies against their own cells.

 The white blood cells "rebel" against your own body.
 The cause is still unknown, but scientists think _______________________________ have a role
 More common in women than men
 Examples:
o Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is when white blood cells attack
the nervous system
o Type 1 Diabetes is when the body produces antibodies that attack the pancreas,
inhibiting insulin production
o other: Crohn's, Lyme's, Rheumatoid arthritis, Mono

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REVIEW
1. Explain how each of the following disease-causing organisms overcomes the body’s natural
defenses to enter the body.
a. Malaria

b. hepatitis C

c. tuberculosis

d. salmonella

2. Explain how the following problems impair the body’s ability to fight against disease-causing
organisms.
a. A person with hemophilia has blood that does not clot properly.

b. The skin is badly damaged so that tissues are exposed.

c. Someone who has HIV has many helper T-cells destroyed by the virus.

3. Explain how the following methods can be used to assist the body’s ability to fight against
disease-causing organisms.
a. vaccinations given at birth

b. antibiotics prescribed when you have an infection

c. antiseptics used during operations

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