LABORATORY MANUAL

I Year M. Tech I- Semester

DESIGN PRACTICE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 INDEX

[Link] EXPERIMENT DATE MARKS SIGNATURE

1 To determine the stresses acting on a cantilever
beam with a point load of -10000 N acting at
one of its ends and perpendicular to the axis of
the beam.
2
To determine the nodal deflections, reaction
forces, and stress of the indeterminate truss
system when subjected to point loads, E =
210 GPa, A = 0.1 m2.
3
To find the displacement, maximum, minimum
stresses induced in a given cantilever beam
and draw the shear force and bending
moment diagrams by using ANSYS tool, also
list the results according to the given loads.
4 To find the displacement, maximum, minimum
stresses induced in a given cantilever beam with
uniformly distributed load and point loads and
draw the shear force and bending moment
diagrams by using ANSYS tool, also list the results
according to the given loads.
5
Determination of deflections component and
principal and Von-mises stresses in plane stress,
plane strain and Axisymmetric components.
6
The corner angle bracket is shown below. The
upper left hand pin-hole is constrained around
its entire circumference and a tapered
pressure load is applied to the bottom of lower
right hand pin-hole. Compute Maximum
displacement, Von-Mises stress.

7
To perform a Modal Analysis of Cantilever beam
for natural frequency determination. Modulus
of elasticity = 200GPa, Density = 7800 Kg/m3,
Poison ratio = 0.27
8
To conduct the harmonic forced response test by
applying a cyclic load (harmonic) at the end of
the beam. The frequency of the load will be
varied from 1 - 100 Hz. Modulus of elasticity =
200GPa, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3, Density = 7800
Kg/m3.
 9 To perform a thermal stress analysis of a
rectangular plate by using ANSYS software.
Assume Thermal conductivity of the plate,
KXX=401 W/(m-K).
10 To conduct the convective heat transfer analysis
of a 2D component using ANSYS software.
Thermal conductivity of the plate, KXX=16
W/(m-K).

DESIGN PRACTICE LAB -1

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

1. To analyze the various mechanical components in both static conditions

2. To impart the students with necessary computer aided analysis skills.

3. To analyze the various mechanical components in the dynamic conditions.

4. Simulation of mechanical components by visualization software’s.

5. To impart the knowledge on program-based simulation for solving the problems.

Course Outcomes

1. Understand the various types of analysis in Ansys.

2. Able to do the Simulation of mechanical components by visualization software

3. Understand the dynamic analysis of the various components and their properties.

4. Understand the concept of simulation using the program-based software.

5. Understand the solving and analyzing the mechanical components using empirical

equations.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. To determine the stresses acting on a cantilever beam with a point load of -10000 N
acting at one of its ends and perpendicular to the axis of the beam.

2. To determine the nodal deflections, reaction forces, and stress of the indeterminate
truss system when subjected to point loads, E = 210 GPa, A = 0.1 m 2.

3. To find the displacement, maximum, minimum stresses induced in a given cantilever

beam and draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams by using ANSYS tool,
also list the results according to the given loads.

4. To find the displacement, maximum, minimum stresses induced in a given cantilever

beam with uniformly distributed load and point loads and draw the shear force and
bending moment diagrams by using ANSYS tool, also list the results according to the
given loads.

5. Determination of deflections component and principal and Von-mises stresses in plane

stress, plane strain and Axisymmetric components.

6. The corner angle bracket is shown below. The upper left hand pin-hole is constrained
around its entire circumference and a tapered pressure load is applied to the bottom
of lower right hand pin-hole. Compute Maximum displacement, Von-Mises stress.

7. To perform a Modal Analysis of Cantilever beam for natural frequency determination.

Modulus of elasticity = 200GPa, Density = 7800 Kg/m3, Poison ratio = 0.27

8. To conduct the harmonic forced response test by applying a cyclic load (harmonic) at
the end of the beam. The frequency of the load will be varied from 1 - 100 Hz. Modulus
of elasticity = 200GPa, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3, Density = 7800 Kg/m 3.

9. To perform a thermal stress analysis of a rectangular plate by using ANSYS software.

Assume Thermal conductivity of the plate, KXX=401 W/(m-K)

10. To conduct the convective heat transfer analysis of a 2D component using ANSYS
software. Thermal conductivity of the plate, KXX=16 W/(m-K).
 INTRODUCTION TO ANSYS

ANSYS is a general-purpose finite element-modeling package for numerically solving a wide

variety of mechanical problems. These problems include: static/dynamic structural analysis
(both linear and non-linear), heat transfer and fluid problems, as well as acoustic and electro-
magnetic problems.

Why Ansys?

 ANSYS is a complete FEA software package used by engineers worldwide in virtually

all fields of engineering:
 Structural
 Thermal
 Fluid (CFD, Acoustics, and other fluid analyses)
 Low- and High-Frequency Electromagnetics
 A partial list of industries in which ANSYS is used:
 Aerospace--- Electronics & Appliances
 Automotive--- Heavy Equipment & Machinery
 Biomedical--- MEMS - Micro Electromechanical Systems
 Bridges & Buildings--- Sporting Goods
 ANSYS Multiphysics is the flagship ANSYS product which includes all capabilities in
all engineering disciplines.
 ANSYS Classic Environment for exposure to all ANSYS functionality

1
  There are three main component products derived from ANSYS Multiphysics:
 ANSYS Mechanical – structural & thermal capabilities

 ANSYS Emag – electromagnetics

 ANSYS FLOTRAN – CFD capabilities
 Other product lines:
 ANSYS LS-DYNA – for highly nonlinear structural problems
 ANSYS Professional – linear structural and thermal analyses, a subset of
ANSYS Mechanical capabilities
 ANSYSDesign Space – linear structural and steady state thermal analyses, a
subset of ANSYS Mechanical capabilities in the Workbench Environment.
Structural analysis: is used to determine deformations, strains, stresses, and Reaction forces.
 Static analysis:
 Used for static loading conditions.
 Nonlinear behavior such as large deflections, large strain, contact, plasticity,
hyper elasticity, and creep can be simulated.
 Dynamic analysis:
 Includes mass and damping effects.
 Modal analysis calculates natural frequencies and mode shapes.
 Harmonic analysis determines a structure’s response to sinusoidal loads of
known amplitude and frequency.
 Transient Dynamic analysis determines a structure’s response to time-varying
loads and can include nonlinear behavior.
 Other structural capabilities
 Spectrum analysis
 Random vibrations
 Eigen value buckling
 Substructuring, submodeling
 Explicit Dynamics with ANSYS/LS-DYNA
 Intended for very large deformation simulations where inertia forces are
dominant.
 Used to simulate Impact, crushing, rapid forming, etc.
Thermal analysis: is used to determine the temperature distribution in an object. Other
quantities of interest include amount of heat lost or gained, thermal gradients, and thermal flux.
All three primary heat transfer modes can be simulated:

2
Conduction, convection, radiation.

 Steady-State – Time dependent effects are ignored.

 Transient – To determine temperatures, etc. as a function of time.
– Allows phase change (melting or freezing) to be simulated.
Electromagnetic analysis: is used to calculate magnetic fields in electromagnetic devices.
Static and low-frequency electromagnetics:
– To simulate devices operating with DC power sources, low-frequency AC, or
low-frequency transient signals.
Example: solenoid actuators, motors, transformers
– Quantities of interest include magnetic flux density, field intensity, magnetic
forces and torques, impedance, inductance, eddy currents, power loss, and flux
leakage.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD):To determine the flow distributions and temperatures
in a fluid.
– ANSYS/FLOTRAN can simulate laminar and turbulent flow, compressible and
incompressible flow, and multiple species.
Applications: aerospace, electronic packaging, automotive design.
– Typical quantities of interest are velocities, pressures, temperatures, and film
coefficients.
Working in ANSYS

1.1. Opening ANSYS SESSION:

Ansys can be opened in Windows Operating System through

 Start>programs>Ansys18>Interactive
 Start>programs>Ansys18>Run Interactive
 Start>programs>Ansys18>Batch
The Interactive Option is used in the very beginning of Ansys Session to set
 Working Directory
 Default File Name
 Graphics driver
 Data Space
 Workspace

3
  Menus to be visible
 Command Line Arguments
Run-Interactive directly opens the Ansys Graphical user Interface (GUI)

Batch Utility is used to run the Programs Background.

MODELLING APPROACH
 Bottom-up approach: Creation of model by defining the geometry of the
structure with nodes and elements
 Top-down approach: Building a solid model using a 3D CAD program and
then dividing the model into nodes and elements
1.2. ANSYS Menu:

By Default, ANSYS opens 6 Menus. They are

1. Utility Menu
2. Main Menu
3. Input Window
4. Tool Bar
5. Graphics Window
6. Output Window
Utility Menu

This menu contains all important options as follows

A. File: The file contains

4
 • Clear & Start: To clear the database &Start a new job
• Resume from: To resume the previously stored job
• Save as: Save the database as [Link]

• Read Input from: if input is taken from Outside programmed file

• Switch Output: To external file or by default files in *.iges format is

supported without any additional software. BY CATIA, UG, PRO-E you
can import the geometry
• Export: To export to use in other software’s.
• Exit: To close the Ansys Session.
B. Select: This is very important option for viewing the results or applying the boundary
conditions. The parts of the model can be selected and can manipulate for data.
This option contains
• Entities: Entities to be selected like key points, lines, nodes, elements,
areas, volumes, etc
• Components: Naming and grouping the selected components.
• Everything: Selecting only that part
• Everything below: Selecting the entities below that.
C. List: This option can be used to listing the elements, nodes, volumes, forces,
displacements etc.
D. Plot: This option is used to plot the areas, volumes, nodes, elements etc.
E. Plot Controls: This option is very important and contains
• Pan Zoom Rotate: It opens another menu through which zooming and
rotation of the model is possible.
• View Setting: By default Z plane is perpendicular to the viewer. By this
view option, view settings can be changed.
• Numbering: this is useful for setting on/off the entity numbering
• Symbols: to view the applied translations, forces, pressures, etc. this option
should be used to set them on.
• Style: Sectioning, vector arrow sizing and real structural appearances is
possible through this.
• Window Controls: Window positioning (Layout) is possible with this.
• Animate: Animation can be done for the output data using this.
• Device Options: Wireframe models can be observed through this.
• Hard Copy: data can be sent either to printer or any external file.
5
 • Capture Image: To capture the graphics window output to a *.bmp image.
• Multiplot Window Layout: To view the results in more than one window.
•
F. Work plane: By default, Z Plane is perpendicular for data input. For any changes in
the global X,Y & Z planes, the work plane should be rotated to create the model or view

G. Parameters: These are the scalar parameters represented with values.

Eg: b=10
H. Macros: These are grouping of Ansys commands to fulfill particular work. These can
be taken equivalent to C, C++ & Java Functions.
I. Menu Controls: This can be used to set on/off the menus.
J. Help: For all the help files related to commands and topics
Main Menu: This menu contains

 Pre-processor: This sub option can be used to build and mesh the model
through proper element selection and boundary conditions.
 Solution: this option can be used solve the matrix equation through proper
solver.
 Post Processor: This option is used to interpret the results.
 Design Optimization: This option is used to optimize the structure.
 Time History Processor: For dynamic problems, results can be viewed through
this option.
 Run Stats: This option can be used to find the status of the model, time it
 take s for execution, computer processor capabilities, wave front size etc.

Input Window: This can be used to input commands or named selection.

Tool Bar: This contains options like saving the file, resuming the file database, Quitting the
Ansys session and Graphics Type.
Graphics Window: This is where the model creation and plotting of results carried out.
Output Window: This shows the status of the work being carried out.

6
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Determination of deflection and stresses in 2D beams
Two-Dimensional static linear analysis of a cantilever beam
AIM: To determine the stresses acting on a cantilever beam with a point load of -10000 N
acting at one of its ends and perpendicular to the axis of the beam.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
• Ram: 2 GB
• Processor: Intel CORE i3
• Operating system: Window XP Service Pack 3
• Software: ANSYS (Version19.0)
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: File – clear and start new – do not read file – ok
Preferences
Step 2: Ansys Main Menu – Preferences select – STRUCTURAL – h method – ok
Preprocessor
Step 3: Element type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – BEAM – 2 node 188– ok- close.
Step 4: Material Properties – material models – Structural – Linear – Elastic – Isotropic
– EX– 2e5– PRXY – 0.3 – ok – close.
Step 5: Sections-Beams-common sections- sub type- rectangle (1St element) - enter
B=100, H = 50- preview-ok.
Step 6: Modeling – Create – Nodes – In Active CS – Node Number =1 – X, Y, Z
Locations = 0,0,0, - Apply (first node is created) – Node Number =2 – X, Y, Z Locations
= 2000,0,0, - ok (second node is created)
Step 7: Create – Elements – Auto numbered – Thru Nodes – pick 1 & 2 – ok (elements
are created through nodes).
Solution
Step 8: Solution – Analysis Type – New Analysis – Static – ok.

7
 Step 9: Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement – On Nodes –
Pick 1st node – apply – DOFs to be constrained – ALL DOF – ok.
Step 10: Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Force/Moment – On Nodes–
Pick 2nd node – apply – direction of force/mom – FY – Real part of force/mom – -10000
– ok.
Step 11: Solve – current LS – ok (Solution is done is displayed) – close.

General Post Processor

Step 12: Plot Results - Deformed Shape – Select-Def + undef edge' - click 'OK'

Step 13: Plot Results – Contour plot – Nodal solution – DOF solution – Y component
of displacement – OK
RESULT:
Maximum Nodal Displacement (DMX) =
Maximum Stress (SMN) =

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by beam?
2. Explain the types of beams?
3. Define term element
4. Define term node
5. Give example for higher order elements

8
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Determination of deflection and stresses in 2D trusses
2-D Static linear analysis of a truss structure

AIM: To determine the nodal deflections, reaction forces, and stress of the
indeterminate truss system when subjected to point loads, E = 210 GPa, A = 0.1 m2

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
• Ram: 2 GB
• Processor: Intel CORE i3
• Operating system: Window XP Service Pack 3
• Software: ANSYS (Version19.0)
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: File – clear and start new – do not read file – ok
Preferences
Step 2: Ansys Main Menu – Preferences select – STRUCTURAL – h method – ok
Preprocessor
Step 3: Element type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Link – 3D Finit stn 180 – ok- close.
Step 4: Real constants – Add – ok – real constant set no – 1 – c/s area – 0.1 – ok –
close.
Step 5: Material Properties – material models – Structural – Linear – Elastic – Isotropic
– EX– 210e9 – ok – close.
Step 6: Modeling – Create – Nodes – In Active CS – Node Number =1 – X, Y, Z
Locations = 0,0,0, - Apply (first node is created) – Node Number =2 – X, Y, Z Locations

9
 = 4,0,0, - ok (second node is created) - Node Number =3 – X, Y, Z Locations = 4,3,0,

- ok (Third node is created) - Node Number =4 – X, Y, Z Locations = 0,3,0, - ok (fourth

node is created)
Step 7: Create–Elements–Elem Attributes – Material number – 1 – Real constant set
number – 1 – ok
Step 8: Create – Elements – Auto numbered – Thru Nodes – pick 1 & 2 – apply- pick
2 & 3 – apply – pick 3 & 1 – apply –pick 3 & 4 – ok (elements are created through
nodes).
Solution
Step 9: Solution – Analysis Type – New Analysis – Static – ok.
Step 10: Loads – Define loads – apply – Structural – Displacement – on Nodes – pick
node 1 & 4 – apply – DOFs to be constrained – All DOF – ok – on Nodes – pick node
2 – apply – DOFs to be constrained – UY – ok.
Step 11: Loads – Define loads – apply – Structural – Force/Moment – on Nodes- pick
node 2 – apply – direction of For/Mom – FX – Force/Moment value – 2000 (+ve value)
– ok
Step 12: Loads – Define loads – apply – Structural – Force/Moment – on Nodes- pick
node 3 – apply – direction of For/Mom – FY – Force/Moment value – -2500 (-ve value)
– ok.
Step 13: Solve – current LS – ok (Solution is done is displayed) – close.

10
General Post Processor
Step 14: Plot Results - Deformed Shape – Select-Def + undef edge' - click 'OK'
Step 15: Element table – Define table – Add –‘Results data item’ – By Sequence num
– LS – LS1 – ok.

Step 16: Plot results – contour plot –Element table – item to be plotted LS,1, avg
common nodes- yes average- ok.
Step 17: Reaction forces: List Results – reaction solution – items to be listed – All
items – ok (reaction forces will be displayed with the node numbers).
Step 18: Plot results- nodal solution-ok-DOF solution- Y component of
displacement-ok.
Step 19: Animation: PlotCtrls – Animate – Deformed shape – def+undeformed-ok.

RESULT:
Maximum Nodal Displacement (DMX) =
Minimum Stress (SMN) =

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS

1. What is the difference between beam and truss?

2. Explain shear force and bending moment
3. What is meant by point of contraflexure?
4. Element attributes must be set before meshing the solid model. (T/F)
5. In a plane strain, the strain in the direction of thickness is assumed to be zero.(T/F)

11
 ERVATIONS

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
AIM: To find the displacement, maximum, minimum stresses induced in a given cantilever
beam and draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams by using ANSYS tool, also list
the results according to the given loads.

Point load of -10000 N acting at one of its ends and perpendicular to the axis of the beam.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
• Ram: 2 GB
• Processor: Intel CORE i3
• Operating system: Window XP Service Pack 3
• Software: ANSYS (Version19.0)
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: File – clear and start new – do not read file – ok
Preferences
Step 2: Ansys Main Menu – Preferences select – STRUCTURAL – h method – ok
Preprocessor
Step 3: Element type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – BEAM – 2 node 188– ok- close.
Step 4: Material Properties – material models – Structural – Linear – Elastic – Isotropic
– EX– 2e5– PRXY – 0.3 – ok – close.
Step 5: Sections-Beams-common sections- sub type- rectangle (1st element) - enter
B=100, H = 50- preview-ok.
Step 6: Modeling – Create – Nodes – In Active CS – Node Number =1 – X, Y, Z
Locations = 0,0,0, - Apply (first node is created) – Node Number =2 – X, Y, Z Locations
= 2000,0,0, - ok (second node is created)
Step 7: Create – Elements – Auto numbered – Thru Nodes – pick 1 & 2 – ok (elements
are created through nodes).
Solution
Step 8: Solution – Analysis Type – New Analysis – Static – ok.

16
 Step 9: Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement – On Nodes –
Pick 1st node – apply – DOFs to be constrained – ALL DOF – ok.
Step 10: Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Force/Moment – On Nodes–
Pick 2nd node – apply – direction of force/mom – FY – Real part of force/mom – -10000
– ok.
Step 11: Solve – current LS – ok (Solution is done is displayed) – close.

General Post Processor

Step 12: Plot Results - Deformed Shape – Select-Def + undef edge' - click 'OK'
Step 13: Element Table – Define Table – Add – By sequence num – SMISC, 2 – Apply
By sequence num – SMISC, 8 – Apply
By sequence num – SMISC, 6 – Apply
By sequence num – SMISC, 12 - ok
Step 14: Shear Force Diagram
Plot Results – Contour plot – Line Elem Res – Select SMIS2, SMIS8

17
 Step 15: Bending Moment Diagram
Plot Results – Contour plot – Line Elem Res – Select SMIS6, SMIS12

RESULT:
Maximum Nodal Displacement (DMX) =

Maximum Stress (SMN) =

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by beam?
2. Explain the types of beams?
3. What is difference between node and element?
4. What is shear force?
5. What is bending moment?

18
 PERIMENT NO. 4
AIM: To find the displacement, maximum, minimum stresses induced in a given cantilever
beam with uniformly distributed load and point loads and draw the shear force and bending
moment diagrams by using ANSYS tool, also list the results according to the given loads.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
• Ram: 2 GB
• Processor: Intel CORE i3
• Operating system: Window XP Service Pack 3
• Software: ANSYS (Version19.0)
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: File – clear and start new – do not read file – ok
Preferences
Step 2: Ansys Main Menu – Preferences select – STRUCTURAL – h method – ok
Preprocessor
Step 3: Element type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – BEAM – 2 node 188– ok- close.
Step 4: Material Properties – material models – Structural – Linear – Elastic – Isotropic
– EX– 2e5– PRXY – 0.3 – ok – close.
Step 5: Sections-Beams-common sections- sub type- rectangle (1st element) - enter
B=1, H = 1- preview-ok.
Step 6: Modelling > create > nodes > Inactive CS > (Enter x,y,z values) as shown in
the figure:
Node 1:0,0,0
Node 2: 1,0,0
Node 3:2.5,0,0
Node 4:4.5,0,0
Node 5:5.5,0,0

19
 Step 7: Create – Elements – Auto numbered – Thru Nodes – pick all the nodes one by
one – ok (elements are created through nodes).
Solution
Step 8: Solution – Analysis Type – New Analysis – Static – ok.

Step 9: Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement – On Nodes –

Pick 1st node – apply – DOFs to be constrained – ALL DOF – ok.
Step 10: Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Force/Moment – On Nodes–
Pick 2nd node – apply – direction of force/mom – FY = -3 – ok.
Step 11: Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Force/Moment – On Nodes–
Pick 5th node – apply – direction of force/mom – FY = -2.5 – ok
Step 12: Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Pressure – On Beam– Select
beam between nodes 3, 4 – Enter pressure values as 0.001 at both I & J - ok

Step 13: Solve – current LS – ok (Solution is done is displayed) – close.

General Post Processor

Step 14: Plot Results - Deformed Shape – Select-Def + undef edge' - click 'OK'
Step 15: Element Table – Define Table – Add – By sequence num – SMISC, 2 – Apply
By sequence num – SMISC, 8 – Apply
By sequence num – SMISC, 6 – Apply
By sequence num – SMISC, 12 - ok
Step 16: Shear Force Diagram
Plot Results – Contour plot – Line Elem Res – Select SMIS2, SMIS8

20
 Step 17: Bending Moment Diagram
Plot Results – Contour plot – Line Elem Res – Select SMIS6, SMIS12

RESULT:
Maximum Nodal Displacement (DMX) =
Maximum Stress (SMN) =

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS
1. What is nodal solution?
2. What is pre processor?
3. What is post processor?
4. What type of options we use in preferences?
5. What is DOF

21
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5
AIM: Determination of deflections component and principal and Von-mises stresses in plane stress, plane
strain and Axisymmetric components.
In the plate with a hole under plane stress, find deformed shape of the hole and determine
the maximum stress distribution along A-B (you may use t = 1 mm). E = 210GPa, t = 1
mm, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3, Dia of the circle = 20 mm, Density = 7800 Kg/m3. Analysis
assumption – plane stress with thickness is used and do with axisymmetric

AIM: To perform a stress analysis of a rectangular plate with circular hole using analysis
software ANSYS.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:

 Ram : 2 GB
 Processor : Intel CORE i3
 Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3

 Software : ANSYS (Version19.0)

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: File – clear and start new – do not read file – ok
Preferences
Step 2: Ansys Main Menu – Preferences select – STRUCTURAL – h method – ok
Preprocessor

Step 3: Element type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Solid – Quad 4 node182 – ok – option

– element behavior K3 – Plane stress with thickness – ok – close.
Step 4: Real constants – Add – ok – real constant set no – 1 – Thickness – 1 – ok.

22
 Step 5: Material Properties – material models – Structural – Linear – Elastic – Isotropic
– EX– 210e9– PRXY – 0.3– ok – close.

Step 6: Modeling –Create – Area – Rectangle – by dimensions – X1, X2, Y1, Y2 – 0,

30, 0,20 ok.

Step 7: Create – Area – Circle – solid circle – X, Y, radius – 0, 0, 10 – ok.

Step 8: Operate – Booleans – Subtract – Areas – pick area which is not to be deleted
(rectangle) – apply – pick area which is to be deleted (circle) – ok.
Step 9: Meshing – Mesh Tool – Mesh Areas – Quad – Free – Mesh – pick all – ok.
Mesh Tool – Refine – pick all – Level of refinement – 3 – ok.
Solution

Step 10: Solution – Define Loads –loads – apply – Structural – Displacement –

Axisymm B.C – on lines – select bottom and left side line – ok.

Step 11: Solution – Define loads – apply – Structural – pressure – on lines – select the
right-side line – apply – enter pressure value – 50 (-ve value) –ok.
Step 12: Solve – current LS – ok (Solution is done is displayed) – close.

General Post Processor

Step 15: Plot results – contour plot – Element solution – Stress – Von Mises Stress – ok
(the stress distribution diagram will be displayed).
Step 16: Plot Ctrls – Animate – Deformed shape – def + undeformed-ok.
Step 17: utility menu – plotctrls – styles- symmetric expansion – periodic/cyclic

23
 symmetry – select (1/4) dihedral sym - ok.

RESULT:
Maximum Nodal Displacement (DMX) =
Maximum Stress (SMN) =

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the advantages of axisymmetric elements?
2. Define frontal method for finite element matrices
3. Define mesh plotting
4. Define stress and strain with units
5. Explain the boundary conditions for above problem

24
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6
AIM: The corner angle bracket is shown below. The upper left hand pin-hole is constrained
around its entire circumference and a tapered pressure load is applied to the bottom of lower
right hand pin-hole. Compute Maximum displacement, Von-Mises stress.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:

 Ram : 2 GB
 Processor : Intel CORE i3
 Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3
 Software : ANSYS (Version19.0)
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: File – clear and start new – do not read file – ok
Preferences
Step 2: Ansys Main Menu – Preferences select – STRUCTURAL – h method – ok
Preprocessor

Step 3: Element type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Solid – Quad 8 node 183– ok – option
– element behavior K3 – Plane stress with thickness – ok – close.
Step 4: Real constants – Add – ok – real constant set no – 1 – Thickness – 0.5 – ok.

25
 Step 5: Material Properties – material models – Structural – Linear – Elastic – Isotropic
– EX– 30e6– PRXY – 0.27– ok – close.
Step 6: Modeling –Create – Area – Rectangle – by dimensions – X1, X2, Y1, Y2 – 0,
6, 0,2 – apply –Create – Area – Rectangle – by dimensions – X1, X2, Y1, Y2 – 4, 6, -
2, 2 – ok.
Step 7: Create – Area –Circle – solid circle – X, Y, radius – 0, 1, 1 – apply – X, Y,
radius – 5, -2, 1 – ok.
Step 8: Operate – Booleans – Add – Areas – pick all.
Step 9: Create – Lines – Line fillet – pick the two lines where fillet is required – apply
– fillet radius – 0.4 – ok.
Step 10: Create – Areas – Arbitrary – by lines – pick filleted lines – ok.
Step 11: Operate – Booleans –Add – Areas – pick all
Step 12: Create – Area – Circle – solid circle – X, Y, radius – 0, 1, 0.4 – apply –X, Y,
radius – 5, -2, 0.4 – ok.
Step 13: Operate – Booleans – Subtract – Areas – pick area which is not to be deleted
(bracket) – apply – pick areas which is to be deleted (pick two circles) – ok.
Step 14: Meshing – Mesh Tool – Mesh Areas – Quad – Free – Mesh – pick all – ok.
Mesh Tool – Refine – pick all – Level of refinement – 3 – ok.

.
Solution
Step 15: Loads – Define loads – apply – Structural – Displacement – on Lines – select
the inner lines of the upper circle – apply – DOFs to be constrained – ALL DOF – ok.
Step 16: Loads – Define loads – apply – Structural – Pressure – on Lines – Pick line
defining bottom left part ofthe circle – apply – load PRES value – 50 – optional PRES
32
 Step 17: Loads – Define loads – apply – Structural – Pressure – on Lines – Pick line
defining bottom right part of the circle – apply – load PRES value – 500 – optional
PRES value – 50 – ok.
Step 18: Solve – current LS – ok (Solution is done is displayed) – close.
General Post Processor

Step 19: Plot Results – Deformed Shape – def+undeformed – ok.

Step 20: Plot results – contour plot – Element solu – Stress – Von Mises Stress – ok
(the stress distribution diagram will be displayed).
Step 21: PlotCtrls – Animate – Deformed shape – def+undeformed-ok.

RESULT:
Maximum Nodal Displacement (DMX) =
Maximum Stress (SMN) =
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is connectivity?
2. What is plane stress
3. Difference between global coordinate and local co ordinate
4. General assumption made in stress
5. Explain one-point formula

33
 Experiment 7
Estimation of natural frequencies and mode shapes

AIM: To perform a Modal Analysis of Cantilever beam for natural frequency determination.
Modulus of elasticity = 200GPa, Density = 7800 Kg/m3, Poison ratio = 0.27

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
• Ram: 2 GB
• Processor: Intel CORE i3
• Operating system: Window XP Service Pack 3
• Software: ANSYS (Version19.0)
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: File – clear and start new – do not read file – ok
Preferences
Step 2: Ansys Main Menu – Preferences select – STRUCTURAL – h method – ok
Preprocessor
Step 3: Element type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – BEAM – 2 node 188– ok- close.
Step 4: Material Properties – material models – Structural – Linear – Elastic – Isotropic
– EX– 200e9– PRXY – 0.27– Density – 7800 – ok – close.
Step 5: Sections-Beams-common sections- sub type- rectangle (1St element) - enter
B=10, H = 10- preview-ok.
Step 6: Modeling – Create – Nodes – In Active CS – Node Number =1 – X, Y, Z
Locations = 0,0,0, - Apply (first node is created) – Node Number =2 – X, Y, Z Locations
= 1000,0,0, - ok (second node is created)
Step 7: Create – Elements – Auto numbered – Thru Nodes – pick 1 & 2 – ok (elements
are created through nodes).
Solution
Step 8: Solution – Analysis Type – New Analysis – Modal – ok.

Step 9: Solution – Analysis Type – Analysis options – no of modes to extract – 5 –

no of modes to expand – 5 – ok – (use default values) – ok.

Step 10: Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement – On Nodes

– Pick 1st node apply – DOFs to be constrained – ALL DOF – ok.

34
 Step 11: Solve – current LS – ok (Solution is done is displayed) – close.

General Post Processor

Step 12: Result Summary – close.
Step 13: Read Results – First Set
Step 14: Plot Results – Deformed Shape – def + undeformed – ok.
Step 15: Plot Ctrls – Animate – Deformed shape – def + undeformed-ok.
Step 16: Read Results – Next Set
Step 17: Plot Results – Deformed Shape – def + undeformed – ok.
Step 18: Plot Ctrls – Animate – Deformed shape – def + undeformed-ok.

RESULT:

Thus, the Model Analysis of Cantilever beam with load for natural frequency is done by
using the ANSYS Software.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the total degree of freedom of Ansys commercial package?
2. What are the different menus in ANSYS?
3. What is Work space and Swap space.
4. What is default value of worksp1ace and Swap space?
5. What file format ANSYS can support

35
 Experiment 8
Estimation of Harmonic response of 2D beam

AIM: To conduct the harmonic forced response test by applying a cyclic load (harmonic) at
the end of the beam. The frequency of the load will be varied from 1 - 100 Hz. Modulus of
elasticity = 200GPa, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3, Density = 7800 Kg/m3.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:

 Ram : 2 GB
 Processor : Intel CORE i3
 Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3
 Software : ANSYS (Version19.0)

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: File – clear and start new – do not read file – ok
Preferences
Step 2: Ansys Main Menu – Preferences select – STRUCTURAL – h method – ok
Preprocessor
Step 3: Element type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – BEAM – 2 node 188– ok- close.
Step 4: Material Properties – material models – Structural – Linear – Elastic –
Isotropic – EX– 200e9– PRXY – 0.3 – Density – 7800 – ok – close.
Step 5: Sections-Beams-common sections- sub type- rectangle (1St element) - enter
b=10, h = 10- preview-ok.
Step 6: Modeling – Create – Nodes – In Active CS – Node Number =1 – X, Y, Z
Locations = 0,0,0, - Apply (first node is created) – Node Number =2 – X, Y, Z
Locations = 1000,0,0, - ok (second node is created)
Step 7: Create – Elements – Auto numbered – Thru Nodes – pick 1 & 2 – ok (elements
are created through nodes).
Solution
Step 8: Solution – Analysis Type – New Analysis – Harmonic – ok.

36
 Step 9: Solution – Analysis Type – Analysis options – Solution method – FULL –
DOF printout format – Real + imaginary – ok – (use default values) – ok.

Step 10: Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement – On Nodes –

Pick1st node - apply – DOFs to be constrained – ALL DOF – ok.

Step 11: Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Force/Moment – On Nodes

– Pick2nd node – apply – direction of force/mom – FY – Real part of force/mom – -

100 – imaginary part of force/mom – 0 – ok.
Step 12: Solution – Load Step Opts – Time/Frequency – Freq and Sub stps...
– Harmonic frequency range– 0 – 100 – number of substeps – 100 – B.C –
stepped – ok.
Step 13: Solve – current LS – ok (Solution is done is displayed) – close.
Time Hist Post pro
Step 14: Time Hist post pro – Variable Viewer – Click “Add” icon – Nodal Solution
– DOF Solution –Y-Component of displacement – ok – Enter 2 – ok. Click “List data”
icon and view the amplitude list. Click “Graph” icon and view the graph. To get a
better view of the response.
Step 15: Utility Menu – Plot Ctrls – Style – Graphs – Modify Axis – Y axis scale –
Logarithmic –ok. Utility Menu – Plot – Replot.
This is the response at node 2 for the cyclic load applied at this node from 0 - 100 Hz.
File–Report Generator–Choose Append–ok–Image Capture–ok - close

RESULT:
Thus the harmonic analysis of 2D component is done by using the ANSYS Software.

VIVA QUESTION:

1. What is P-method and H-method

2. What is scalar parameters in ANSYS.
3. What are primary nodes and Secondary nodes.
4. What is Mirror ( Reflection).
5. What is subroutines.

37
 OBSERVATIONS

Experiment 9
Steady state heat transfer Analysis

AIM: To perform a thermal stress analysis of a rectangular plate by using ANSYS software.
Assume Thermal conductivity of the plate, KXX=401 W/(m-K).

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:

Ram : 2 GB

Processor : Intel CORE i3

Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3

Software : ANSYS (Version19.0)

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: File – clear and start new – do not read file – ok
Preferences
Step 2: Ansys Main Menu – Preferences select – Thermal – h method – ok
Preprocessor
Step 3: Element type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Solid – Quad 4 node – 55 – ok – option
– Element behavior K3 – Plane stress with thickness – ok – close.
Step 4: Real constants - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Ok – THK 0.5 – Ok – Close.
Step 5: Material Properties – material models – Thermal – Conductivity – Isotropic
– KXX – 401 - ok – close.
Step 6: Modeling – Create – Area – Rectangle – by dimensions – X1, X2, Y1, Y2 – 0,
10, 0, 20 – ok
Step 7: Meshing – Mesh tool – Areas, set – select the object – Ok – Element edge
length 0.05 - Ok – Mesh tool- Tri, free - mesh – Select the object –Ok.

38
 Solution
Step 8: Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Thermal – Temperature – on Lines –
select bottom, left, right lines –apply – DOFs to be constrained – TEMP – Temp value

– 1000 C – ok.
Step 9: Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Thermal – Temperature – on Lines –

select top lines – apply – DOFs to be constrained – TEMP – Temp value – 2000 C –
ok.
Step 10: Solve – current LS – ok (Solution is done is displayed) – close.
General Post Processor
Step 11: Plot results – Contour plot – Nodal solution – DOF solution – Nodal
Temperature – Ok.

RESULT:
Thus, the conductive heat transfer analysis of a 2D component is done by using the ANSYS
Software

VIVA QUESTION:

1. What are the types of boundary conditions?

2. What are the three phases of finite element method.
3. What is meant by DOF?
4. Explain the general steps in FEA with the help of a flowchart?
5. Give examples for essential (forced or geometric) and non-essential (natural)
boundary conditions.

39
 Experiment 10
AIM: To conduct the convective heat transfer analysis of a 2D component using ANSYS
software. Thermal conductivity of the plate, KXX=16 W/(m-K).

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:

Ram : 2 GB

Processor : Intel CORE i3

Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3

Software : ANSYS (Version19.0)

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: File – clear and start new – do not read file – ok
Preferences
Step 2: Ansys Main Menu – Preferences select – Thermal – h method – ok
Preprocessor
Step 3: Element type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Solid – Quad 4 node – 55 – ok – option
– Element behavior K3 – Plane stress with thickness – ok – close.
Step 4: Real constants - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Ok – THK 0.5 – Ok – Close.
Step 5: Material Properties – material models – Thermal – Conductivity – Isotropic
– KXX – 16 - ok – close.
Step 6: Modeling – Create – Key Points – In Active CS

– Key Points Number =1 – X, Y, Z Locations = 0,0,0, - Apply (1st node is created)

– Key Points Number =2 – X, Y, Z Locations = 300,0,0, - Apply (2nd node is created)

– Key Points Number =3 – X, Y, Z Locations = 300,200,0, - Apply (3rd node is

40
 created)

– Key Points Number =4 – X, Y, Z Locations = 500,200,0, - Apply (4th node is

– Key Points Number =5 – X, Y, Z Locations = 500,0,0, - Apply (5th node iscreated)

– Key Points Number =6 – X, Y, Z Locations = 800,0,0, - Apply (6th node iscreated)

– Key Points Number =7 – X, Y, Z Locations = 800,400,0, - Apply (7th node is

created)

– Key Points Number =8 – X, Y, Z Locations = 0,400,0, - ok (8th node is created)

Step 7: Modeling – Create – line – lines- straight lines-pick 1 &2, pick 2&3, pick 3 &
4, pick 4 & 5, pick 5 & 6, pick 6 & 7, pick 7 & 8, pick 8 & 0- ok
Step 8: Modeling – Create-Areas- Arbitrary –By lines- pick 1,2,3,4,5,6,7& 8 lines
- ok
Step 9: Meshing – Mesh tool – Areas, set – select the object – Ok – Element edge
length 0.05 - Ok – Mesh tool- Tri, free - mesh – Select the object –Ok.
Solution
Step 10: Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Thermal – Temperature – on Lines –
select lines –apply – DOFs to be constrained – TEMP – Temp value – 3000C – ok.
Step 11: Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Thermal – Convection – On lines –
select the top line – Ok – Enter the values of film coefficient 50, bulk temperature 40
– Ok.
Step 12: Solve – current LS – ok (Solution is done is displayed) – close.
General Post Processor
Step 13: Plot results – Contour plot – Nodal solution – DOF solution – Nodal
Temperature – Ok.
RESULT:
Thus, the convective heat transfer analysis of a 2D component is done by using the ANSYS
Software.
VIVA QUESTION:

1. What is H-method
2. Explain the types of analysis
3. What is meant by iso parametric element?
4. Is beam element an isoparametric element?
5. What is the difference between natural co-ordinates and simple natural co-
ordinate?

41
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

1. Compute the Shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown and find
the maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 0.2 m * 0.3 m, Young’s
modulus of 210 GPa, Poisson’s ratio 0.27.

2. Compute the Shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown and find
the maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 100 mm * 100mm, Young’s
modulus of210 MPa, Poisson’s ratio 0.27.

3. Compute the Shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown and find
the maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 100 mm * 100mm, Young’s
modulus of210 MPa, Poisson’s ratio 0.27.

4. Compute the Shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown and find
the maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 100 mm * 100mm, Young’s
modulus of210 MPa, Poisson’s ratio 0.27.

5. Compute the Shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown and find
the maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 0.2 m * 0.3 m, Young’s
modulus of 210 GPa, Poisson’s ratio 0.27.

42
6. Compute the Shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown and find
the maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 0.2 m * 0.3 m, Young’s
modulus of 210 GPa, Poisson’s ratio 0.27.

7. Consider the two bar truss shown in figure. For the given data, find Stress in each
element, Reaction forces, Nodal displacement. E = 210 GPa, A = 0.1 m2

8. In the plate with a hole under plane stress, find deformed shape of the hole and
determine the maximum stress distribution along A-B (you may use t = 1 mm). E =
210GPa, t = 1 mm, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3, Dia of the circle = 10 mm, Analysis
assumption – plane stress with thickness is used.

43
9. To conduct the convective heat transfer analysis of a 2D component using ANSYS
software. Thermal conductivity of the plate, KXX=28 W/(m-K).

10. Solve the 2-D heat conduction problem for the temperature distribution within the
rectangular plate. Thermal conductivity of the plate, KXX=510 W/(m-K).

11. Modal Analysis of Cantilever beam for natural frequency determination. Modulus of
elasticity = 20GPa, Density = 6800 Kg/m3.

12. Conduct a harmonic forced response test by applying a cyclic load (harmonic) at the
end of the beam. The frequency of the load will be varied from 1 - 100 Hz. Modulus
of elasticity = 20GPa, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3, Density = 6800 Kg/m3.

44