**Here is a compilation of 200 one-liner Q&A on the Human Reproductive System** (anatomy, physiology,

gametogenesis, hormones, cycles, and functions). Ideal for quick revision. 19. **Q: What produces prostate-specific antigen (PSA)?**
**A: Prostate gland.**
1. **Q: What is the primary function of the human reproductive system?**
**A: Production of gametes and continuation of the species through fertilization.** 20. **Q: What is semen?**
**A: Sperm + seminal plasma (fluid from accessory glands).**
2. **Q: What are the primary reproductive organs in females?**
**A: Ovaries.** 21. **Q: Process of sperm formation?**
**A: Spermatogenesis.**
3. **Q: What are the primary reproductive organs in males?**
**A: Testes.** 22. **Q: Process of ovum formation?**
**A: Oogenesis.**
4. **Q: What produces female gametes?**
**A: Ovaries (ova/eggs).** 23. **Q: Where does spermatogenesis occur?**
**A: Seminiferous tubules of testes.**
5. **Q: What produces male gametes?**
**A: Testes (spermatozoa).** 24. **Q: What cells nourish developing sperm?**
**A: Sertoli cells.**
6. **Q: What is the site of fertilization?**
**A: Ampulla of the fallopian tube.** 25. **Q: Hormone stimulating spermatogenesis?**
**A: FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone).**
7. **Q: What structure connects ovary to uterus?**
**A: Fallopian tube (oviduct).** 26. **Q: What stimulates testosterone production?**
**A: LH (Luteinizing Hormone).**
8. **Q: What is the function of the uterus?**
**A: Implantation and development of the embryo/fetus.** 27. **Q: Site of oogenesis?**
**A: Ovaries (ovarian follicles).**
9. **Q: What is the lower part of the uterus?**
**A: Cervix.** 28. **Q: At what stage is the female gamete released?**
**A: Secondary oocyte (arrested in metaphase II).**
10. **Q: What is the birth canal?**
**A: Vagina.** 29. **Q: What surrounds the ovum?**
**A: Zona pellucida and corona radiata.**
11. **Q: What produces estrogen and progesterone?**
**A: Ovaries (mainly corpus luteum and follicles).** 30. **Q: What is ovulation?**
**A: Release of secondary oocyte from the ovary.**
12. **Q: What is the male sex hormone?**
**A: Testosterone.** 31. **Q: What triggers ovulation?**
**A: LH surge.**
13. **Q: Where are testes located?**
**A: Scrotum (outside the body for lower temperature).** 32. **Q: What forms after ovulation?**
**A: Corpus luteum.**
14. **Q: What is the function of scrotum?**
**A: Maintains optimal temperature (2–3°C lower) for spermatogenesis.** 33. **Q: Function of corpus luteum?**
**A: Secretes progesterone and estrogen.**
15. **Q: What stores mature sperm?**
**A: Epididymis.** 34. **Q: What happens if no fertilization?**
**A: Corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans.**
16. **Q: What transports sperm from epididymis to urethra?**
**A: Vas deferens.** 35. **Q: Length of human menstrual cycle?**
**A: Average 28 days.**
17. **Q: What gland produces seminal fluid?**
**A: Seminal vesicles (fructose-rich).** 36. **Q: Phases of menstrual cycle?**
**A: Menstrual, follicular (proliferative), ovulation, luteal (secretory).**
18. **Q: What secretes alkaline fluid to neutralize urethra?**
**A: Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands.** 37. **Q: What occurs in menstrual phase?**

**A: Shedding of endometrium (days 1–5).** 56. **Q: What is endometrium?**

**A: Inner lining that thickens and sheds cyclically.**
38. **Q: What dominates follicular phase?**
**A: Rising estrogen, endometrial proliferation.** 57. **Q: What is myometrium?**
**A: Muscular layer responsible for contractions.**
39. **Q: What is the fertile window?**
**A: Around ovulation (day 14 ± few days).** 58. **Q: Blood supply to uterus?**
**A: Uterine arteries (branches of internal iliac).**
40. **Q: What maintains endometrium in luteal phase?**
**A: Progesterone.** 59. **Q: What supports the uterus?**
**A: Broad ligaments, round ligaments, etc.**
41. **Q: What is menarche?**
**A: Onset of first menstruation (puberty in girls).** 60. **Q: What is the cervix composed of?**
**A: Fibrous connective tissue.**
42. **Q: What is menopause?**
**A: Permanent cessation of menstruation (around 45–55 years).** 61. **Q: pH of vagina?**
**A: Acidic (3.5–4.5) due to lactobacilli.**
43. **Q: What causes menopause?**
**A: Depletion of ovarian follicles.** 62. **Q: Function of vaginal acidity?**
**A: Prevents infections.**
44. **Q: What is puberty?**
**A: Development of secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive maturity.** 63. **Q: Homologous structures: ovaries and ?**
**A: Testes.**
45. **Q: Hormone initiating puberty?**
**A: GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone).** 64. **Q: Homologous to clitoris?**
**A: Glans penis.**
46. **Q: Secondary sexual characters in males?**
**A: Facial hair, deepening voice, muscle growth.** 65. **Q: What is the tunica albuginea?**
**A: Fibrous capsule around testes/ovaries.**
47. **Q: Secondary sexual characters in females?**
**A: Breast development, wider hips, pubic hair.** 66. **Q: What are Leydig cells?**
**A: Interstitial cells producing testosterone.**
48. **Q: What is the acrosome in sperm?**
**A: Contains enzymes for penetrating ovum.** 67. **Q: Length of spermatogenesis?**
**A: About 74 days.**
49. **Q: What is capacitation?**
**A: Maturation of sperm in female tract.** 68. **Q: Number of sperm produced daily?**
**A: Millions (approx. 100–200 million per day).**
50. **Q: What prevents polyspermy?**
**A: Cortical reaction (zona pellucida hardening).** 69. **Q: What is spermiogenesis?**
**A: Transformation of spermatid to spermatozoon.**
51. **Q: What is the female external genitalia called?**
**A: Vulva.** 70. **Q: What is polar body?**
**A: Small non-functional cell in oogenesis.**
52. **Q: Parts of vulva?**
**A: Labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule.** 71. **Q: At birth, female has how many oocytes?**
**A: About 1–2 million (primordial follicles).**
53. **Q: What is the clitoris?**
**A: Erectile tissue homologous to penis.** 72. **Q: Number of follicles ovulated in lifetime?**
**A: Around 400.**
54. **Q: What lubricates the vagina?**
**A: Bartholin’s glands.** 73. **Q: What is Graafian follicle?**
**A: Mature follicle ready for ovulation.**
55. **Q: Layers of uterus?**
**A: Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium.** 74. **Q: What is theca interna?**
**A: Produces androgens converted to estrogen.**
 **A: Suppresses ovulation and thickens cervical mucus.**
75. **Q: Feedback in follicular phase?**
**A: Estrogen exerts positive feedback on LH surge.** 94. **Q: What is IUD?**
**A: Intrauterine device (prevents implantation).**
76. **Q: Feedback in luteal phase?**
**A: Progesterone + estrogen negative feedback on GnRH.** 95. **Q: What is cryptorchidism?**
**A: Undescended testes.**
77. **Q: What is hCG?**
**A: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (maintains corpus luteum in pregnancy).** 96. **Q: What is hypospadias?**
**A: Urethral opening on underside of penis.**
78. **Q: What hormone prepares breasts for lactation?**
**A: Prolactin.** 97. **Q: Common female infection?**
**A: Candidiasis (yeast).**
79. **Q: What causes milk ejection?**
**A: Oxytocin.** 98. **Q: What is PID?**
**A: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.**
80. **Q: What is implantation?**
**A: Attachment of blastocyst to endometrium.** 99. **Q: Most common cause of infertility in males?**
**A: Low sperm count/motility.**
81. **Q: When does implantation occur?**
**A: Around day 6–10 after fertilization.** 100. **Q: Most common cause of female infertility?**
**A: Ovulatory disorders or tubal blockage.**
82. **Q: What is the placenta?**
**A: Organ for exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste.** 101. **Q: What is androgen?**
**A: Male sex hormone group (testosterone main).**
83. **Q: What maintains pregnancy?**
**A: Progesterone (initially corpus luteum, then placenta).** 102. **Q: What is estrogen’s role in bones?**
**A: Maintains bone density.**
84. **Q: What is amniotic fluid?**
**A: Protects fetus, allows movement.** 103. **Q: Effect of testosterone on voice?**
**A: Thickens vocal cords (deepening).**
85. **Q: What is the umbilical cord?**
**A: Connects fetus to placenta (2 arteries, 1 vein).** 104. **Q: What is inhibin?**
**A: Inhibits FSH secretion.**
86. **Q: What is colostrum?**
**A: First breast milk rich in antibodies.** 105. **Q: What is relaxin?**
**A: Relaxes pelvic ligaments during childbirth.**
87. **Q: What is erectile tissue in males?**
**A: Corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum.** 106. **Q: Layers of sperm head?**
**A: Acrosome, nucleus.**
88. **Q: What causes erection?**
**A: Parasympathetic stimulation, nitric oxide.** 107. **Q: Sperm tail structure?**
**A: Flagellum with mitochondria in midpiece.**
89. **Q: What is ejaculation?**
**A: Emission + expulsion of semen.** 108. **Q: What is zona pellucida?**
**A: Glycoprotein layer around ovum.**
90. **Q: What is vasectomy?**
**A: Cutting and tying vas deferens (male sterilization).** 109. **Q: What is corona radiata?**
**A: Granulosa cells around ovum.**
91. **Q: What is tubectomy?**
**A: Tying/cutting fallopian tubes (female sterilization).** 110. **Q: Fertilization restores what?**
**A: Diploid number (46 chromosomes).**
92. **Q: What prevents sperm entry?**
**A: Condom, diaphragm, cervical cap.** 111. **Q: What is cleavage?**
**A: Rapid mitotic divisions of zygote.**
93. **Q: Hormonal contraception mechanism?**

112. **Q: What is morula?**

**A: Solid ball of cells (16–32).** 131. **Q: Ovum viable period?**
**A: 12–24 hours.**
113. **Q: What is blastocyst?**
**A: Hollow ball with inner cell mass and trophoblast.** 132. **Q: What is breech presentation?**
**A: Buttocks or feet first (not normal).**
114. **Q: Function of trophoblast?**
**A: Forms placenta.** 133. **Q: What is identical twins?**
**A: Monozygotic (single zygote splits).**
115. **Q: What is gastrulation?**
**A: Formation of three germ layers.** 134. **Q: What is fraternal twins?**
**A: Dizygotic (two ova fertilized).**
116. **Q: Germ layers?**
**A: Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.** 135. **Q: What is ectopic pregnancy?**
**A: Implantation outside uterus (usually tube).**
117. **Q: What hormone is detected in pregnancy test?**
**A: hCG.** 136. **Q: What is endometriosis?**
**A: Endometrial tissue outside uterus.**
118. **Q: Where is hCG produced?**
**A: Syncytiotrophoblast.** 137. **Q: What is PCOS?**
**A: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (hormonal imbalance).**
119. **Q: What is afterbirth?**
**A: Placenta and membranes expelled after baby.** 138. **Q: Function of fimbriae?**
**A: Catch ovum into fallopian tube.**
120. **Q: Average gestation period?**
**A: 280 days / 40 weeks.** 139. **Q: What are rete testes?**
**A: Network collecting sperm from seminiferous tubules.**
121. **Q: What is lactation?**
**A: Milk production and secretion.** 140. **Q: What is blood-testis barrier?**
**A: Protects sperm from immune attack (Sertoli cells).**
122. **Q: What inhibits lactation during pregnancy?**
**A: High estrogen and progesterone.** 141. **Q: What is gubernaculum?**
**A: Guides descent of testes.**
123. **Q: What is amenorrhea?**
**A: Absence of menstruation.** 142. **Q: What is processus vaginalis?**
**A: Peritoneal outpouching for testicular descent.**
124. **Q: What is dysmenorrhea?**
**A: Painful menstruation.** 143. **Q: What is varicocele?**
**A: Dilated veins in pampiniform plexus.**
125. **Q: What is PMS?**
**A: Premenstrual Syndrome.** 144. **Q: What is oophoritis?**
**A: Inflammation of ovary.**
126. **Q: What causes hot flashes in menopause?**
**A: Low estrogen.** 145. **Q: What is salpingitis?**
**A: Inflammation of fallopian tube.**
127. **Q: What is andropause?**
**A: Gradual decline in testosterone in older males.** 146. **Q: What is hysterosalpingography?**
**A: Imaging of uterus and tubes.**
128. **Q: What is prostate’s role?**
**A: Secretes milky alkaline fluid.** 147. **Q: What is spermatogonium?**
**A: Stem cell for spermatogenesis.**
129. **Q: What is seminal vesicle contribution?**
**A: 60–70% of semen volume.** 148. **Q: What is primary spermatocyte?**
**A: Undergoes meiosis I.**
130. **Q: Sperm survival in female tract?**
**A: Up to 5 days.** 149. **Q: What is secondary spermatocyte?**
 **A: Haploid, undergoes meiosis II.** 168. **Q: Average sperm count?**
**A: 15–200 million per ml.**
150. **Q: What is spermatid?**
**A: Haploid cell maturing into sperm.** 169. **Q: Normal semen volume?**
**A: 2–5 ml.**
151. **Q: Primary oocyte completes meiosis when?**
**A: At ovulation (first division).** 170. **Q: What is azoospermia?**
**A: Absence of sperm in semen.**
152. **Q: What is antrum in follicle?**
**A: Fluid-filled cavity in secondary follicle.** 171. **Q: What is oligospermia?**
**A: Low sperm count.**
153. **Q: What is cumulus oophorus?**
**A: Granulosa cells around oocyte.** 172. **Q: What is asthenospermia?**
**A: Poor sperm motility.**
154. **Q: What is LH surge timing?**
**A: Mid-cycle (day 14).** 173. **Q: What is teratospermia?**
**A: Abnormal sperm morphology.**
155. **Q: What is mittelschmerz?**
**A: Ovulation pain.** 174. **Q: What is the acrosome reaction?**
**A: Release of enzymes to penetrate zona pellucida.**
156. **Q: Basal body temperature rises due to?**
**A: Progesterone.** 175. **Q: What fuses with ovum?**
**A: Sperm nucleus (pronucleus).**
157. **Q: Cervical mucus at ovulation?**
**A: Thin, stretchy (ferning).** 176. **Q: What is syngamy?**
**A: Fusion of male and female pronuclei.**
158. **Q: What is spinnbarkeit?**
**A: Stretchability of cervical mucus.** 177. **Q: What determines genetic sex?**
**A: Sperm (X or Y chromosome).**
159. **Q: What is decidual reaction?**
**A: Endometrial change for implantation.** 178. **Q: What is SRY gene?**
**A: Sex-determining region on Y chromosome.**
160. **Q: What is chorion?**
**A: Outermost fetal membrane.** 179. **Q: What develops into male internal genitalia?**
**A: Wolffian ducts (under testosterone).**
161. **Q: What is amnion?**
**A: Inner membrane forming amniotic sac.** 180. **Q: What develops into female internal genitalia?**
**A: Müllerian ducts.**
162. **Q: What is yolk sac?**
**A: Early blood cell formation and nutrition.** 181. **Q: What hormone causes Müllerian regression?**
**A: Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH).**
163. **Q: What is allantois?**
**A: Contributes to umbilical cord and bladder.** 182. **Q: What is the indifferent stage?**
**A: Early embryonic gonad (weeks 1–6).**
164. **Q: What is syncytiotrophoblast?**
**A: Invasive layer secreting hCG.** 183. **Q: What is Klinefelter syndrome?**
**A: XXY (male, infertility).**
165. **Q: What hormone peaks in first trimester?**
**A: hCG.** 184. **Q: What is Turner syndrome?**
**A: XO (female, short stature, infertility).**
166. **Q: What maintains corpus luteum?**
**A: hCG.** 185. **Q: Role of estrogen in puberty?**
**A: Breast development, growth spurt.**
167. **Q: What is quickening?**
**A: First fetal movements felt by mother.** 186. **Q: Role of testosterone in puberty?**
**A: Muscle mass, voice change, spermatogenesis.**

187. **Q: What is gynecomastia?**

**A: Breast development in males.**

188. **Q: What is the mons pubis?**

**A: Fatty pad over pubic bone.**

189. **Q: What are Skene’s glands?**

**A: Paraurethral glands (female prostate analogue).**

190. **Q: What is the perineum?**

**A: Area between vagina and anus.**

191. **Q: What is the rectouterine pouch?**

**A: Pouch of Douglas (lowest peritoneal point).**

192. **Q: What is the broad ligament?**

**A: Peritoneal fold supporting uterus and tubes.**

193. **Q: Arterial supply to the ovary?**

**A: Ovarian artery.**

194. **Q: Lymph drainage of testes?**

**A: Para-aortic nodes.**

195. **Q: What is creammaster muscle?**

**A: Raises tests for temperature regulation.**

196. **Q: What is dartos muscle?**

**A: Wrinkles scrotal skin.**

197. **Q: What is the epididymis divided into?**

**A: Head, body, tail.**

198. **Q: What is an ejaculatory duct?**

**A: Union of vas deferens and seminal vesicle duct.**

199. **Q: What is the verumontanum?**

**A: Elevation in prostatic urethra where ejaculatory ducts open.**

200. **Q: Ultimate purpose of human reproductive system?**

**A: Formation of new individuals through gamete fusion and development.**