ALAGAPPA CHETTIAR GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
KARAIKUDI 630 003
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025
SOLAR PANEL MONITORING AND FAULT DETECTION
USING IoT
A PROJECT REPORT-
Submitted by
ARCHANA D 91762213012
ARUL R 91762213013
ARUNA SIVARANJANI S 91762213014
BIJIRIN JO S 91762213020
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
APRIL 2026
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “SOLAR PANEL MONITORING AND FAULT
DETTECTION USING IoT” is the Bonafide work of
ARCHANA D 91762213012
ARUL R 91762213013
ARUNA SIVARANJANI S 91762213014
BIJIRIN JO S 91762213020
who carried out the project work under my supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr.A. ARUNYA REVATHI M.E., Ph.D., Mr. N. SURESH ME.,
Head of the department, Assistant professor,
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Alagappa Chettiar Government College
Engineering and Technology, of Engineering and Technology,
Karaikudi-630 003. Karaikudi-630 003.
Submitted for viva-voice examination held on………………
INTERNAL EXAMINAR EXTERNAL EXAMINAR
i
DECLARATION
We here by declare that the work entitled “SOLAR PANEL
MONITORING AND FAULT DETECTION USING IoT” is submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the B.E degree in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering is a record of our own work carried out by us during
the academic year 2025-2026 under the guidance of Mr. N. SURESH Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Alagappa Chettiar Government
College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi – 630003.
(Signature of the candidate)
ARCHANA D 91762213012
ARUL R 91762213013
ARUNA SIVARANJANI S 91762213014
BIJIRIN JO S 91762213020
We certify that the declaration made above by the candidates are true.
Signature of Guide
Mr. N. SURESH ME.,
Assistant Professor,
Department of EEE,
Alagappa Chettiar Govt. College of Engg. &Tech,
Karaikudi-630003.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, we thank and acknowledge profusely the following personalities who
helped us to complete this project successfully.
We are greatly obliged to Dr. K. BASKARAN M.E, Ph.D., for providing excellent
infrastructure and studying in the institution which is used to complete this project.
We thank our beloved Dr. A ARUNYA REVATHI M.E, Ph.D., Professor and Head of
the department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for providing facilities to
accomplish this project and for her timely assistance and constant guidance.
It is our great pleasure to be under the valuable guidance of the respected
[Link] ME., Assistant Professor of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Department , who has always motivated us to think with audacity and to create
perseverance. We express our profound sense of gratitude to our teacher and supervisor.
We thank our faculty advisor Dr. K. PADMANABAN M.E, Ph.D., Assistant Professor,
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department.
We wish to thank the lab assistant of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
and our heartfelt thanks to our parents and our friends for their moral support and
assistance in this project.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
TITLE
NO NO
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLE viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS x
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Introduction to Embedded Systems 2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Literature Review 4
3 SYSTEM DESIGN 8
3.1 System design 8
3.1.1 Existing System 8
3.1.2 Proposed System 8
3.2 Block Diagram 9
3.3 Methodology 9
3.4 Circuit Diagram 10
4 WORKING 11
4.1 working 11
5 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 13
5.1 DHT 11 13
5.1.1 Supporting circuitry 15
5.1.2 DHT 11 module pinout 16
5.2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 17
5.2.1 Working of LCD Display 18
5.2.2 LCD Pin description 19
v
5.2.3 Register select 19
5.2.4 Read/Write 19
5.2.5 Enable 19
5.2.6 D0 - D7 19
5.2.7 Pin Description for Lcd 20
5.3 NODEMCU (ESP8266) 21
5.3.1 Pin diagram of ESP8266 22
5.4 Current Sensor (ACS712) 26
5.4.1 Programming for ACS712 Module 28
5.5 Voltage Sensor 28
5.6 Power Supply 30
5.6.1 Transformer 30
5.6.2 Rectifier Circuit 32
6 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 34
6.1 Arduino Development Environment 34
6.2 Writing Sketches 34
6.3 Uploading 35
6.4 Libraries 35
6.5 Programming 36
6.6 Automatic (Software) Reset 37
7 RESULTS 42
7.1 Simulation Result 42
7.1.1 Normal Condition 42
7.1.2 Open Circuit Condition 43
7.1.3 Short Circuit Condition 44
7.2 Hardware Result 45
7.2.1 Normal Condition 45
7.2.2 Short Circuit Condition 45
vi
7.2.3 Open Circuit Condition 46
7.2.4 Partial Shading Condition 46
8 TEAM MEMBER CONTRIBUTION 47
8.1 Individual Contribution 48
9 PROJECT TIME AND FINANCE 50
MANAGEMENT
9.1 Work Plan / Time Schedule 50
9.1.1 Plan of Action for Implementation 50
9.2 Bill of Materials and Cost Breakdown 51
10 CONCLUSION 52
10.1 Ethics – Plagiarism Report 53
REFERENCES 54
vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
TITLE
NO NO
5.1 Pin Descriptions of LCD 20
8.1 Individual Contribution 47
9.1 Project Work Schedule / Milestone Table 48
9.2 Bill of Materials / Cost Breakdown 49
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
TITLE
NO NO
3.1 Block Diagram 9
3.2 Circuit Diagram 10
5.1 DHT11 Sensor 13
5.2 NIC or Thermistor 14
5.3 8 bit SOIC – 14 IC 14
5.4 Photoresistor Module 15
5.5 DHT11 Pinout connection 17
5.6 LCD Display 18
5.7 NODEMCU ( ESP8266 ) 21
5.8 Pin Diagram of Esp8266 22
5.9 Current Sensor ( ACS 712) 27
5.10 Voltage divider circuit 29
5.11 Voltage Sensor 30
5.12 Transformer 32
6.1 Convectional Sensor Network 38
6.2 Sensor Network over cloud 38
6.3 Structure of IoT 39
6.4 Possible outcome of project 40
7.1 Normal condition (Simulation) 42
7.2 Open Circuit Condition (Simulation) 43
7.3 Short Circuit Condition (Simulation) 44
7.4 Normal Condition (Hardware) 45
7.5 Short Circuit Condition (Hardware) 45
7.6 Open Circuit Condition (Hardware) 46
7.7 Partial Shading Condition (Hardware) 46
ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATION FULL FORM
LDR Light Dependent Resistor
DHT Digital Humidity Temperature
I2C Inter Integrated Circuit
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
CNN Convolutional Neural Network
ADC Analog Digital Converter
IoT Internet of Things
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
NTC Negative Temperature Coefficient
SOIC Small Outline Integrated Circuit
LED Light Emitting Diode
RS Register Select
R/W Read/write
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
SRAM Static Random Access Memory
USART Universal Serial Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
GPIO General Purpose Input Output
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
MSSP Master Synchronous Serial Port
USB Universal Serial Bus
MCU Micro Controller Unit
DTR Data Terminal Ready
WSN Wireless Sensor Network
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
x
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