CE 37 A/L 1
PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN
Module 1: INTRODUCTION (PROPERTIES OF STEEL & PROPERTIES OF AREA)
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Prepared by:
ENGR. JOBEL HYLES CABAHUG, CE
ENGR. VICTOR CZAR AUSTRIA, CE
Faculty, CE Department
College of Engineering, Architecture & Technology
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This module has the following sections and corresponding icons:
Title
It shows the specific topic of the module.
Overview
The topics in this module are included in this section.
Lecture proper
A brief debate on the lectures is given in this section. It helps you
explore new ideas and capabilities.
Practice problems
It involves questions or an expression that sets out the concepts
and wordings that you learned from real-life circumstances.
assessment
It is a job aimed at evaluating your mastery in acquiring learning
skills.
Supplementary knowledge
In this segment you will improve your awareness or experience
through the lectures as an additional practice.
Answer key
This contains answers to all activities in the module.
References
This is a list of all sources that this module uses for creation.
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Overview
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
A specialized professional course for civil engineering students in structural engineering
design to enable the design of reinforced concrete structures with optimum utilization of
prestressed concrete element.
COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module, students will be able to analyse the different stages of
loadings and design the section modulus and moment of inertia of a prestressed structure.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES:
Formulate solutions on complex civil engineering problems by applying knowledge in
mathematics and science.
Conduct research and experiment using techniques, skills and modern engineering tools
needed for civil engineering practice.
Demonstrate professional and ethical obligation by designing a standard-setting
system, component or method to fulfill desirable needs under realistic constraints.
Communicate effectively civil engineering activities with engineering and society at
large.
TIME FRAME:
<<<<<<<<<< This module can be covered in three (3) weeks. >>>>>>>>>
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PROPERTIES OF STEEL
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME
Explain the stress-strain and other mechanical characteristics of steel.
YIELD STRENGTH
The yield strength of the material is the point at which the material starts to experience a
significant increase in the rate of strain in relation to stress. At this stage, ductile materials
such as low-carbon steel will begin to undergo significant deformation. An example of this is
an overfilled space where the floor tends to deflect even more than is typical.
Most designs will use yield strength as the design limit as once a material goes past the yield
point it’s fatigue life becomes dramatically reduced. Some designs where remaining below
the yield point of a material can add significant cost or that only require a limited number of
uses may exceed the yield point and allow plastic deformation.
Springs are reliant on a very high yield strength which allows them to remain elastic and spring
back to their original position after deforming.
TENSILE STRENGTH
The tensile or ultimate stress of a material is the point at which deflection will continue until
fracture unless if the load is reduced. In other words this the amount of stress that will cause
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a material to fail with enough time. If you approach the tensile strength of a material you will
either need to add reinforcement, increase the cross sectional area, switch to a higher
strength material, or reduce the load.
DUCTILITY
Ductility is a measure of the degree to which a material can strain or elongate between the
onset of yield and eventual fracture under tensile loading as demonstrated in the figure
below. The designer relies on ductility for a number of aspects of design, including
redistribution of stress at the ultimate limit state, bolt group design, reduced risk
of fatigue crack propagation and in the fabrication processes of welding, bending and
straightening. The various standards for the grades of steel in the above table insist on a
minimum value for ductility so the design assumptions are valid and if these are specified
correctly the designer can be assured of their adequate performance.
WELDABILITY
All structural steels are essentially weldable. However, welding involves locally melting the
steel, which subsequently cools. The cooling can be quite fast because the surrounding
material, e.g. the beam, offers a large 'heat sink' and the weld (and the heat introduced) is
usually relatively small. This can lead to hardening of the 'heat affected zone' (HAZ) and to
reduced toughness. The greater the thickness of material, the greater the reduction
of toughness.
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DURABILITY
A further important property is that of corrosion prevention. Although special corrosion
resistant steels are available these are not normally used in building construction. The
exception to this is weathering steel .
The most common means of providing corrosion protection to construction steel is
by painting or galvanizing. The type and degree of coating protection required depends on
the degree of exposure, location, design life, etc. In many cases, under internal dry situations
no corrosion protection coatings are required other than appropriate fire protection. Detailed
information on the corrosion protection of structural steel is available.
OTHER MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
Modulus of Elasticity, E = 210 GPa
Shear modulus, often taken as, G = 81 GPa
Poisson’s Ratio, v = 0.3
Coefficient of Thermal expansion, α = 12 x 10-6/0C
The principal mechanical properties of the structural steel important in design are the yield
stress, fy; the tensile or ultimate stress, fu; the maximum percent elongation on a standard
gauge length and notch toughness.
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PROPERTIES OF AREAS
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME
Solve the section properties of rolled and built-up sections and use available table in
determining the section properties of a structural shape.
CENTROID OF AN AREA
The centroid of an area is analogous to the center of gravity of a homogenous body. The
centroid is often described as the point at which a thin homogenous plate would balance.
CENTROID OF AN AREA
The location of the centroid of an area bounded by the x and y axes and the
function y = f(x) can be found by integration using the following equations:
𝐴 𝑇 𝑥𝑐 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝐴
𝐴 𝑇 𝑦𝑐 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴
The centroid of a complex area can be found by dividing the area into basic shapes.
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CENTROID OF AN AREA
The center of gravity of flat plate consisting of sub plates having weights of w 1, w2,
and so on is:
𝑊𝑋𝐺 = ∑ 𝑤𝑥 (eq. 1.1)
𝑊𝑌𝐺 = ∑ 𝑤𝑦 (eq. 1.2)
MOMENT OF INERTIA (SECOND MOMENT OF AREA)
The moment of inertia of an area is a very useful property in mechanics problems. The
moment of inertia of a beam’s cross-section measures the ability of the beam to resist
bending. The moment of inertia about the x and y axis and the function of y = f(x) can
be found by integration using the following equations:
𝐼𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
𝐼𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
TRANSFER FORMULA FOR MOMENT OF INERTIA (PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM)
If the moment of inertia with respect to one axis is known, the moment of
inertia with respect to another axis parallel to the first, can be calculated from the
parallel axis theorem also known as transfer axis theorem.
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POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA
The polar moment of inertia measures the ability of the area to resist torsion
or twisting,
𝐽 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝐴 = ∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴
Perpendicular axis theorem:
𝐽 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦
RADIUS OF GYRATION
The radius of gyration is an imaginary distance from the centroidal axis at
which the entire area can be assumed to exist without affecting the moment of inertia.
Radius of gyration is defined by the formula;
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𝐼
𝑟=√
𝐴
MOMENT OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO AN INCLINED AXIS
In some cases, it is necessary to determine the moment of inertia with respect to axes which
are inclined to the usual axes. The moment of inertia of such cases can be determined by the
use of a formula and more conveniently by graphical solution using Mohr’s circle especially if
the principal moments of inertia are known.
The following procedures apply to moments of inertia using Mohr’s circle.
1. On a set of rectangular coordinate axes choose one axis on which to plot values of I x
and Iy and the other on which to plot Ixy. These axes are called principal axes.
2. With Ix, Iy and Ixy known plot (Ix,Iy) and (Iy,Ixy) with Ix and Iy along the horizontal and Ixy
along vertical.
3. Join the points plotted with a straight line. This line is the diameter of the Mohr’s circle
having its center on the principal axis.
4. The angle between any two radii on the Mohr’s circle is double the actual angle
between the usual axes. The rotational sense of this angle corresponds to the
rotational sense of the actual angle between the axes.
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EXAMPLES
1. Locate the centroid of the shaded area shown.
SOLUTION:
A1 = 8(4) = 32m2 x1 = 0 y1 = 2m
A2 = 2(2) = 4m2 x2 = -2m y2 = 3m
A3 = ½(π)(12) = 0.5π m2 x3 = 2m y3 = 4 – 4(4*1/3π) = 3.576m
AT = A1 – A 2 – A3 AT = 32 – 4 – 0.5π = 26.429m2
ATYG = ƩAy = 26.429YG = 32(2) – 4(3) – 0.5π(3.576)
YG = 1.755m
ATXG = ƩAx = 32(0) – 4(-2) – 0.5π(2)
XG = 0.18m
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2. A tee section is made up of a 30mm x 150mm flange and a 30mm x 160mm web.
Determine the properties of the section.
SOLUTION:
𝐴1 = 150(30) = 4500𝑚𝑚2
𝑦1 = 15𝑚𝑚
𝐴2 = 160(30) = 4800𝑚𝑚2
𝑦2 = 110𝑚𝑚
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 9300𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 𝑇 𝑌𝐺 = 𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2
9300𝑌𝐺 = 4500(15) + 4800(110)
𝑌𝐺 = 64.03𝑚𝑚
𝑑1 = 𝑌𝐺 − 15 = 49.03𝑚𝑚
𝑑2 = 110 − 𝑌𝐺 = 45.97𝑚𝑚
x-axis
𝐼𝑥 = ∑(𝐼𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 )
150(30)3 30(160)3
𝐼𝑥 = + 4500(49.03)2 + + 4800(45.97)2
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𝐼𝑥 = 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟗𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝐼𝑥 31538792
𝑆𝑥 = = = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟕𝒎𝒎𝟑
𝑐 (190 − 64.03)
𝐼𝑥 31538790
𝑟𝑥 = √ =√ = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟐𝟑𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑇 9300
y-axis
𝐼𝑦 = ∑(𝐼𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 )
30(150)3 160(30)3
𝐼𝑦 = +
12 12
𝐼𝑦 = 𝟖𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝐼𝑦 8797500
𝑆𝑦 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟑
𝑐 75
𝐼𝑦 8797500
𝑟𝑦 = √ =√ = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑇 9300
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3. For the angular section shown, determine the following:
a.) The location of the centroid from the X and Y axes
b.) The centroidal moments of inertia Igx and Igy.
c.) The moments of inertia Ix and Iy.
d.) The product of inertia Ixy and (Ixy)G.
e.) The polar moment of inertia JG and JO.
f.) The maximum and minimum moments of inertia about the axes and its rotation
through O.
g.) The moment of inertia about the axis through O making and angle of 20 o with
the horizontal.
SOLUTION:
Part a:
Centroid XG and YG
𝐴1 = 125(10) = 1250𝑚𝑚2
𝑥1 = 5𝑚𝑚 𝑦1 = 62.5𝑚𝑚
𝐴2 = 65(10) = 650𝑚𝑚2
𝑥2 = 42.5𝑚𝑚 𝑦2 = 5𝑚𝑚
𝐴 𝑇 = 650 + 1250 = 1900𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 𝑇 𝑌𝐺 = ∑ 𝐴𝑦
1900𝑌𝐺 = 1250(62.5) + 650(5)
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𝒀𝑮 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟖𝒎𝒎
𝐴 𝑇 𝑋𝐺 = ∑ 𝐴𝑥
1900𝑋𝐺 = 1250(5) + 650(10 + 65⁄2)
𝑿𝑮 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟖𝒎𝒎
Part b; Moment of inertia Igx and Igy
𝐼𝑔𝑥 = ∑(𝐼𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 )𝑥
2 2
𝐼𝑔𝑥 = 𝐼𝑔1 + 𝐴1 𝑦𝑐1 + 𝐼𝑔2 + 𝐴2 𝑦𝑐2
𝑦𝑐1 = 67.5 − 42.8 = 19.7𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑐2 = 42.8 −
5 = 37.8𝑚𝑚
10(125)3 65(103 )
𝐼𝑔𝑥 = + 1250(19.72 ) + + 650(37.8)2
12 12
𝑰𝒈𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟗. 𝟑𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝐼𝑔𝑦 = ∑(𝐼𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 )𝑦
2 2
𝐼𝑔𝑦 = 𝐼𝑔1 + 𝐴1 𝑥𝑐1 + 𝐼𝑔2 + 𝑥𝑐2
𝑥𝑐1 = 17.8 − 5 = 12.8𝑚𝑚
𝑥𝑐2 = 42.5 − 17.8 = 24.7𝑚𝑚
125(10)3 2
10(65)3
𝐼𝑔𝑦 = + 1250(12.8) + + 650(24.7)2
12 12
𝑰𝒈𝒚 = 𝟖𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟗. 𝟑𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟒
Part c: Moment of inertia about the Ix and Iy
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑔𝑥 + 𝐴𝑌𝐺2
𝐼𝑥 = 3.047𝑥106 + 1900(42.82 ) = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼𝑔𝑦 + 𝐴𝑋𝐺2
𝐼𝑦 = 840.63𝑥103 + 1900(17.8)2 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
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Part d: product of inertia with respect to x
and y axes.
𝐼𝑥𝑦 = ∑ [(𝐼𝑥𝑦 )𝐺 + 𝐴𝑥𝑦]
Since a rectangle has an axis of symmetry, 𝐼𝑥𝑦
is zero, thus
𝐼𝑥𝑦 = ∑ 𝐴𝑥𝑦
𝐼𝑥𝑦 = 1250(5)(62.5) + 650(42.5)(5)
= 𝟓𝟐𝟖. 𝟕𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟒
Product of inertia with respect to xc and yc
axes, (Ixy)G
By transfer formula;
𝐼𝑥𝑦 = (𝐼𝑥𝑦 )𝐺 + 𝐴𝑋𝐺 𝑌𝐺
528.75𝑥103 = (𝐼𝑥𝑦 )𝐺 + 1900(17.8)(42.8)
(𝑰𝒙𝒚 ) = −𝟗𝟏. 𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝑮
Part e: Polar moment of Inertia, Jo and JG
𝑱𝑶 = 𝑰𝒙 + 𝑰𝒚 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝑱𝑮 = 𝑰𝒈𝒙 + 𝑰𝒈𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
Part f: Maximum and minimum moment of inertia
From the Mohr’s Circle shown,
1 1
𝐶 = (𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦 ) = (6.53 + 1.44)
2 2
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𝐶 = 3.985
𝑅 = √0.528752 + (6.53 − 3.985)2
𝑅 = 2.599
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑪 + 𝑹 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟖𝟓 + 𝟐. 𝟓𝟗𝟗 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑪 − 𝑹 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟖𝟓 − 𝟐. 𝟓𝟗𝟗 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟒
Location of the principal axes:
0.52875
tan 2𝜃𝑝 =
6.53 − 3.985
𝜽𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟒𝒐
Part g: Moment of inertia about an axis making an angle of 20 o with the horizontal
We first determine the angle that the new axis makes with the principal axes obtained in
part f.
𝜃 = 20𝑜 + 𝜃𝑝 = 25.8684𝑜
From the Mohr’s Circle shown,
𝐼𝑈 = 𝐶 + 𝑅 cos 2𝜃
𝐼𝑈 = 3.985 + 2.599 cos 51.7368
𝑰𝑼 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟗𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝐼𝑉 = 𝐶 − 𝑅 cos 2𝜃
𝐼𝑉 = 3.985 − 2.599 cos 51.7368
𝑰𝑽 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
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Practice problems
Each item worth 10 points!
1. A circular piece of tin 24cm in diameter has a triangular hole 9cm by 12cm by 15cm.
the vertex of the triangle at the intersection of the 9cm and 12cm sides is at the center
of the circle. How far is the centroid of the area to the center of the circle deviate?
2. For the shaded surface shown, determine the following:
a. the area of the surface, in square millimeters.
b. The X-coordinate of the centroid in mm
c. The Z-coordinate of the centroid in mm
3. For the section shown,
a. Determine the moment of inertia with respect to the X-axis
b. Determine the moment of inertia with respect to the Y-axis
c. Determine the moment of inertia with respect to the X’-axis
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4. The composite section shown is made up of C 15x50 and W 21x83. Determine the
properties of the composite section.
5. Determine the properties of the double angle shown. The section is made of
2L150x90x12 with longs back-to-back and spacing s = 6mm.
6. With reference to the plane area determine the following;
a. Area of the plane in square millimeters
b. The x-coordinate of the centroid
c. the y-coordinate of the centroid
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Supplementary knowledge
For additional information, you may visit and read the following articles and journals:
[Link] (section properties of common shapes)
[Link]
Answer key
The answer key will be given on the next module
References
1. DIT Gillesania (2006) Fundamentals of Structural steel design
2. William T. Segui (n.d.) Steel design 4th Ed.
3. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) (2015) National
Structural Code of the Philippines
4. L.F. Geschwinder et al., (2017) Unified design of steel structures.
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Department of Civil Engineering
Second Floor, CEAT Faculty Office
Palawan State University – Main Campus
Tiniguiban, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines 5300
Mobile: (+63) 927-569-7993
Email Address: jhcabahug@[Link]