LITERARY GENRES

1. Acrostic - Writing where the first letters of lines or words spell a word or message (e.g., a poem spelling
“LOVE”).
2. Allegory - A story with a hidden meaning, often moral or political (e.g., The Tortoise and the Hare).
3. Alliteration - Repeating the same sound at the start of words (e.g., Peter Piper picked peppers).
4. Allusion - A reference to something outside the text, like a famous event or person.
5. Anachronism - Something out of its correct time, like a smartphone in a medieval story.
6. Anadiplosis - Repeating the last word of one sentence at the start of the next (e.g., Fear leads to anger,
anger leads to hate).
7. Analogy - Explaining something by comparing it to something similar (e.g., Life is like a box of chocolates).
8. Anapest - A poetic rhythm of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one (un-der-STAND).
9. Anaphora - Repeating the same word or phrase at the start of sentences or lines (e.g., I have a dream... I
have a dream).
10. Antagonist - The character or force opposing the main character in a story.
11. Antanaclasis - Repeating a word with different meanings (e.g., Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a
banana).
12. Anthropomorphism - Giving human traits to non-human things (e.g., animals talking in Winnie the Pooh).
13. Antimetabole - Reversing the order of words in a phrase (e.g., Ask not what your country can do for you...).
14. Antithesis - Contrasting ideas in a balanced structure (e.g., It was the best of times, it was the worst of
times).
15. Aphorism - A short, wise saying (e.g., Actions speak louder than words).
16. Aphorismus - Questioning if a word is used correctly or appropriately.
17. Aporia - Expressing doubt or uncertainty, often to make a point.
18. Apostrophe - Addressing someone or something that isn’t present or can’t respond (e.g., O Death, where is
thy sting?).
19. Assonance - Repeating vowel sounds in words close together (e.g., The rain in Spain).
20. Asyndeton - Leaving out conjunctions like “and” or “but” for effect (e.g., I came, I saw, I conquered).
21. Ballad - A story told in a poem, often with simple rhyme and rhythm.
22. Ballade - A strict French poetic form with a set rhyme scheme.
23. Bildungsroman - A story about a character’s growth from youth to maturity.
24. Blank Verse - Poetry without rhyme but with a specific rhythm (usually iambic pentameter).
25. Cacophony - Harsh, jarring sounds in writing or speech.
26. Caesura - A pause in the middle of a line of poetry.
27. Catharsis - Emotional release experienced by the audience of a story.
28. Characterization - How a character’s traits and personality are shown in a story.
29. Chiasmus - Reversing the structure of phrases (e.g., Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you).
30. Cinquain - A five-line poem or stanza.
31. Cliché - An overused expression that has lost its originality (e.g., Time heals all wounds).
32. Climax (Plot) - The most intense or important moment of a story.
33. Climax (Figure of Speech) - Arranging words in increasing importance (e.g., It's a bird, it's a plane, it's
Superman!).
34. Colloquialism - Informal, everyday language or slang (e.g., gonna instead of going to).
35. Common Meter - A poetic structure alternating 8 and 6 syllables per line, often in hymns.
36. Conceit - An elaborate or unlikely comparison (e.g., Love is like a compass).
37. Connotation - The feelings or ideas a word suggests beyond its literal meaning.
38. Consonance - Repeating consonant sounds (e.g., pitter-patter).
39. Couplet - Two lines of poetry that rhyme.
40. Dactyl - A poetic rhythm of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables (HAP-pi-ness).
41. Denotation - The literal dictionary meaning of a word.
42. Dénouement - The final resolution or conclusion of a story.
43. Deus Ex Machina - A sudden, unlikely solution to a problem in a story.
44. Diacope - Repeating a word or phrase with a few words in between (e.g., To be, or not to be).
45. Dialogue - A conversation between characters in a story.
46. Diction - The choice of words and style in writing or speech.
47. Dramatic Irony - When the audience knows something the characters don’t.
48. Dynamic Character - A character who changes significantly during the story.
49. Elegy - A serious poem mourning someone’s death.
50. End Rhyme - Rhyming at the end of lines in poetry.
51. End-Stopped Line - A line of poetry ending with a clear pause or punctuation.
52. Enjambment - Continuing a sentence without a pause at the end of a line in poetry.
53. Envoi - A short final stanza summarizing a poem or dedicating it to someone.
54. Epanalepsis - Repeating the beginning word of a sentence at its end (e.g., The king is dead, long live the
king!).
55. Epigram - A short, witty saying or poem.
56. Epigraph - A quote at the start of a work hinting at its theme.
57. Epistrophe - Repeating words at the end of sentences (e.g., See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil).
58. Epizeuxis - Immediate repetition of a word (e.g., Alone, alone, all alone).
59. Ethos - Using credibility or trust to persuade.
60. Euphony - Pleasant and smooth-sounding words.
61. Exposition - Background information in a story.
62. Extended Metaphor - A long, detailed comparison.
63. External Conflict - A character's struggle with outside forces.
64. Falling Action - Events after the climax leading to the end.
65. Figurative Language - Creative expressions that mean more than the words say.
66. Figure of Speech - Special ways of using words for effect.
67. Flat Character - A simple, one-dimensional character.
68. Foreshadowing - Hints about what will happen later.
69. Formal Verse - Poetry with strict rules for rhyme and rhythm.
70. Free Verse - Poetry without rules for rhyme or rhythm.
71. Hamartia - A fatal flaw that causes a character’s downfall.
72. Hubris - Overconfidence or pride leading to failure.
73. Hyperbole - Extreme exaggeration for effect.
74. Iamb - A rhythm with an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one.
75. Idiom - A phrase with a meaning different from its literal words.
76. Imagery - Descriptive language that appeals to the senses.
77. Internal Rhyme - Rhymes within a single line of poetry.
78. Irony - When the opposite of what is expected happens.
79. Juxtaposition - Placing two things together to highlight differences.
80. Kenning - A poetic phrase replacing a common word (e.g., “whale-road” for the sea).
81. Line Break - Where one line of poetry ends, and another starts.
82. Litotes - Understatement using a negative, like "not bad."
83. Logos - Persuasion through logic or reason.
84. Metaphor - Saying one thing is another for comparison.
85. Meter - The rhythm pattern in poetry.
86. Metonymy - Using something related to refer to something else (e.g., "crown" for king).
87. Mood - The feeling a story creates in the reader.
88. Motif - A recurring element or idea in a story.
89. Narrative - A story or account of events.
90. Onomatopoeia - Words that imitate sounds (e.g., "buzz").
91. Oxymoron - Two opposite words together (e.g., "jumbo shrimp").
92. Paradox - A statement that seems impossible but has truth.
93. Parallelism - Repeating a structure in sentences for effect.
94. Parataxis - Short, simple sentences or phrases side by side.
95. Parody - A funny imitation of something serious.
96. Pathetic Fallacy - Giving emotions to non-human things like weather.
97. Pathos - Persuasion through emotions.
98. Personification - Giving human traits to non-human things.
99. Plot - The sequence of events in a story.
100. Point of View - The perspective from which a story is told.
101. Polyptoton - Repeating words with the same root (e.g., "run" and "running").
102. Polysyndeton - Using many conjunctions (e.g., "and this, and that, and those").
103. Protagonist - The main character in a story.
104. Pun - A funny play on words with multiple meanings.
105. Quatrain - A four-line stanza in poetry.
106. Red Herring - A distraction from the main point or truth.
107. Refrain - Lines repeated in a poem or song.
108. Repetition - Using the same word or phrase multiple times.
109. Rhetorical Question - A question asked to make a point, not for an answer.
110. Rhyme - Words with matching sounds at the end.
[Link] Scheme - The pattern of rhymes in a poem.
112. Rising Action - Events building up to the climax.
113. Round Character - A complex, realistic character.
114. Satire - Using humor or criticism to make a point.
115. Sestet - A six-line stanza in poetry.
116. Setting - Where and when a story happens.
117. Sibilance - A hissing sound from repeated "s" sounds.
118. Simile - Comparing two things using "like" or "as."
119. Slant Rhyme - Almost rhyming sounds.
120. Soliloquy - A character talking to themselves in a play.
121. Sonnet - A 14-line poem with a specific structure.
122. Spondee - A rhythm with two stressed syllables.
123. Stanza - A group of lines in a poem.
124. Static Character - A character who doesn’t change.
125. Stream of Consciousness - Writing thoughts as they come, without structure.
126. Syllogism - A logical argument with two premises leading to a conclusion.
127. Symbolism - Using an object to represent an idea.
128. Synecdoche - A part representing a whole (e.g., "wheels" for a car).
129. Theme - The main message or idea in a story.
130. Tone - The writer’s attitude in the story.
131. Tragic Hero - A flawed hero in a tragedy.
132. Trochee - A rhythm with a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one.
133. Understatement - Presenting something as less important than it is.
134. Verbal Irony - Saying one thing but meaning the opposite.
135. Villanelle - A 19-line poem with repeating lines and rhymes.
136. Zeugma - A word that links two ideas in different ways (e.g., "He lost his keys and his temper").
 LITERARY GENRES

1. ACROSTICS

An acrostic is a piece of writing in which a particular set of letters—typically the first letter of each line,
word, or paragraph—spells out a word or phrase with special significance to the text. Acrostics are most
commonly written as a form of poetry, but they can also be found in prose or used as word puzzles. The
word that is spelled out in an acrostic is called the acrostich.

Types of Acrostics

1. Telestich: An acrostic in which the last letters of each line spell a word or message.

2. Mesostich: An acrostic in which the middles of words or lines form a word or message.

3. Double Acrostic: An acrostic in which words are spelled by both the first and last letters of each line,
so that one word can be read vertically down the left side of the poem and another word can be
read vertically down the right side of the poem.

4. Abecedarian: An acrostic that, instead of spelling a word, spells the alphabet. Chaucer's poem "La
Priere de Nostre Dame" is an example of an abecedarian acrostic. This type of acrostic may also be
referred to as an abecedarius.

Acrostics vs. Acronyms

They’re different because of the following reasons:

 Real words vs. made-up words: Acrostics must form real words or names (or at the very least spell
out the letters of the alphabet). In contrast, acronyms can be made up words.

 Artistic merit vs. practical use: The more significant difference between acronyms and acrostics is
that while acronyms have a practical purpose—whether as a mnemonic or to make it easier to refer
to things more quickly—acrostics have been regarded, to varying degrees at different moments in
history, as a form of writing with literary value.

2. ALLEGORY
An allegory is a narrative that conveys a hidden meaning—moral, spiritual, or political—through
symbolic characters and events. Example: The Tortoise and The Hare is an allegory where the Tortoise
symbolizes persistence and the Hare represents overconfidence.
Key Characteristics
1. Symbolism: Allegories use pervasive symbolism where most elements (characters, events, etc.)
carry symbolic meanings. Not all symbolic works are allegories; symbolism must dominate the
entire narrative.
2. Length: Allegories can range from short sections within a work to entire books or series (e.g.,
Plato's Allegory of the Cave or Orwell's Animal Farm).
3. Clarity of Meaning: Some allegories have clear morals (The Tortoise and The Hare), while others are
subtle, leaving readers unsure if they were intended as allegories.

Allegory vs. Symbolism

Types of Allegory
1. Historical Allegory: Represents historical figures/events. Example: Animal Farm symbolizes the
Russian Revolution.
2. Conceptual Allegory: Symbolizes abstract ideas like virtues or vices. Example: The Pardoner’s Tale in
Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales depicts greed through symbolic characters.
Allegory vs. Parable
1. Morality: Parables always teach a clear moral (e.g., Jesus' parables), while allegories may or may
not have moral lessons.
2. Length: Parables are brief, while allegories can be extensive.
3. Subtlety: Parables have obvious lessons, while allegories can range from overt to highly subtle
symbolism.

PART 1

Leading people is something I was exposed to during my early years, yet every activity indeed needs
certain preparations in order to succeed. Last semester I had a rough path due to the overwhelming
responsibilities. Aside from being a research leader and the organizational work, I was always chosen to
lead group activities in other courses leading me to exhaust myself physically, socially, and mentally.
However, I made sure to be directed with my goals and foster my spiritual faith as this became my
guiding light when I felt that I was stuck at the bottom of an abyss. With God's undying grace, our group
managed to pull everything through and achieve resounding success better than I ever imagined.

From the very beginning, I made sure to be as organized as possible since this is something I always
employ in everything I do. That's why I assigned certain roles to my groupmates: (1) Secretary - jot
down notes during meetings, consultations, and discussions. (2) Compiler - compiles documents and
checks the structure of the paper. (3) Proofreader - proofreads the group's output (4) Human Calendar -
reminds everyone of the deadline and tasks on the tracker. We also shared our insight regarding our
past experiences in doing research which contributes to our progress as a team. Another practice that I
believe is significant for us is devoting time to group prayer whenever we spend the night together,
even though we have different religions.

As we embark on this new semester, I'm committed to learning more from the discussions by exerting
the extra mile to do my personal research on studying difficult lessons. In terms of my leadership, I'll be
more understanding of the circumstances and prioritize the success of conducting meaningful research
without compromising our group's welfare. Personally, I'm dedicated to imposing stricter deadlines and
not overthinking the things beyond my reach as it greatly affected my mental health. In conclusion, I'm
extremely grateful for the support of Ma'am January when it comes to patiently explaining the
complicated terms and the encouragement along the way. I was moved when she told us that she
genuinely prayed for the success of each's group thesis defense. It gave me a sense of hope to do well
amidst all the worries clouding my mind.

Ps. My apologies po for uploading the part 1 a little late as I was not able to see the updated link in the
google chat po.

PART 2

As for Part 2 of the activity, I directly added my comments po in the course syllabus.