Module 4: File Processing and Error Handling

File Operations:

File operations in Python allow you to create, read, write, and manipulate files stored on your
system. They are essential for handling data persistence.

File Input and Output:

File Input and Output (I/O) in Python refers to the process of reading data from files (input)
and writing data to files (output). It is a fundamental concept used in data processing, logging,
and storage.

1. What is File I/O?

*Input→ Reading data from a file
*Output→ Writing data to a file

2. Opening a File
Python uses the built-in open() function:
file = open("[Link]", "mode")

Modes:
* "r" → Read
* "w" → Write (overwrites)
* "a" → Append
* "r+" → Read & Write
* "b" → Binary mode

3. File Input (Reading Data)

# Read entire file
with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
 data = [Link]()
print(data)

# Read line by line

with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
for line in f:
print([Link]())

# Read into list

with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
lines = [Link]()
print(lines)

4. File Output (Writing Data)

# Write (overwrite)
with open("[Link]", "w") as f:
[Link]("Hello World\n")

# Append data
with open("[Link]", "a") as f:
[Link]("New line added\n")

# Write multiple lines

lines = ["Line 1\n", "Line 2\n", "Line 3\n"]
with open("[Link]", "w") as f:
[Link](lines)

5. Reading & Writing Together

with open("[Link]", "r+") as f:
content = [Link]()
print(content)
[Link]("\nAdded new content")

6. File Pointer Operations

with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
print([Link]()) # Current position
[Link](0) # Move to start

7. Binary File I/O

# Example: Copying an image
with open("[Link]", "rb") as source:
with open("[Link]", "wb") as target:
[Link]([Link]())

8. Practical Example
# Writing student data
with open("[Link]", "w") as f:
[Link]("Alice,85\nBob,90\n")

# Reading and processing

with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
for line in f:
name, marks = [Link](",")
print(name, "scored", [Link]())

10. Key Points

* Use `with open()` → safer (auto close)
* Choose correct mode
* Handle exceptions
* Useful for real-world tasks like logs, databases, reports

Processing a File:
Processing a File in Python means not just reading or writing, but analyzing, modifying,
filtering, or transforming the data stored in a file.

1. What is File Processing?

File processing involves:
* Reading data from a file
* Performing operations (search, count, modify, filter)
* Writing results back (optional)

2. Basic Steps in File Processing

1. Open the file
2. Read data
3. Process data
4. (Optional) Write results
5. Close file (or use `with`)

3. Example: Counting Words in a File

with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
text = [Link]()
words = [Link]()
print("Total words:", len(words))
4. Example: Counting Lines, Words, Characters
with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
lines = [Link]()
line_count = len(lines)
word_count = 0
char_count = 0

for line in lines:

word_count += len([Link]())
char_count += len(line)

print("Lines:", line_count)
print("Words:", word_count)
print("Characters:", char_count)

5. Example: Searching for a Word

word_to_search = "Python"
with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
for i, line in enumerate(f, start=1):
if word_to_search in line:
print(f"Found in line {i}: {[Link]()}")

6. Example: Copying Content (Processing + Output)

with open("[Link]", "r") as source:
with open("[Link]", "w") as target:
for line in source:
[Link](line)
7. Example: Filtering Data

👉 Write only lines containing a keyword

keyword = "error"
with open("[Link]", "r") as f, open("[Link]", "w") as out:
for line in f:
if keyword in line:
[Link](line)

8. Example: Modifying File Content

👉 Convert all text to uppercase

with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
content = [Link]()
modified = [Link]()
with open("[Link]", "w") as f:
[Link](modified)

9. Example: Processing CSV-like Data

with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
for line in f:
name, marks = [Link](",")
if int(marks) > 80:
print(name, "is a top scorer")

10. Example: Removing Blank Lines

with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
lines = [Link]()
with open("[Link]", "w") as f:
for line in lines:
 if [Link](): # skip empty lines
[Link](line)
11. Key File Processing Techniques
* Counting → lines, words, characters
* Searching → keywords
* Filtering→ select specific data
* Transforming → uppercase, lowercase
* Aggregating → sums, averages

Reading from a File:

Reading from a File means retrieving data stored in a file so your program can use or process it.

1. Opening a File for Reading

file = open("[Link]", "r")

* "r" → read mode (default)

* Error occurs if file does not exist

👉 Best practice:
with open("[Link]", "r") as file:
# operations

2. Methods to Read a File

1. read() – Read Entire File

with open("[Link]", "r") as file:

content = [Link]()
print(content)
✔ Reads full file as a single string

✔ Not ideal for very large files

2. read(size) – Read Specific Characters

with open("[Link]", "r") as file:

print([Link](10)) # reads first 10 characters

3. readline() – Read One Line

with open("[Link]", "r") as file:

line = [Link]()
print(line)

✔ Reads one line at a time

✔ Useful in loops

4. readlines() – Read All Lines as List

with open("[Link]", "r") as file:

lines = [Link]()
print(lines)

✔ Each line becomes an element in a list

5. Reading Using Loop (Best for Large Files)

with open("[Link]", "r") as file:
for line in file:
print([Link]())

✔ Memory efficient

✔ Recommended for large files

3. Example Program
with open("[Link]", "r") as file:
for line in file:
name, marks = [Link](",")
print(name, "scored", [Link]())

4. File Pointer Concept

with open("[Link]", "r") as file:
print([Link](5))
print([Link]()) # current position
[Link](0) # go back to start

5. Key Points
* Always use "r" mode for reading
* Prefer `with open()` (auto close)
* Use loops for large files

Closing a File:

Closing a File in Python is an important step after performing file operations. It ensures that:

 Data is properly saved

 Resources (memory) are released
 File is no longer in use by the program
1. Using close() Method
file = open("[Link]", "r")
# perform operations
[Link]()

✔ This manually closes the file

✔ After closing, the file cannot be used unless reopened

2. Why Closing a File is Important

* Prevents data loss
* Frees system resources
* Avoids file corruption
* Ensures changes are written to disk

3. Checking if File is Closed

file = open("[Link]", "r")
print([Link]) # False
[Link]()
print([Link]) # True

4. Using `with` Statement (Best Practice)

with open("[Link]", "r") as file:
content = [Link]()
print(content)

✔ Automatically closes the file after the block ends

✔ No need to call `close()` manually

5. What Happens if You Don’t Close a File?
* File remains open in memory
* May cause memory leaks
* Changes may not be saved properly

6. Example Program
file = open("[Link]", "w")
[Link]("Hello Python")
[Link]()

# Trying to use closed file

# [Link]("New data") ❌ Error

7. Key Points
* Always close files after use
* Prefer `with open()` for safety
* Avoid working on a closed file

Creating and Writing New Files:

Creating and Writing New Files involves generating a new file (if it doesn’t exist) and storing
data into it.

1. Creating a New File

Python provides modes that automatically create files:

✅ "w" mode (Write)

* Creates a new file if it doesn’t exist
* Overwrites if file already exists
with open("[Link]", "w") as f:
[Link]("This is a new file.")

✅ "x" mode (Exclusive Creation)

* Creates a new file

* ❌ Gives error if file already exists

with open("[Link]", "x") as f:

[Link]("File created successfully")

2. Writing to a File

✅ Using write()

with open("[Link]", "w") as f:

[Link]("Hello Python\n")
[Link]("File handling example")

✔ Writes string data

✔ Does not automatically add newline (`\n` must be used)

✅ Using writelines()

lines = ["Line 1\n", "Line 2\n", "Line 3\n"]

with open("[Link]", "w") as f:

[Link](lines)
✔ Writes multiple lines

✔ Must include `\n` manually

3. Appending to an Existing File

with open("[Link]", "a") as f:
[Link]("\nThis is appended content")

✔ Adds data at the end

✔ Does not overwrite existing content

4. Example Programs

📌 Example 1: Create and Write Student Data

with open("[Link]", "w") as f:

[Link]("Alice,85\n")
[Link]("Bob,90\n")
[Link]("Charlie,78\n")

📌 Example 2: Create File and Write User Input

with open("[Link]", "w") as f:

name = input("Enter your name: ")
[Link]("Name: " + name)

📌 Example 3: Write Numbers to File

with open("[Link]", "w") as f:
for i in range(1, 6):
[Link](str(i) + "\n")

5. Important Points
* "w" → create + overwrite
* "x" → create only (safe mode)
* "a" → append data
* Always use `with open()` (auto close)
* Use `\n` for new lines

6. Common Errors
* Writing to a file opened in "r" mode
* Forgetting newline → data appears in one line
* File already exists when using "x" mode

Exception Handling:

1. What is an Exception?
An exception is an error that occurs during program execution and disrupts the normal flow of
the program.

✅ Examples:
* Division by zero
* File not found
* Invalid input

print(10 / 0) # ZeroDivisionError
2. Types of Errors
1. Syntax Errors
* Occur due to incorrect syntax

if x == 10 # Missing colon

2. Runtime Errors (Exceptions)

* Occur during execution

a = int("abc") # ValueError

3. Defining Exceptions
In Python, exceptions are predefined classes. Some common ones:
* ZeroDivisionError
* ValueError
* TypeError
* FileNotFoundError
* IndexError

4. Dealing with Exceptions (try-except)

Used to handle errors and prevent program crash.

try:
x = int(input("Enter number: "))
y = 10 / x
print(y)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input")

5. Multiple Exceptions in One Block

try:
a = int(input())
b = int(input())
print(a / b)
except (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):
print("Error occurred")

6. `else` Clause
Executes if no exception occurs.

try:
x = int(input())
print(10 / x)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error")
else:
print("Success")

7. `finally` Clause
Always executes (used for cleanup operations like closing files).
try:
f = open("[Link]")
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found")
finally:
print("Execution completed")

8. Using Exceptions (`raise` Keyword)

Used to manually trigger an exception*

age = int(input("Enter age: "))

if age < 18:

raise ValueError("Age must be 18 or above")

9. User-Defined Exceptions
You can create your own exceptions by inheriting from `Exception`.

✅ Example:
class InvalidAgeError(Exception):
pass
age = int(input("Enter age: "))
if age < 18:
raise InvalidAgeError("Not eligible")

10. Handling User-Defined Exception

class InvalidMarks(Exception):
pass
try:
marks = int(input("Enter marks: "))

if marks < 0 or marks > 100:

 raise InvalidMarks("Marks should be between 0 and 100")

print("Valid marks")

except InvalidMarks as e:
print("Error:", e)

11. Advantages of Exception Handling

* Prevents program crash
* Improves readability
* Handles unexpected situations
* Ensures smooth program flow

12. Key Points to Remember

* Use `try-except` to handle errors
* Use `finally` for cleanup
* Use `raise` to generate exceptions
* Create custom exceptions when needed
* Always handle specific exceptions when possible

13. Short Summary

* Exceptions are runtime errors
* Handled using `try-except`
* `else` runs if no error
* `finally` always runs
* `raise` is used to generate exceptions
* Custom exceptions are user-defined