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Projection

The document explains the concept of projection, detailing the differences between perspective and parallel projections, including their characteristics and applications. It also covers foreshortening, vanishing points, orthographic vs oblique projections, and multiview orthographic representations, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it describes axonometric projections and their types: isometric, dimetric, and trimetric projections.

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4 views4 pages

Projection

The document explains the concept of projection, detailing the differences between perspective and parallel projections, including their characteristics and applications. It also covers foreshortening, vanishing points, orthographic vs oblique projections, and multiview orthographic representations, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it describes axonometric projections and their types: isometric, dimetric, and trimetric projections.

Uploaded by

232000812
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Projection:

.define projection
-​ Projection is the process of mapping a 3D point P(x,y,z)P(x,y,z)P(x,y,z) onto a 2D plane
to get P′(x′,y′)P'(x',y')P′(x′,y′) using straight lines called projectors.

Perspesctive vs parallel

Perspective Projection

●​ Projectors converge to a center of projection


●​ Objects appear smaller when far (realistic)
●​ Has foreshortening & vanishing points
●​ Not uniform scaling

Parallel Projection

●​ Projectors are parallel


●​ Object size does not change with distance
●​ Used in engineering drawings
●​ No vanishing points

Foreshortening:

Foreshortening is the visual effect where an object or a part of it appears shorter than its true
length when it is tilted or viewed at an angle to the viewer.
●​ Object looks shorter than actual length when viewed at an angle
●​ Happens because of depth (distance from viewer)
●​ More noticeable in perspective projection
●​ In parallel projection → less noticeable, more uniform

Vanishing point:
A vanishing point is the point on the projection plane where parallel lines (in 3D) appear to
converge in a perspective view.

●​ Point where parallel lines appear to meet


●​ Happens only in perspective projection
●​ Occurs when lines are not parallel to the view plane

Types:

●​ 1-point → 1 vanishing point


●​ 2-point → 2 vanishing points
●​ 3-point → 3 vanishing points
Ortho vs oblique:

Orthographic Projection

●​ Projectors perpendicular to projection plane


●​ Shows true shape and size
●​ Used for front, top, side views
●​ No distortion

Oblique Projection

●​ Projectors are at an angle (not perpendicular)


●​ Front face is true size, depth is distorted
●​ Simpler but less accurate

Multiview orthographic :
Represents an object using multiple views such as front, top, and side.

Types:

●​ Top View → Shows the object as seen from above


●​ Side View → Shows the object as seen from the side
●​ Front View → Shows the object as seen from the front
Advantages

●​ Preserves distance and angles


●​ Accurate measurements possible
●​ Standard for engineering & CAD
●​ Shapes are clearly defined

Disadvantages

●​ Cannot show full 3D appearance


●​ Requires multiple views
●​ Hard to visualize for beginners

Axonometric projection

●​ A type of orthographic projection


●​ Projectors are perpendicular to the plane
●​ Object is rotated to show multiple sides in one view
●​ Projection direction is not parallel to main axes

Isometric Projection

●​ All three axes equally foreshortened


●​ Angle between axes = 120°
●​ Most commonly used

Dimetric Projection

●​ Two axes equal, one different


●​ Two sides look similar

Trimetric Projection

●​ All three axes different


●​ All sides and angles unequal

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