Control
Systems
Basic Session
Prepared by: Mohamed Essam
Welcome
!
Table of contents
01 02 03
Control Classifications of Components of
Engineering Control Systems Control System
04 05
A planning of 06
Basic Elements its path and Tas
of instrument what we will k
use it for
01
Control
Engineering
What is Control Engineering?
Control Engineering is the ability to continually regulate the behavior of
devices in a repeatable and predicted way.
Automatic Control has played a vital role in the advance of engineering
and science.
Automatic Control helps in attaining optimal performance of dynamic
systems.
Then, we can define “Control Systems” as:
An interconnection of components forming a system configuration to
provide a desired system response.
Tacoma Bridge Collapse(1940)
02
Classifications
of Control
Systems
Open Loop and Closed Loop
1. Open Loop System:
• It’s any system that does not automatically correct for its variation in output.
• In these systems the output remains constant for a constant input signal
provided the external conditions remain unaltered.
• In the presence of disturbances, an open-loop control system will not perform
the desired task. Open-loop control can be used, in practice, only if the
relationship between the input and output known and if there are neither
internal nor external disturbances.
Advantages:
• These systems are simple in design and
construction.
• Easy to Maintain.
• Generally Stable (if there are no disturbances).
• Consume Less Power.
Disadvantages:
• Inaccurate.
• Unreliable.
• The Inability to automatically correct the
system’s output.
2. Closed Loop System:
• A closed loop system uses feedback to continuously monitor and adjust its
operation to achieve the desired output. Sensors measure the output and send
data back to the controller, which makes necessary adjustments to the input.
• The system compares the actual output to the desired output (setpoint) and
corrects any deviations. This reduces errors and improves accuracy and stability
in system performance.
Advantages:
• Accuracy of these systems is always very high because
the controller modifies and manipulates the actuating
signal such that error in the system will be zero.
• Closed Loop Systems sense environmental change and
disturbances.
Disadvantages:
• These kinds of systems are complicated and time
consuming from a designing point of view.
• Due to feedback, system tries to correct the error
from time to time. This might lead to Overcorrecting
the error and this causes oscillations in the system.
• The stability problems play a major role in designing
these systems, and this adds even more to the
complexity.
Time Variant and time Invariant
Time variant: Time invariant:
• Parameters change over time • Parameters are constant over time
• More complex to analyze • Simpler to analyze
• Output depends on input and time of input • Output depends only on input,
Example: regardless of time
Example:
Linear Non-Linear
03
Components of
Control System
Plant:
In control systems, the plant refers to the physical system or process being controlled. It is the
main component that needs to be managed to achieve the desired performance or output.
Plant consist of : Actuators + process
Controller
The element of the system itself or external to the system which controls the
plant process is called the controller.
Actuators
It’s the elements of the Control System which is responsible for
transforming the output of controller into controlling action on
the plant.
Types:
• Mechanical Actuators
• Electrical Actuators
• Hydraulic and Pneumatic Actuators.
[Link] Actuators
[Link] Actuators (Motors)
1. Brushed DC Motors:
2. Brushless DC Motor (BLDC)
Brushless Motor
Difference between BLDC &BDC
Stepper Motors (STP)
Servo Motor
Break
10 Min.
Sensors
• A sensors can be defined as an element that can measure changes in a physical
property in the surrounding environment.
• Sensors are main components in any Closed Loop systems, as they are the elements
that send feedback signals to your controller.
• Sensors can be classified in many different ways and methods.
Some Classifications Of Sensors
Sensors Classifications based on
proprioceptive/exteroceptive axes
Note: this classification is widely used in the robotics field.
Now, let’s analyze some sensors:
• Proximity Sensors: A proximity sensor
measures the presence or absence of an object
This sensor is ( A Mechanical, Exteroceptive Sensor)
• Ultrasonic Sensor
So, this sensor can be classified as
(Mechanical, Exteroceptive Sensor).
Ultrasonic sensor
IMU Sensors:
• IMU is short for “Inertial Measurement Unit”.
• A standard IMU sensor is composed of two main components:
(Accelerometer & Gyroscope).
• An Accelerometer is a device that measures the linear acceleration of your
system in 3 axis (X,Y,Z)
• A Gyroscope is a device that measures the rotational acceleration of your
system around 3 axis (Roll, Pitch, Yaw)
Drone
04
Basic
Elements of
instrument
Basic Elements Of instruments
Primary sensing element
The primary sensing element is also known as sensor. Basically transducers are used as a primary
sensing element. Here, the physical quantity (such as temperature, pressure etc.) are sensed and
then converted into analog signal.
Variable conversion element
It converts the output of primary sensing element into suitable form without changing information.
Basically these are secondary transducers.
Variable manipulation element
The output of transducer may be electrical signal i.e. voltage, current or other electrical parameter.
Here, manipulation means change in numerical value of signal. This element is used to convert the
signal into suitable range. This can be an amplification process.
Data transmission element
Sometimes it is not possible to give direct read out of the quality at a particular place (Example –
Measurement of temperature in the furnace). In such a case, the data should transfer from one place
to another place through channel which is known as data transmission element. Typically
transmission path are pneumatic pipe, electrical cable and radio links. When radio link is used, the
electronic instrumentation system is called as telemetry system.
Data presentation or controlling element
Finally the output is recorded or given to the controller to perform action. It performs different
functions like indicating, recording or controlling.
05
A planning of
what we will
do
MATLAB:
1. Intro
2. Simulink
3. Simscape
Arduino:
1. Intro
2. Coding & Examples
3. Coding & Examples
4. Communication Protocols (in process)
Arduino
MATLAB
Proteus
“A system under which it takes three
men to check what one is doing is not
control; it is systematic strangulation”
—Hyman Rickover
For strength in union
06
Task
• What is the importance of Control Engineering and Control Systems? And why
do we need a controller in any system?
• Mention three examples for Open Loop systems, and how to convert them into
closed systems
with explanations.
• Mention three examples for Closed Loop systems and discuss each component
in those systems.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of each type of the discussed DC
Motors?
• How do we measure the speed of rotation of a DC Motor?
• What is a potentiometer and what is used for?
• How many ( digital – analog – PWM) pins in Arduino Mega board ?
The following figure is an autopilot control system for a ship. Explain every
component in the system and why is it used. And if you were to add anything to
this system, what would you add?