Notes Ch-1

Matter in Our Surroundings

What is Matter?
Air, water, stones, sand, clouds, pencils, books – Everything is made up of matter. Matter is
everything in this universe that occupies space and has mass.

Matter: Chemical and Physical Properties

Most of the substances that we see around have certain characteristics and properties by
which they can be classified or identified. As such, substances are usually classified based on
their chemical and physical properties.
Anything that can be measured without changing the identity or chemical composition of
substance is known as the physical property of a substance. A physical change involves
formation of a new arrangement of matter but the structure of the atoms and
molecules remain the same.

Difference between Chemical and Physical Properties:

Chemical properties are totally different from physical properties in a lot of way. Here we
will look at some of the important differences between chemical and physical properties.

Difference Between Chemical and Physical Properties

Chemical Physical

Chemical properties are properties that Physical properties are properties that can
can be observed or measured when a be observed without bringing a chemical
substances undergoes a chemical change. change.

A chemical reaction needs to be No chemical reaction is needed here.

conducted to show the property.

Chemical properties are connected to Physical properties do not have such

chemical bonds of a substance. relationship.

It can be used to predict how substances It is mostly used in identifying or

react. describing the substance.

Chemical properties of a substance can Examples of physical properties include:

include buoyancy, viscosity
 compressibility, radioactivity, toxicity, molecular weight, boiling point, melting
flammability, heat of combustion, point, freezing point, volume, mass,
reactivity between chemicals, etc. length, density texture, color, odor, shape,
solubility, etc.

Physical Nature of Matter

Is matter continuous or particulate?

Matter is particulate in nature. This means that matter consists of particles as you can see in
the microscopic image of a cube above. For Example, If we put a drop of red color in water
the color of the water turns red. This happens because the particles of red color mix with
the particles of water.
What is the size of these particles?

• The size of the particles of matter is very small.

• They can be broken into further particles as well. For Example, on dilution of a
colorful solution, as shown in the figure below, we can still see the color. This
means there are millions of particles present in the color which just divide
themselves on dilution.
 Characteristics of Particles of Matter
Particles of matter have three characteristics:
1. Particles of matter have spaces between them
2. Particles of matter are moving all the time
3. Particles of matter attract each other

1. Particles of Matter have spaces between them.

Have you ever wondered what causes salt to get dissolved in water?
Salt gets dissolved in water because their particles have spaces between them. The particles
of the salt get in between the spaces between the particles of water and a mixture is
formed.

• We cannot see these particles through naked eyes.

2. Particles of Matter are continuously moving.

Particles are continuously moving

• Particles of matter are in motion all the time. Hence, they possess kinetic energy.
• Kinetic Energy – Energy due to motion
• The particles of a matter intermix on their own with other particles of a
matter. For Example, Salt in water, Various gases in the air, Ink in water.
• Diffusion – The process of mixing two different types of particles together is
called diffusion. Diffusion becomes faster on heating.
 • The kinetic energy of particles also increases on heating.

3. Particles of Matter attract each other.

• The particles of matter are always held together because of a force of attraction
between them. The amount of this force between the particles varies in different
forms of matter, as shown in the figure below:
• Solids have the highest force of attraction. That is why we cannot move our hands
through a solid object. The particles are so tightly bound. Similarly, particles of
gases have the least force of attraction in them. We can move our hands easily in
the air, can’t we? This is because the particles of air are loosely bound.
• We can also move our hands through water or liquid matter but not as freely as
we can in the air. This means that they are also loosely bound to some extent.
Gas < Liquid < Solids
 States of Matter

1. Plasma:
Plasma is called the fourth state of matter after solid, liquid, and gas, characterized by the
presence of a significant portion of charged particles in any combination
of ions or electrons. It is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe,
mostly in stars (including the Sun). It is a state of matter in which an ionized substance
becomes highly electrically conductive to the point that long-range electric and magnetic
fields dominate its behaviour.
Plasma can be artificially generated, for example, by heating a neutral gas or subjecting it
to a strong electromagnetic field.
[Link] (Tokamak energy)
[Link] (FuseSchool)
[Link] (UCAR)
 2. Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC):
A Bose-Einstein condensate is a strange form of matter in which extremely cold atoms
demonstrate collective behavior and act like a single "super atom.". It is a state of
matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled
to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 °C or −459.67 °F).
Bose–Einstein condensate was first predicted, generally, in 1924–1925 by Albert
Einstein,[2] crediting a pioneering paper by Satyendra Nath Bose. To generate the Bose-
Einstein condensate, the first step is to obtain a cloud of gas; a typical example is the gas
of rubidium atoms.
The next step is to use lasers to remove the atoms' energy and cool them down. An
evaporative cooling method is utilized for further cooling until the atoms are close to
absolute zero. At this stage, the atoms assume the same quantum states and operate as a
single entity. If you were to measure their location at this point, you would observe a
blurred ball, rather than individual atoms.
Bose-Einstein Condensates (BECs) have various practical uses in precision measurement
and sensing technologies, which have led to advancements in detecting gravitational
waves, creating navigation systems, and improving magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
In addition, BECs have been used to develop atom lasers, which hold great potential for
the precise manipulation of atomic matter. This advancement has already aided research
in quantum optics and lithography.
[Link]
[Link] (Simple words- Science ABC)

3. The Solid State

• Solids are the objects that have these three properties:

o They have a specific shape.
o They have distinct boundaries.
o They have a volume.
• There is less kinetic energy among the particles in solids. They are generally
arranged in an order. Thus, they possess a fixed shape. The force of attraction is
the maximum among the particles of solids. There is not much space between the
particles. Therefore, they cannot be compressed.
• Which of these are solids: Rubber band, Sponge, Salt?
o All of them are solids. All of these follow the properties of solids. A
rubber band and sponge change their shape only when we apply force
on to them. It might appear to you as if salt is taking the shape of the
 container in which you put it but actually each of its grain has its own
definite shape.

4. The Liquid State

• Liquids have the following properties:
o Liquids have a fixed volume
o Liquids do not have a fixed shape.
• The force of attraction in liquid particles is less than solids. Therefore, there is a
space between the particles of liquids and they can flow easily. They cannot be
compressed. That is why they are also called fluids.
• Particles of liquids arrange each other is not fixed. You might have seen that
liquids take the shape of the container in which we put them. This is because the
particles of liquids have a high kinetic energy, they always keep on moving.
• Can other matter diffuse into liquids?
o Yes, other matter can diffuse into liquids whether it is solids, liquids, or
gases. This is so because there is a space between the particles of liquid
so particles of other matter can slip into those spaces.
o Diffusing solids into liquids: Mixing sugar in tea
o Diffusing liquids into liquids: Mixing ink in water
o Diffusing gases into liquids: The presence of oxygen and carbon dioxide
in water

5. The Gaseous State

• Gases have the following properties:
o They do not have a fixed volume.
o They do not have a fixed shape.
• The particles of gases have the least or almost no force of attraction between
them. Therefore, the particles have a large number of spaces between them and
they can freely move in any direction.
• Also, they can be easily compressed and put into a small container, unlike solids
and liquids.
• Since there is a lot of space between the particles, different gases can diffuse into
each other easily.
 • The kinetic energy between the particles is the maximum in the case of gases.
Therefore, the particles move around freely at high speed and there is no fixed
shape of gases.

Difference in the characteristic of Basic States of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

Definite shape Indefinite shape Indefinite shape

Definite volume Definite volume Indefinite volume
Maximum force of attraction between Less forces of attraction between Negligible force of attraction
particles particles compare to solid between particles
Cannot be compressed Cannot be compressed Can be compressed
Kinetic energy of particles is more Kinetic energy of particles is
Kinetic energy of particles is minimum
than solid maximum
Particles cannot move rather they vibrate
Particles can slide over one another Particles can move freely
only at their fixed position
Highest density Density is lower than solid Lowest denisty
Cannot flow Flow Flow

Diffusion
• Intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion.
• The rate of diffusion increases on increasing the temperature of the diffusing substance
(byheating).

Examples of diffusion in gases:

• The aroma of food being cooked in the kitchen reaches us even from a considerable
distance due to diffusion.
• The fragrance of a burning incense stick spreads all around due to diffusion.
• The fragrance of a perfume spreads due to the diffusion of the perfume particles into air.

Examples of diffusion in liquids:

• Colour of potassium permanganate is acquired by water, on its own, due to the diffusionof
potassium permanganate particles in water.
• The spreading of ink in water, on its own, is due to the diffusion of ink particles in the
water.

Examples of diffusion in solids:

• If two metal blocks are bound together tightly and kept undisturbed for a few years,then
the particles of one metal are found to have diffused into the other metal.
• If we write something on a blackboard and leave it undisturbed for atleast 10 to 15 days,
we will find that it becomes quite difficult to clean the blackboard afterwards. This is due
to the fact that some of the particles of chalk have diffused into the surface of the
blackboard.
 Effect of Change of Temperature

What happens to matter when we heat it?

1. Solids:
• As we heat solids, the kinetic energy between the particles of solids increases
which decreases the force of attraction between them. They start vibrating and
changing their positions. Slowly, due to heat the particles become free and a solid
convert into liquid.
• Melting Point – The temperature at which solid melts to become a liquid at
atmospheric pressure. For Example, the melting point of ice is 273.16 Kelvin.
• Fusion – The process of melting of a solid into liquid is called Fusion.

• In the melting process, once a solid reaches its melting point, its temperature
does not increase further. So where does all the heat go? The heat present in the
solid at time of melting is used by the particles to diminish the force of attraction
between each other. The heat energy is therefore considered as hidden.
• Latent Heat – The heat energy which is used to break the force of attraction
between the particles of matter is known as latent heat. Since the heat is hidden
therefore it is called as Latent Heat.
• Latent Heat of Fusion – The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a
solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as
the Latent Heat of Fusion.
• Atmospheric Pressure – Pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere.

2. Liquids:
• Just like in solids, the kinetic energy of particles of liquid increases, the force of
attraction among them decreases and they start moving freely. As we keep on
supplying the heat, a point comes when the particles overcome the forces of
attraction completely.
• This is when a liquid starts changing into gas.
 • Boiling Point - The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric
pressure is known as its Boiling Point. For Example, The boiling point of water is
373 Kelvin.
• Latent Heat of Vaporization – the amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg
of a liquid into a gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point is known
as Latent Heat of Vaporization.

What happens when we decrease the temperature?

1. Gases:
• The kinetic energy between the particles decreases and they turn into a liquid
state.
• Condensation / Liquefaction – The process of converting a gas into a liquid by
cooling down its temperature. For Example, The formation of clouds is due to
condensation of water vapor from Earth.
2. Liquids:
• The kinetic energy between the particles decreases and they turn into a solid
state. For Example, The formation of ice.
• Sublimation – change of state of a gas directly into solid and vice-versa is known
as sublimation. For Example, Camphor is a solid that directly evaporates into the
air without changing to a liquid state.
Therefore, by increasing or decreasing the temperature we can change the states of matter
into one another. Here is a diagram that sums this up.
 Effect of change of Pressure
• By applying pressure, we can bring the particles of matter close to each other
thereby, increasing the force of attraction among the particles. When we
compress and decrease the temperature of a gas, the gas changes into a liquid.
• Dry Ice – Carbon dioxide in solid form is known as Dry Ice. It can directly turn into
gas by decreasing the pressure to 1 atmosphere.
 Evaporation

• We already know that –

o Particles of matter are never at rest
o Particles of matter possess different amounts of kinetic energy

• The particles of liquids have more kinetic energy. Therefore, they are able to
overcome the forces of attraction and convert into vapor without any external
forces.
• Evaporation – The phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapors at any given
temperature below its boiling point is called Evaporation. Evaporation is different
than boiling, as shown in the figure below.

Factors Affecting Evaporation

Condition Rate of Evaporation Reason
Particles have more space and
Increase in Surface Area Increases
thus can evaporate easily
Kinetic energy among the
Increase in temperature Increases
particles increases
Water content in air increases
Increase in humidity Decreases
and so evaporation decreases
 Water vapours are blown away
Increase in wind speed Increases by winds allowing more
evaporation

How evaporation causes cooling?

The process of evaporation uses the energy of the liquid particles. Therefore, the particles
absorb energy from the surroundings in order to compensate the energy that is being lost in
the process of evaporation. This results in cooling of the surrounding area.

• For Example:
o Our palms feel cool when we put some acetone (nail paint remover) on
it
o People sprinkle water on their roofs or ground on sunny days to cool
the area
o We are able to sip hot tea faster in a saucer than in a cup

Why people wear cotton clothes in summer?

We perspire more in summer. As the sweat evaporates it takes energy from our body
surface and keeps our body cool. Cotton can absorb the sweat easily and exposes it to the
atmosphere causing evaporation to take place easily. This, in turn, keeps us cool in summer
days.
Why water droplets appear on the surroundings of a glass with ice-cold
water?
There are water vapours present in the air. When they come in contact with the walls of the
glass that has ice-cold water in it they condense. As a result, their state changes from
gaseous state to liquid state thus forming tiny water droplets on the walls of the glass.
 Important Measurement Units
SI Unit of Mass Kg (Kilogram)

SI unit of Volume m3 (cubic meters)

Common unit of Volume L (Liters)
Kelvin
SI unit of temperature 0O C = 273.16 K or 273 K (approximately)
Kelvin = Celsius + 273
Si unit of Pressure Pa (Pascal)
Atmosphere (atm)
For measuring pressure exerted by 1 atm = 1.01 X 105 Pa
Gas Normal Atmospheric Pressure = 1 atm (at sea
level)