Biological Science

Module 2 Class 4
Plant & Animal Tissue
GENCOM COE
Department of Bio Sc. &
Environment
 What is tissue? What are the types?

• Tissue is a group of cells having similar structure and function.

• It is generally two types- plant & animal tissue.
• In plants and animals groups of cells called tissues carry out specific functions.
Example:-
• In human beings the cells of the muscular tissue contract and relax and help in movements.
• In plants the cells of the vascular tissue conduct water and food from one part of the plant to the other.

Notes
1. Study of Tissue- Histology
2. Formation of Tissue- Histogenesis
3. Destruction of Tissue- Histolysis
Difference between plant & animal tissue
 Plant tissue

• Plant tissues are of two main types.

• They are - Meristematic tissues and Permanent tissues.

• Meristematic tissues:- It is mainly three types. They are-

1. Apical meristematic
2. Intercalary meristematic tissues and
3. Lateral meristematic tissues.

• Permanent tissues:- It is mainly two types. They are- Simple permanent tissues and Complex permanent
tissues.
1. Simple permanent tissues are of three types. They are Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma.
2. Complex permanent tissues are of two types. They are Xylem and phloem.
Types of plant tissue figure
 Meristematic tissue

• Meristematic tissues are found in the growing regions of the

plant like the tips of root, stem, and branches. They divide
continuously and help the plant grow. They are of three types.
1. Apical meristematic tissues: These are present in the tips of
stems and roots and help them grow.
2. Lateral meristematic tissues: These are present on the sides
of stems and roots and help increase their girth.
3. Intercalary meristematic tissues:- They are present at the
base of leaves and internodes and help in the growth of those Figure: Meristematic tissue
parts.
 Permanent Tissue

• Permanent tissues are formed from meristematic tissues.

• They do not divide and have permanent shape and size.
• Permanent tissues are of two main types.
• They are Simple permanent tissues and Complex permanent tissues.
 Simple Permanent tissue

• They are of three types- Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma.

❑ Parenchyma:-
1. Consists of loosely packed thin-walled cells having more intercellular spaces.
2. Some parenchyma cells in leaves contain chloroplast and prepare food by photosynthesis. (Chlorenchyma)
3. Some parenchyma cells have large air cavities which help the plant to float on water. (Aerenchyma)
4. Some parenchyma cells of roots and stems store water and minerals.
❑ Collenchyma:-
1. Consists of elongated cells having less intercellular spaces and thicker at the corners.
2. They give flexibility and allow easy bending of different parts like stem, leaf, etc.
3. They also give mechanical support to the plant.
❑ Sclerenchyma:-
1. Consists of long, narrow, dead thick thick-walled cells.
2. The cell walls contain lignin a chemical substance that acts like cement and hardens them.
3. It gives strength and hardness to the plant parts.
Figure- Simple Permanent Tissue
Sclerenchyma cells and sclerides
 Complex Permanent Tissue

There are two types of complex tissues. They are Xylem and Phloem. They are called vascular or conducting
tissues.
❑ Xylem (Dead tissue):-
• Consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.
• The tracheids and vessels help to transport water and minerals from roots to all part of the plant.
• Xylem parenchyma(only living part) stores food and fibres help in support.
❑ Phloem (Living tissue):-
• Consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.
• The sieve tubes and companion cells transport food from leaves to all parts of the plant.
• Phloem parenchyma stores food and fibres (only dead part) help in support.
Figure- Complex Permanent tissue
 Cambium

• একটি কযাম্বিযাম, উম্বিদে, একটি টিস্যয স্তর যা

উম্বিদের বৃম্বির জন্য আংম্বিকভাদব আলাো ককাষ
স্রবরাহ কদর। এটি জাইদলম এবং কলাদযদমর
মধ্যবর্তী অঞ্চদল পাওযা যায। একটি কযাম্বিযামদক
একটি ককাষীয উম্বিে টিস্যয ম্বহস্াদবও স্ংজ্ঞাম্বযর্ত
করা কযদর্ত পাদর কযখান্ কেদক কলাদযম, জাইদলম
বা ককক ম্ববভাজন্ দ্বারা বৃম্বি পায, ফদল ক ৌণ ঘন্
হয।
• একবীজপত্রী উম্বিদে ককাদন্া কযাম্বিযাম োদক ন্া,
র্তাই র্তাদের টিস্য গ্রাফটিং করা যায ন্া।
 Special explanation
❑ Why endodermis is considered as
Biological checkpoint?
 Animal Tissue

• Animal tissues are of four main types.

• They are:- Epithelial, Muscular, Connective, and Nervous tissue.
❑ Epithelial tissues:- They are of different types. They are:- Squamous, Columnar, Cuboidal, Glandular, etc.
❑ Muscular tissues:- They are of three types. They are:- Striated, Unstriated and Cardiac.
❑ Connective tissues:- They are of different types. They are blood, bone, ligaments, tendons, cartilage,
areolar, and adipose.
❑ Nervous tissue:- They consist of nerve cells called neurons.
Types of Animal Tissue
 Epithelial Tissue

• Epithelial tissue is the covering or protective tissue in animals.

• It forms the outer covering like skin, outer covering of organs, the inner lining of blood vessels, lungs, esophagus, etc.
• It protects the body and controls the movement of materials between the body and the surroundings and between the parts
of the body.
• The cells are closely arranged and have a fibrous basement membrane.
❑ Squamous epithelial tissue: This tissue consists of a layer of thin flat cells. It is present in the linings of blood vessels,
lungs, mouth, esophagus, and the skin, which has several layers of epithelial cells.
❑ Columnar epithelial tissue: This tissue consists of tall, pillar-like cells and is present in the walls of the intestine. The
columnar epithelial tissue in the respiratory tract has hair-like projections called cilia. This tissue is sometimes called
Ciliated columnar epithelial tissue.
❑ Cuboidal epithelial tissue:- Consists of cube-shaped cells having a basement membrane. It forms the lining of the
kidney, tubules, and ducts of salivary glands and provides mechanical support.
❑ Glandular epithelial tissue:- Sometimes epithelial tissue folds inwards and forms a multicellular gland that secretes
substances. This tissue is called Glandular epithelial tissue.
Types of Epithelium
Types of Glandular Epithelium
Types of Glandular Epithelium
Epithelial covering
 Muscular Tissue

❑ Striated muscles:-
✓ These are voluntary muscles having light and dark striations.
✓ The cells are long, cylindrical, and multinucleated.
✓ They are also called skeletal muscles because they are attached to bones.
✓ They help in voluntary movements of the body.
❑ Unstriated muscles (Smooth muscles):-
✓ These are involuntary muscles having no striations.
✓ The cells are long and spindle-shaped and are uninucleated.
✓ They are present in the alimentary canal, blood vessels, bronchi of the lungs, the iris of the eye, etc.
✓ They help in involuntary movements.
❑ Cardiac muscles:-
✓ These are involuntary muscles having faint striations.
✓ The cells are long, cylindrical, branched, and uni-nucleated.
✓ They are present in the heart and help in the contraction and relaxation of the heart.
Figure- Types of Muscle Tissue
 Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue connects and joins the different parts of the body together. The cells of the connective tissue are
loosely packed and the space between the cells is filled with a jelly-like matrix.

• Blood:- Blood contains a fluid matrix called plasma which contains red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells
(WBC), and platelets. The blood transports gases, digested food, hormones, waste materials, etc.

• Bone:- It is a hard and strong tissue. It consists of cells that are embedded in a hard matrix containing calcium and
phosphorus compounds. Bone forms the framework of the body and supports the body and the main organs.

• Ligaments:- These are flexible tissues that join bones together and help in movements.

• Tendons:- These are fibrous tissues that join muscles to bones and help in movements.

• Areolar tissues:- It fills the space between skin and muscles, inside the organs, around blood vessels, etc. It helps
to repair the tissues.

• Adipose tissue:- It is found below the skin and between internal organs. It contains fats and helps to store fats.
Figure:- Different types of connective tissues
Composition of blood

Figure:- Composition of Blood

Facts from blood
 Nervous Tissue(Originate from ectoderm)
• Nervous tissue helps to carry messages from one part of the body to the other and responds to stimuli.

• Neuron (Structural & Functional unit of nervous system) :-

1. It has a cell body containing a nucleus and cytoplasm.

2. It has hair like structures called dendrites and a long part called axon having nerve endings.

3. The axon has a protective covering called myelin sheath. In between myelin Sheath “Node of Ranvier” is
present.

4. The neurons are joined together to form nerve fibres. The junction between two neurons is called synapse.
Structure of neurone
 Some important PYQ from this chapter

1. Water is conducted in vascular plants by - (BPSC Prelims 2011)

a. Phloem tissue
b. Parenchyma tissue
c. Meristem
d. Xylem tissue

Answer: d (Xylem tissue)

Explanation: Water is conducted in vascular plants by Xylem tissues.

2. Botanically fibre plants give bast fibres. These are actually which of the following
parts of the plants? (MPSC Prelims 2013)

a. Phloem
b. Xylem
c. Roots
d. Leaves

Answer: a (Phloem)

Explanation: Bast fibres are secondary phloem fibres of plants.

3. Which animal tissue synthesises, stores and metabolises fat? (MPSC Prelims 2017)
a. Epithelial tissue
b. Adipose tissue
c. Connective tissue
d. Muscle tissue

Answer: b (Adipose tissue)

Explanation: Adipose fatty tissue or connective tissue consisting mainly of fat cells. These
are called adipocytes.
4. Haversian system is a part of (WBCS Prelims 2010)

a. Kidney
b. Bone
c. Heart
d. Brain

Answer: b (Bone)
Explanation: The osteon or Haversian system is a part of bone. It is actually the fundamental
functional unit of much compact bone.
5. Which one of the following is not a connective tissue? (CGPSC Prelims 2021)
a. Ligament
b. Tendon
c. Smooth muscle
d. Cartilage

Answer: c (Smooth muscle)

Explanation: Among the given options, smooth muscle is not a connective tissue. It is a
muscular tissue.
Some important book references
1. Encyclopedia of General Sciences by Arihant Publication
2. Encyclopedia of General Sciences by Disha Publication
3. NCERT Notes 6-12 by Arihant/Mcgrawhill Publication
4. Competitive Bigyan by Santra Publications (For Bengali Medium)
5. Class 9-10 Biology Text Book Bengali Version (Santra/Prantik)
6. WBCS General Studies Manual- Mcgrawhill (Relevant for other PSC Exams also)
 Thank You
In the next class, we will learn about the
concepts of Skeletal systems, Plant
Movement etc.