This book tells the dramatic story of the disastrous voyage of the Karluk, the unsuitable ship

which led the foolhardy expedition to the Arctic in June 1913, with its naive passengers and
captain Bob Bartlett. Chief of the scientists on board was the anthropologist Vilhjalmur
Stefansson, who was delusionally convinced that he would discover a lost continent beneath
the ice and became world famous.
When the ship predictably becomes trapped in the Alaskan ice fields with the coming of
winter, the fears and tensions mount as the passengers realise, they are doomed, and the
conflict deepens between the uncaring and treacherous Stefansson and the dedicated ship’s
captain.
There are horrific descriptions of the atmosphere on board the tiny stricken vessel, and of
their final attempts to escape across the deadly ice when hunger and disaster forced them to
abandon ship and try to reach land and safety.

November 3rd 1913

The inevitable has happened. The sea has begun to freeze and is closing in on the ship. It will
not be able to withstand the pressure in the end. It is not the kind of ship, being only a
wooden whaler too old and small for the job, that we should ever have set out in for this
expedition, but Stefansson did not listen to my advice on this matter, as indeed he does not on
any matter. My professional expertise and experience being completely disregarded by him.
The man is a megalomaniac consumed by a fantasy. There is no lost continent beneath the
ice. How I wish we had never left our homes in British Columbia on such a wild goose chase.
December 5th, 1913
We are now in a perilous situation, running out of supplies. The moral of the crew and
passengers is very low. Everyone feels that we are doomed. This unforgiving place at the end
of the earth has claimed so many brave lives already, so we are unlikely to survive. The day is
spent in the library, gloomily reading through accounts of previously failed expeditions to this
cruel region. We are having great difficulty in keeping warm. Stefansson has become even
more impossible, arguing aggressively with me whenever I suggest and treating us all with
contempt, as if he does not care at all about the terrible danger, he has brought us into. He
insists we shall stay on board the ship and wait for the spring thaw to continue our voyage.
January 10th, 1914
Stefansson has gone. He lost his nerve. The supplies have run out and he went with a dog
sledge and a few men to try to find or hunt for food. It is no surprise that he has not returned.
This morning what we had been fearing and waiting for happened: with a terrible groaning
and shuddering of the Karluk, the ice broke through the hull, and we are being slowly
crushed, just like the Endurance and the Jeanette. We must all leave now, and hope that fate
will be kind to us. We cannot wait 140 days to die of cold and starvation. My concern is only
for my crew, whom I feel responsible for leading into this horrible place. I must try to make
amends by making whatever sacrifices are necessary to try to preserve their lives, to make up
for Stefansson’s treachery. I will go to the ends of the earth to find them. I do not feel that
Stefansson deserves a good end.

1.
Although the weather forecast predicted heavy rain, the football match continued as planned,
and hundreds of spectators remained in the stadium until the final whistle.
2.
Because she had prepared thoroughly for the interview, she answered every question
confidently, and the panel offered her the position immediately.
3.
While many students prefer studying alone, others work better in groups, and both
approaches can be effective if they are used properly.
4.
The museum, which was renovated last year, attracts thousands of visitors annually, and it has
become one of the city's most popular tourist destinations.
5.
Although the journey was long and exhausting, the travellers enjoyed the experience, and
they took hundreds of photographs during the trip.
6.
The company introduced a new training program because employees needed additional skills,
and productivity increased significantly within a few months.
7.
Since the road was closed due to flooding, many drivers had to find alternative routes, and
some arrived at their destinations several hours late.
8.
Although he was feeling unwell, he attended the meeting because it was important, and his
colleagues appreciated his commitment.
9.
The students completed the project before the deadline, and their teacher praised them
because they had worked exceptionally hard.
10.
Because technology is developing rapidly, many traditional jobs are changing, and workers
must learn new skills to remain competitive.
11.
Although the restaurant was expensive, it remained popular among customers, and people
often made reservations weeks in advance because of its reputation.
12.
The government invested heavily in public transportation, which reduced traffic congestion,
and many residents began using buses instead of private cars.
13.
While some people believe that social media improves communication, others argue that it
reduces face-to-face interaction, and both sides have valid points.
14.
The scientist continued her research despite several setbacks, and she eventually made an
important discovery that attracted international attention.
15.
Because the library offers free internet access, many students spend their afternoons there,
and they can complete their assignments more efficiently.
16.
Although the team lost the first match of the season, they remained optimistic, and they
worked harder during training sessions.
17.
The hotel, which overlooks the ocean, attracts tourists from around the world, and many
guests return because of the excellent service.
18.
Since fuel prices have increased dramatically, many people are using public transportation
more frequently, and some have even started cycling to work.
19.
Although the film received mixed reviews from critics, it was a commercial success, and
millions of people watched it in cinemas.
20.
The school introduced stricter rules because student discipline had become a concern, and
teachers reported noticeable improvements afterward.

Advanced Level (Exam Style)

21.
Although the town was severely affected by the storm, local residents worked together to
rebuild damaged homes, and community organizations provided financial assistance
whenever it was needed.
22.
Because environmental problems are becoming more serious every year, governments are
introducing stricter regulations, and businesses are being encouraged to adopt sustainable
practices.
23.
The author, whose novels have been translated into many languages, continues to write
regularly, and her latest book has already become an international bestseller.
24.
While online learning offers flexibility for students who have busy schedules, traditional
classrooms provide opportunities for direct interaction, and both methods have distinct
advantages.
25.
Although the athlete suffered a serious injury during training, he refused to give up his
dream, and he returned to competition after months of rehabilitation.
26.
The company expanded into several international markets after it achieved success locally,
and its profits increased significantly because demand continued to grow.
27.
Because many species are losing their natural habitats, conservation groups are working
tirelessly to protect endangered animals, and public awareness campaigns are becoming
increasingly common.
28.
Although the examination was challenging and required extensive preparation, most students
performed well because they had revised consistently throughout the year.
29.
The city council approved the project, which aims to reduce air pollution, and construction
will begin next year if funding is secured.
30.
While some employees prefer working from home because it saves time and money, others
miss the social interaction of the office, and employers must find a balance that satisfies both
groups.
31.
Although many young people spend a considerable amount of time on social media, they can
still develop strong communication skills if they use these platforms responsibly, and
educators are increasingly recognizing this fact.
32.
Because the school lacked sufficient resources to upgrade its facilities, several fundraising
events were organized by parents, and the money raised helped improve the learning
environment.
33.
The village, which is located near a national park, attracts many visitors throughout the year,
and local businesses benefit greatly whenever tourism increases.
34.
While some employees welcomed the new working schedule because it offered greater
flexibility, others found it difficult to adapt, and management had to address their concerns.
35.
Although the earthquake caused significant damage to buildings across the region, emergency
services responded quickly, and many lives were saved as a result.
36.
The research team continued collecting data even though funding was limited, and their
findings eventually contributed to important scientific developments.
37.
Because public transportation has become more reliable in recent years, fewer people are
using private vehicles, and traffic congestion has decreased in many urban areas.
38.
Although the hotel was located far from the city centre, it remained popular among tourists
because it offered spectacular views, and the peaceful atmosphere attracted many visitors.
39.
The students, who had been preparing for the competition for several months, performed
exceptionally well, and their success brought pride to the entire school.
40.
While renewable energy sources require substantial investment at the beginning, they can
reduce long-term costs, and many governments are encouraging their development.

41.
Because the internet provides access to vast amounts of information, students can conduct
research more efficiently, and they are able to learn independently when necessary.
42.
Although the company faced strong competition from international brands, it maintained its
market position, and customer loyalty remained remarkably high.
43.
The exhibition, which featured works by both local and international artists, attracted large
crowds during its opening week, and many pieces were sold immediately.
44.
While some scientists believe that artificial intelligence will transform society positively,
others warn about potential risks, and the debate continues to grow.
45.
Because the school introduced a reading program that encouraged students to borrow books
regularly, literacy rates improved significantly, and teachers noticed greater enthusiasm for
learning.
46.
Although the mountain climb was physically demanding and required careful preparation, the
participants enjoyed the challenge, and they were rewarded with breathtaking views.
47.
The factory implemented stricter safety measures after several accidents had occurred, and
employees reported feeling more secure while performing their duties.
48.
Since many consumers are becoming more environmentally conscious, companies are
reducing unnecessary packaging, and sustainable products are gaining popularity.
49.
Although the athlete was under considerable pressure before the final event, she remained
focused throughout the competition, and her determination helped her secure victory.
50.
The university, which recently expanded its campus facilities, has attracted students from
different countries, and its international reputation continues to strengthen.

51.
Because severe droughts have affected agricultural production in many regions, food prices
have risen considerably, and governments are seeking long-term solutions.
52.
Although the volunteers worked tirelessly throughout the weekend, there was still a great deal
of work to complete, and additional support was requested from the community.
53.
The historical building, which had remained abandoned for decades, was finally restored by
local authorities, and it now serves as a popular cultural center.
54.
While online shopping offers convenience to busy consumers, traditional stores provide
opportunities to examine products directly, and both options remain widely used.
55.
Because the scholarship covered most educational expenses, many talented students were
able to continue their studies, and their families experienced less financial pressure.
56.
Although the flight was delayed for several hours due to technical difficulties, passengers
remained patient, and the airline provided regular updates.
57.
The charity organization expanded its services after receiving substantial donations, and it
was able to support more families who were facing economic hardship.
58.
Since climate change is affecting weather patterns around the world, researchers are studying
its impact carefully, and governments are being urged to take immediate action.
59.
Although the new software initially appeared complicated, employees adapted to it quickly
after receiving training, and productivity increased considerably.
60.
The young entrepreneur, who started her business while still attending university, overcame
numerous challenges, and her company has now become one of the most successful in the
industry.

1.
Original: Although the weather forecast predicted heavy rain, the football match continued
as planned, and hundreds of spectators remained in the stadium until the final whistle.
Paraphrase:
Despite the forecast of heavy rain, the football match went ahead as scheduled, and hundreds
of fans stayed in the stadium until the game ended.

2.
Original: Because she had prepared thoroughly for the interview, she answered every
question confidently, and the panel offered her the position immediately.
Paraphrase:
Having prepared carefully for the interview, she responded confidently to all the questions,
and the interviewers offered her the job at once.

3.
Original: While many students prefer studying alone, others work better in groups, and both
approaches can be effective if they are used properly.
Paraphrase:
Although many students like to study by themselves, some achieve better results in groups,
and both methods can be successful when used appropriately.

4.
Original: The museum, which was renovated last year, attracts thousands of visitors
annually, and it has become one of the city's most popular tourist destinations.
Paraphrase:
After being renovated last year, the museum now welcomes thousands of visitors each year
and has become one of the most popular attractions in the city.

5.
Original: Although the journey was long and exhausting, the travellers enjoyed the
experience, and they took hundreds of photographs during the trip.
Paraphrase:
Despite the lengthy and tiring journey, the travellers had an enjoyable experience and
captured hundreds of photos along the way.

6.
Original: The company introduced a new training program because employees needed
additional skills, and productivity increased significantly within a few months.
Paraphrase:
As employees required further skills, the company launched a new training program, and
productivity rose considerably within a few months.

7.
Original: Since the road was closed due to flooding, many drivers had to find alternative
routes, and some arrived at their destinations several hours late.
Paraphrase:
Because flooding caused the road to be closed, many motorists were forced to take different
routes, and some reached their destinations hours later than expected.

8.
Original: Although he was feeling unwell, he attended the meeting because it was important,
and his colleagues appreciated his commitment.
Paraphrase:
Despite feeling ill, he went to the meeting because of its importance, and his dedication was
appreciated by his colleagues.

9.
Original: The students completed the project before the deadline, and their teacher praised
them because they had worked exceptionally hard.
Paraphrase:
Having finished the project ahead of schedule, the students were praised by their teacher for
their outstanding effort.
10.
Original: Because technology is developing rapidly, many traditional jobs are changing, and
workers must learn new skills to remain competitive.
Paraphrase:
As technology continues to advance quickly, numerous traditional occupations are evolving,
and employees need to acquire new skills to stay competitive.

11.
Original: Although the restaurant was expensive, it remained popular among customers, and
people often made reservations weeks in advance because of its reputation.
Paraphrase:
Despite its high prices, the restaurant continued to attract customers, and its reputation led
many people to book tables weeks ahead.

12.
Original: The government invested heavily in public transportation, which reduced traffic
congestion, and many residents began using buses instead of private cars.
Paraphrase:
Heavy government investment in public transport helped reduce traffic jams, and many
residents switched from private vehicles to buses.

13.
Original: While some people believe that social media improves communication, others
argue that it reduces face-to-face interaction, and both sides have valid points.
Paraphrase:
Although some people think social media enhances communication, others claim that it limits
direct interaction, and both arguments are reasonable.

14.
Original: The scientist continued her research despite several setbacks, and she eventually
made an important discovery that attracted international attention.
Paraphrase:
Although she encountered several difficulties, the scientist persisted with her research and
eventually made a significant discovery that gained worldwide attention.
15.
Original: Because the library offers free internet access, many students spend their
afternoons there, and they can complete their assignments more efficiently.
Paraphrase:
Since free internet is available at the library, many students spend their afternoons there and
finish their assignments more effectively.

16.
Original: Although the team lost the first match of the season, they remained optimistic, and
they worked harder during training sessions.
Paraphrase:
Despite losing their opening match of the season, the team stayed positive and trained more
intensely.

17.
Original: The hotel, which overlooks the ocean, attracts tourists from around the world, and
many guests return because of the excellent service.
Paraphrase:
Overlooking the ocean, the hotel attracts visitors from all over the world, and many return
due to the outstanding service provided.

18.
Original: Since fuel prices have increased dramatically, many people are using public
transportation more frequently, and some have even started cycling to work.
Paraphrase:
Because fuel costs have risen sharply, many people now use public transport more often,
while others have begun cycling to work.

19.
Original: Although the film received mixed reviews from critics, it was a commercial
success, and millions of people watched it in cinemas.
Paraphrase:
Despite receiving varied reviews from critics, the film achieved commercial success, and it
attracted millions of cinema-goers.

20.
Original: The school introduced stricter rules because student discipline had become a
concern, and teachers reported noticeable improvements afterward.
Paraphrase:
As student discipline had become problematic, the school implemented stricter regulations,
and teachers later observed significant improvements.

These answers demonstrate common IGCSE paraphrasing techniques:

 although → despite / in spite of
 because → since / as / due to
 active → passive
 relative clauses → participle phrases
 synonym replacement
 clause reduction
I can also provide Answers 21–40 and 41–60 in the same exam-model style.
provide for all 21-60
Possible Answers (21–40)
21.
Original: Although the town was severely affected by the storm, local residents worked
together to rebuild damaged homes, and community organizations provided financial
assistance whenever it was needed.
Paraphrase:
Despite being badly damaged by the storm, the town was rebuilt through the combined
efforts of local residents, while community organizations offered financial support whenever
necessary.

22.
Original: Because environmental problems are becoming more serious every year,
governments are introducing stricter regulations, and businesses are being encouraged to
adopt sustainable practices.
Paraphrase:
As environmental issues continue to worsen annually, governments are implementing tougher
regulations, and companies are being urged to follow sustainable practices.

23.
Original: The author, whose novels have been translated into many languages, continues to
write regularly, and her latest book has already become an international bestseller.
Paraphrase:
The author, whose works are available in numerous languages, still writes regularly, and her
most recent novel has already achieved international bestseller status.

24.
Original: While online learning offers flexibility for students who have busy schedules,
traditional classrooms provide opportunities for direct interaction, and both methods have
distinct advantages.
Paraphrase:
Although online education is more flexible for busy students, traditional classrooms allow
face-to-face interaction, and each approach has its own benefits.

25.
Original: Although the athlete suffered a serious injury during training, he refused to give up
his dream, and he returned to competition after months of rehabilitation.
Paraphrase:
Despite sustaining a serious injury while training, the athlete did not abandon his ambition
and returned to competition after several months of recovery.

26.
Original: The company expanded into several international markets after it achieved success
locally, and its profits increased significantly because demand continued to grow.
Paraphrase:
Following its local success, the company entered several overseas markets, and growing
demand resulted in a substantial increase in profits.
27.
Original: Because many species are losing their natural habitats, conservation groups are
working tirelessly to protect endangered animals, and public awareness campaigns are
becoming increasingly common.
Paraphrase:
As the natural habitats of many species are disappearing, conservation organizations are
making great efforts to protect endangered animals, and awareness campaigns are becoming
more widespread.

28.
Original: Although the examination was challenging and required extensive preparation,
most students performed well because they had revised consistently throughout the year.
Paraphrase:
Despite the difficulty of the examination and the amount of preparation required, most
students achieved good results due to their consistent revision throughout the year.

29.
Original: The city council approved the project, which aims to reduce air pollution, and
construction will begin next year if funding is secured.
Paraphrase:
The city council has approved a project designed to lower air pollution, and work will start
next year provided that sufficient funding is obtained.

30.
Original: While some employees prefer working from home because it saves time and
money, others miss the social interaction of the office, and employers must find a balance that
satisfies both groups.
Paraphrase:
Although working from home is preferred by some employees because it is more economical
and time-saving, others value office interaction, so employers need to strike a balance
between the two.

31.
Original: Although many young people spend a considerable amount of time on social
media, they can still develop strong communication skills if they use these platforms
responsibly, and educators are increasingly recognizing this fact.
Paraphrase:
Despite spending a great deal of time on social media, young people can still build effective
communication skills when these platforms are used responsibly, and this is being
increasingly acknowledged by educators.

32.
Original: Because the school lacked sufficient resources to upgrade its facilities, several
fundraising events were organized by parents, and the money raised helped improve the
learning environment.
Paraphrase:
As the school did not have enough resources to improve its facilities, parents organized
several fundraising events, and the funds collected enhanced the learning environment.

33.
Original: The village, which is located near a national park, attracts many visitors throughout
the year, and local businesses benefit greatly whenever tourism increases.
Paraphrase:
Situated near a national park, the village welcomes many visitors year-round, and local
businesses profit significantly whenever tourism grows.

34.
Original: While some employees welcomed the new working schedule because it offered
greater flexibility, others found it difficult to adapt, and management had to address their
concerns.
Paraphrase:
Although some employees appreciated the greater flexibility provided by the new schedule,
others struggled to adjust, and management was required to respond to their concerns.

35.
Original: Although the earthquake caused significant damage to buildings across the region,
emergency services responded quickly, and many lives were saved as a result.
Paraphrase:
Despite causing widespread damage to buildings, the earthquake was followed by a rapid
emergency response, which resulted in many lives being saved.

36.
Original: The research team continued collecting data even though funding was limited, and
their findings eventually contributed to important scientific developments.
Paraphrase:
Although financial support was limited, the research team continued gathering data, and their
findings ultimately contributed to significant scientific progress.

37.
Original: Because public transportation has become more reliable in recent years, fewer
people are using private vehicles, and traffic congestion has decreased in many urban areas.
Paraphrase:
As public transportation has improved in reliability in recent years, fewer people rely on
private cars, leading to reduced traffic congestion in many cities.

38.
Original: Although the hotel was located far from the city center, it remained popular among
tourists because it offered spectacular views, and the peaceful atmosphere attracted many
visitors.
Paraphrase:
Despite being situated far from the city center, the hotel continued to attract tourists due to its
stunning views and peaceful surroundings.

39.
Original: The students, who had been preparing for the competition for several months,
performed exceptionally well, and their success brought pride to the entire school.
Paraphrase:
After months of preparation, the students performed outstandingly in the competition, and
their achievement made the entire school proud.

40.
Original: While renewable energy sources require substantial investment at the beginning,
they can reduce long-term costs, and many governments are encouraging their development.
Paraphrase:
Although renewable energy requires considerable initial investment, it can lower costs in the
long run, and governments are actively promoting its development.

Possible Answers (41–60)

41.
Paraphrase:
Since the internet provides extensive access to information, students can research more
effectively and learn independently when necessary.
42.
Paraphrase:
Despite facing intense competition from international brands, the company retained its
market position, and customer loyalty remained strong.
43.
Paraphrase:
The exhibition, featuring both local and international artists, attracted large numbers of
visitors during its opening week, and many artworks were sold immediately.
44.
Paraphrase:
Although some scientists believe artificial intelligence will benefit society greatly, others
highlight potential dangers, and the discussion continues.
45.
Paraphrase:
As the school's reading programme encouraged regular borrowing of books, literacy levels
improved considerably, and teachers observed increased enthusiasm among students.
46.
Paraphrase:
Despite the physical demands and careful preparation required, the participants enjoyed
climbing the mountain and were rewarded with magnificent views.
47.
Paraphrase:
After several accidents had occurred, stricter safety procedures were introduced by the
factory, and employees felt safer at work.
48.
Paraphrase:
Because consumers are becoming increasingly concerned about the environment, companies
are cutting down on excessive packaging, and sustainable products are becoming more
popular.
49.
Paraphrase:
Although she faced considerable pressure before the final event, the athlete remained focused
and secured victory through her determination.
50.
Paraphrase:
Having recently expanded its campus facilities, the university has attracted students from
various countries, and its international reputation continues to grow.
51.
Paraphrase:
As droughts have severely affected agricultural production in many regions, food prices have
risen sharply, and governments are searching for lasting solutions.
52.
Paraphrase:
Despite working tirelessly throughout the weekend, the volunteers were unable to complete
all the work, and additional community support was needed.
53.
Paraphrase:
The historical building, abandoned for decades, was eventually restored by local authorities
and has now become a popular cultural centre.
54.
Paraphrase:
Although online shopping is convenient for busy consumers, traditional shops allow
customers to inspect products directly, and both remain popular.
55.
Paraphrase:
Because the scholarship paid for most educational expenses, many talented students were
able to continue their studies, reducing financial pressure on their families.
56.
Paraphrase:
Despite a delay of several hours caused by technical problems, passengers remained patient,
and the airline kept them informed through regular updates.
57.
Paraphrase:
After receiving generous donations, the charity expanded its services and was able to assist a
greater number of families facing financial difficulties.
58.
Paraphrase:
As climate change continues to influence weather patterns worldwide, researchers are
examining its effects closely, and governments are being encouraged to act quickly.
59.
Paraphrase:
Although employees initially found the new software difficult to use, training helped them
adapt rapidly, and productivity improved significantly.
60.
Paraphrase:
Despite starting her business while still at university and facing numerous challenges, the
young entrepreneur built one of the industry's most successful companies.