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Theory Calendar pre-midterm
Monday Wednesday TOPIC
22nd May
Week – 1 20th May Chapter-1
25th May (Advance makeup)
27th
May 29th May – QUIZ # 1
Week – 2 Chapter-2
Assignment # 1 DUE 1st June (Advance makeup)
Week – 3 3rd June 5th June Chapter-2 continued
10th
June 12th
June
Week – 4 Chapter-2 continued
Assignment # 2 DUE QUIZ # 2
Chapter-3
Week – 5 17th June 19th June
& Midterm Review
Chapter 2 – Dielectric Waveguides
1) Symmetric Planar Dielectric Slab Waveguide
2) Modal and Waveguide Dispersion in the Planar
Waveguide
Week – 2 3) Step Index Fiber
25th May 2013 4) Numerical Aperture
5) Dispersion in Single Mode Fibers
6) Bit-Rate, Dispersion, Electrical and Optical
Bandwidth
7) The Graded Index Optical Fiber
8) Light Absorption and Scattering
9) Attenuation in Optical Fibers
10) Fiber Manufacture
3 Sections to be read by yourself = 8,10 4
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Start solving assignment-2 In communication engineering, the term waveguide may
refer to any linear structure that conveys electromagnetic
waves between its endpoints.
However, the most common meaning is a hollow metal
pipe used to carry EM waves.
READ Examples from Chapter 2 of your text book:–
1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 9.2
SOLVE Problems from Chapter 2 of your text book:–
5, 8, 9, 14(a)
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General Construction of optical fiber
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Step Index Fiber
Index Profile
This is essentially a cylindrical dielectric waveguide with the inner core
dielectric having a refractive index n1 greater than n2 of the outer dielectric,
cladding
The normalized index difference is defined by:
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0 Recall planar waveguide is bounded only in one dimension 0 Guided modes in a step index fiber are generally visualized
so that reflections occur only in the y-direction. by traveling waves than are almost plane polarized.
0 The requirement of constructive interference of waves 0 They have transverse electric and magnetic fields (E and B
then leads to the existence of distinct modes each labeled by are perpendicular to each other and also to z), analogous
m. to field directions in a plane wave but the field magnitudes
are not constant in the plain.
0 Since any radial direction can be represented in terms of x
and y, reflections in both x and y directions are involved in 0 These waves are called linearly polarized (LP) and have
constructive interference of waves and we therefore need transverse electric and magnetic field characteristics.
two integers, l and m, to label all the possible travelling
waves or guided modes that can exist in the guide.
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Ray Trajectories in Step Index fiber
Meridional Rays
Skew Rays
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Rays: MERIDIONAL & SKEW
Guided modes resulting from
Modes in cylindrical optical fiber
Meridional rays are either TE or
TM type as in the case of the
planar waveguide.
0 Determined by solving wave and Maxwell’s
equations in cylindrical coordinates
Skew rays give rise to modes that
have both Ez and Bz (or Hz)
components and are therefore not ∂ 2 E z 1 ∂E z 1 ∂2Ez
TE or TM waves. + + + q2Ez = 0
∂r 2 r ∂r r 2 ∂ϕ 2
They are called HE or EH modes
as both electric and magnetic field
can have components along z. ∂ 2 H z 1 ∂H z 1 ∂2H z
2
+ + 2 2
+ q2H z = 0
They are called Hybrid modes. ∂r r ∂r r ∂ϕ
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TE modes (Transverse Electric) – have no electric field in
the direction of propagation.
TM modes (Transverse Magnetic) -have no magnetic field
in the direction of propagation.
TEM modes (Transverse Electromagnetic)- have neither
electric nor magnetic field in the direction of propagation.
Hybrid modes - have nonzero electric and magnetic fields
in the direction of propagation
•HE modes have a magnetic field component in the direction of
propagation and are equivalent to TE modes.
•EH modes have an electric field component in the direction of
propagation and are equivalent to TM modes.
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High Order Fiber Modes
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The Cutoff
0 For each mode, there is some value of V below which it will not
be guided because the cladding part of the solution does not go
to zero with increasing r.
0 Below V=2.405, only one mode (HE11) can be guided; fiber is
“single-mode.”
0 Based on the definition of V, the number of modes is reduced by
decreasing the core radius and by decreasing ∆.
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