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c ~~
W~ · . TOPICWISE EXERCISE -

Origin of life, Evolution of Life Forms - ATheory (3) High temperature, volcanic storms, non-reducing
atmosphere
1. The theory of spontaneous generation stated that · (4) High temperature, volcanic storms, reducing
(1) Life arose from living forms only atmosphere containing CH4, NH 3 etc.
(2) Life can arise from both living and non-living
6. According to Oparin and Haldane, the conditions on earth
(3) Life can arise from non-living things only. was/were
(4) Life arises spontaneously, neither from living nor from (1) High temperature (2) Volcanic storms
the non-living.
(3) Reducing atmosphere (4) All ofthese
2. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events
7. Find the incorrect statement regarding the origin of life.
in the ori~in of life?
(1) The first non-cellular forms oflife originated 3 billion
I. Formation ofprotobionts years ago.
II. Synthesis of organic monomers (2) Life originated 2 billion years after the origin of earth.
III. Synthesis of organic polymers (3) Pasteur, by careful experimentation, demonstrated that
life comes only from pre-existing life.
IV. Formation of DNA-based gt1netic systems
(4) The first cellular forms arose 2 billion years ago.
( 1) II, III, I, IV (2) I, III, II, IV
(3) III, II, I, IV (4) III, I, II, IV 8. The chemical substance formed inS. L. Miller's experiment
was
3. Which of the following is an incorrect statement?
(1) Nucleic acid (2) Amino acid.
( 1) Life appeared 500 million years ago after the formation
(3) Trehalose (4) Palmitic acid
of earth.
9. Mark the wrong statement.
(2) According to the Big Bang Theory, a thermonuclear
explosion took place 10 billion years ago . (1) The stellar distances are measured in light years.
(2) There was reducing environment on primitive
(3) The theory of spontaneous generation stated that life
atmosphere.
came out of decaying and rotting matter like mud,
straw, etc. (3) Universe is around 20 billion years old.
(4) Earth was formed 4.5 thousand·years ago.
(4) The theory of chemical origin regarding the origin of
life is more or less accepted by most scientists. 10. Identit /the wrong statement.
4. Read the following statements and choose the correct ( 1) The prebiotic atmosphere of the earth was of reducing
option. nature.
(2) Cyanobacteria transformed the primitive atmosphere
Statement 1: The earliest organisms that appeared on earth
into oxidising atmosphere.
were non-green and pre~umably anaerobes.
(3) Oparin disproved the theory of biogenesis.
Statement II: The first autotrophic organisms were the (4) Urey and Miller proved abiotic origin oflife.
chemoautotrophs that never released oxygen.
11. Life cannot originate from the inorganic materials these
(1) Both statements are correct.
days because of
(2) Both statements are incorrect. (1) Absence ofraw materials
(3) Only statement I is correct. (2) High atmospheric oxygen
(4) Only statement II is correct. (3) Low atmospheric hydrogen
5. In 1953 S. L. Miller created primitive earth conditions (4) Presence of ozone
in the laboratory and gave experimental evidence for 12. Assertion: Life appeared 500 million years after the
origin of first form of life from preexisting non-living formation of earth.
organic molecules. The primitive earth conditions created
Reason: There was no atmosphere on early earth.
include
(l)Low temperature, volcanic storms, atmosphere rich in (1) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is
oxygen the correct explanation of the assertion.
(2) Low temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere (2) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not
the correct explanation of the assertion.
 (3) If assertion is true, but reason is false . 18. The earliest organisms to appear on earth were
(4) If both assertion and reason are false. (1) Aerobic chemoautotrophs .
13. Match the columns A and B. (2) Anaerobic chemoheterotrophs
(3) Anaerobic chemoautotrophs
ColumnA ' ColumnB
(4) Aerobic chemoheterotrophs
a. Darwin (i) England
19. The process that changed the atmosphere of the earth and
b. Oparin (ii) H.M .S. Beagle resulted in diversities in evolution of life was
c. Haldane (iii) Naturalist (1) Respiration (2) Photosynthesis
d. Wallace (iv) Chemical evolution (3) Chemosynthesis (4) Volcanic eruptions
e. Miller (v) Formation of Amino acid 20. The most probable explanation of the appearance of free
oxygen on earth is
a b c d e
( 1) Breakdown of ozone by UV rays.
(1) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii) (v)
(2) Release by volcanic eruptions.
(2) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii) (v)
(3) By-product [Link] by plants.
(3) (iii) (i) (v) (ii) (iv)
(4) By-product of photosynthesis by cyanobacteria.
(4) (iii) (ii~ (v) (i) (iv)
21. In the Miller-Urey experiment, the control set-up was
14. Read the following statements and choose the correct
different from the actual experimental set-up in
· option.
(1) Presence of oxygen in control set-up.
I. There has been gradual evolution of life forms.
(2) Ratio of gases used in chamber.
II. Any population has built in variation in characteristics.
(3) Absence of energy source.
III. Those characteristics which enable. some to survive
better in natural conditions (climate, food, physical (4) Types of gases used in reaction mixture.
factors, etc.) would outbreed others that are less- 22. The correct sequence of substances that appeared during
endowed to surviv~ under such natural conditions. the origin of life is
IV. In due course of time, apparently new types of (1) Glucose, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids.
organisms are recognisable. (2) Ammonia, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids.
( 1) All statements are correct except I (3) Amino acids, ammonia, phosphates, nucleic acids .
(2) All statements are correct (4) Nucleic acids, ammonia, proteins, amino acids .
(3) All statements are correct except III and IV
23. Miller synthesised simple amino acids from which of the
(4) All statements are correct except II following mixtures in his experiment? ·
15. Statement 1: For a long time, it was also believed that life (1) H 2, 0 2, CH4, and NH3
came out of decaying and rotting matter. (2) H 2 , NH 3, CH4 , and water vapour
Statement II: Louis Pasteur by careful experimentation (3) CH4 , NH3 , 0 2 , and H 20 2
demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing life. (4) N 2 , 0 2 , H 2 , and water vapour
(1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
24. Statement 1: Miller used four gases - methane, oxygen,
(2) Both Statement I and Statement II are false. hydrogen, and water vapour for formation of simple
(3) Statement I is true, and Statement II is false . organic compounds.
(4) Statement I is false, and Statement II is true.
Statement II: Miller found some amino acids in his
16. The Oparin-Haldane hypothesis on the origin of life was apparatus .
experimentally proved by (1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
(1) Louis Pasteur (2) Urey and Miller (2) Both Statement I and Statement II are false .
(3) Malthus (4) Plato (3) Statement I is true, and Statement II is false.
17. Which of the following statements is incorrect about the (4) Statement I is false, and Statement II is true.
theory of special creation? 25. According to Darwin, the fitness of the individual or
(1) All living organisms that we see today were created population, refers ultimately and only to
as such. (1) Mental fitness (2) Reproductive fitness
(2) Diversity of life was always the same since creation (3) Physical fitness (4) Social fitness
and will be the same in future .
26. Who worked in Malay Archipelago had also come to
(3) Earth is 40,000 years old.
similar conclusions of Darwin around the same time?
(4) The theory was supported by Father Suarez. \
l~l_Bio_lo~gy___________________________________________________
( 1) Alfred Wallace, a geneticist (3) They are a result of convergent evolution.
(2) Lamarck, a French naturalist · (4) They always develop in related organisms.
(3) a
Lamarck, geneticist 34. Phylogeny means
(4) Alfred Wallace, a naturalist (1) Developmental history
27. According to Oparin and Haldane, (2) Evolutionary history
( 1) Mutations caused speciation. . (3) Study offossils
(2) The first form oflife could have originated from pre- (4) Molecular homology
existing non-living organic molecules. 35. Identify the wrong statement.
(3) The evolution oflife was driven by the use and disuse ( 1) Heart and brain of vertebrates are homologous organs.
of organs.
(2) Homologous structures are a result of divergent
(4) Oxygen was abundant in the primitive atmosphere.
evolution.
28. Which one of the following is incorrect about the (3) Stipules of Lathyrus aphaca and petiole of Acacia are
characteristics of protobionts (coacervates) as envisaged homologous structures.
in the abiogenic origin of life? (4) Richard Owen introduced the term homologous organs.
(1) They could maintain an internal environment.
36. The strongest evidence for change over a long period of
(2) They were partially isolated from the surroundings. time comes from
(3) They were able to reproduce.
(1) Analogous organs (2) Embryo studies.
(4) They could separate combinations of molecules from (3) Biogeography (4) Palaeontology
the surroundings.
37. Match the options given in Column I with those given in
29. Evolutionary biology is
Column II.
( 1) Origin of life from non-living matter.
(2) Origin of life from pre-existing life. Column I Column II
(3) Formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic (A) Homologous (i) Presence of long
constituents. organs canmes
Analogous organs (ii) Nipples in males
0

(4) Study oflife forms on earth. (B)

30. Find the correct match regarding Miller's experiment. (C) Vestigial organs (iii) Leaves of plants and
(1) Temperature-80°C cladode of Ruscus
(2) Gases- H 2 , NH3, CH4 , 02 (D) Atavism (iv) Mouthparts of
(3) Energy source-Electric discharge eockroach and
butterfly
(4) Volume of glass chamber-50 L
(1) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(v)
Evidences for Evolution: Adaptive Radiation (2) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(i)
(3) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(ii)
31. Paleontological evidences for evolution refer to the (4) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(ii)
(1) Development of embryo
38. Which of the following is not an example of analogous
(2) Homologous organs organs?
(3) Fossils (1) Sting of honeybee and scorpion
(4) Analogous organs (2) Fins of shark and flipper of dolphins.
(3) Stem tendril of Pass if!ora and leaf tendril of Lathyrus
32. Whales, bats, cheetah, and humans share similarities in the
aphaca
(1) Shape of jaw. (4) Thorn of Bougainvillea and a tendril of Cucurbita
(2) Number of teeth.
39. The bones of forelimbs of whale, bat, cheetah and man are
(3) Pattern of bones offorelimbs. similar in structure, because
(4) Pattern of bones of vertebral column. (1) One organism has given rise to another
33. Which of the following is incorrect about analogous (2) They share a common ancestor
organs? (3) They perform the same function
(1) They show superficial resemblance, though their (4) The have biochemical similarities
internal structures are quite different.· 40. Assertion: Whales, bats, cheetah, and human share
(2) They have similar function. similarities in the pattern of bones of forelimb.
 Evolution l.l
Reason: All of them have humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, (2) The study of fossils in different sedimentary layers
metacarpals, and phalanges. indicates the geographical period in which they existed.
(1) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is (3) They are remains of decayed and decomposed body
the correct explanation of the assertion. parts.
(2) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not (4) They are remains of hard parts of life forms that existed
the correct explanation of the assertion. in the past.
(3) If assertion is true, but reason is false. 49. The evolution of different species in a given area starting
(4) If both assertion and reason are false. from a point and spreading to other geographical areas is
41. The formation oftwo species from one ancestral species known as
is known as (1) Migration (2) Adaptive radiation
(1) Allopatry (2) Divergent evolution (3) Natural selection (4) Convergent evolution
(3) Convergent evolution (4) Phyletic evolution 50. Which of the following is an incorrect statement?
42. An important evidence in favour of organic evolution is (1) Organs that perform the same function, that are not
the occurrence of similar in structural details and origin are homologous
(1) Homologous and vestigial organs organs.
(2) Analogous and vestigial organs (2) The branch of biology that deals with the study of
fossils is palaeontology.
(3) Homol'ogous and analogous organs
(3) Darwin's fmches are an example of adaptive radiation.
(4) Homologous organs only
(4) Adaptive radiation suggests divergent evolution.
43. Which of the following is an example of analogous organs?
51. Analogous organs arise due to
(1) Flipper ofwhale and forelimb ofhorse
(1) Divergent evolution (2) Artificial selection
(2) Tendril of Lathyrus and spine of barberry
(3) Genetic drift (4) Convergent evolution
(3) Phyllode of Acacia and cladode of Ruscus
(4) Nictitating membr~ne and auricular muscles 52. Match the column I with column II, and choose the correct
option.
44. The pouched mammals of Australia survived because of
( 1) Lack of competition from any other mammal Column I Columnll
(2) Continental drift a. Homologous organs I. Potato and sweet potato
(3) Pouched mammals take better care of their young ones b. Analogous organs 2. Tendril and thorn
than placental mammals c. Adaptive radiation 3. Fossils
(4) Both (1) and (2) d. Paleontological 4. Australian marsupials
45. Tendrils in different plants are an example of evidence
(1) Divergent evolution (1) a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4
(2) Convergent evolution (2) a- 2, b-1, c-4, d-3
(3) Analogous organs (3) a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4
(4) More than one option is correct (4) a-1, b-2, c-4, d- 3
46. Find the odd one with respect to their origin. 53. Statement 1: Due to continental drift, when South America
(1) Koala (2) Lemur joined North America, North American animals were
(3) Numbat (4) Tasmanian tiger cat overridden by South American fauna.
47. Crocodile and penguin are similar to whale and dogfish in Statement II: Due to the same cqntinental drift, placental
which one of the following features? mammals of Australia survived because of lack of
(1) Possess bony skeleton competition from any other mammal.
(2) Lay eggs and guard them till they hatch (1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
(3) Have gill slits at some stage (2) Both Statement I and St'atement II are false.
(4) Possess a single solid nerve cord (3) Statement I is true, and Statement II is false.
(4) Statement I is false, and Statement II is true.
48. Fossils act as evidences of organic evolution. Which one
of these features does not justify the feature of fossils? 54. Which one of the following are analogous structures?
(1) Fossils present in the lower strata of earth are older (1) Flipper of dolphin and leg ofhorse
than those present in the upper strata. (2) Mouthparts of housefly and cockroach
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(3) Gills of prawn and lungs ofhuman (ii) Around 65 million years ago, some of the land reptiles
(4) Wings of bat and flipper 'o f whale went back to water and evolved into fish-like reptiles,
called Ichthyosaurs .
55. Evolutionary convergence is the development of
(iii) Dinosaurs became extinct 200 million years ago.
( 1) Common set of characters in closely related groups.
(iv) The first mammals were like shrews.
(2) Dissimilar characters in closely related groups.
(3) Common set of characters in groups of different Which of the above statements are incorrect?
ancestry. · (1) (i) and (ii) (2) (ii) and (iii)
(4) Dissimilar characters in groups of different ancestry (3) (iii) and (iv) (4) (i) and (iv)

56. The study of fossils is useful evidence of evolution as it 62. Which of the following is a correct statement?
suggests (1) Homologous organs explain convergent evolution.
( 1) Life originated spontaneously from non-living matter. (2) The modem-day amphibians that live on land and in
(2) Life came on earth as spores or Panspermia from other water are supposed to have evolved from lobefins.
planets. (3) Sea weeds and few plants existed probably around 500
mya.
(3) New forms of life arose at the same time in the history
of earth. (4) Vermiform appendix is an example of atavistic
character.
(4) Life forms varied over time and certain life forms are
restricted to certain geological time spans. 63. Read the following statements:
57. Fossils are generally found in (i) Birbal Sahni is the father oflndian palaeobotany.
(ii) Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem
(1) Sedimentary rocks (2) Igneous rocks
modification) are examples of analogous organs.
(3) Metamorphic rocks (4) Any type of rock
(iii) Convergent evolution is seen between lemur and
58. Statement 1: Homologous organs have common ancestry spotted cuscus.
and similar function. (iv) The first organisms that invaded land were insects.
Statement II: Analogous organs have different origin and (v) Jawless fish evolved around 500 million years ago.
dissimilar function.
Which of the above statements are incorrect?
(1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true. (1) (i) and (ii) (2) (ii) and (iii)
(2) Both Statement I and Statement II are false. (3) (iv) and (v) (4) (ii) and (v)
(3) Statement I is true, and Statement II is false.
64. In the Mesozoic Era, the correct sequence of the periods,
(4) Statement I is false, and Statement II is true. beginning with the earliest, will be
59. Appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an example (1) Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous
of (2) Jurassic, Cretaceous, Triassic
(1) Adaptive radiation (3) Cretaceous, Triassic, Jurassic
(2) Transduction ( 4) Triassic, Cretaceous, Jurassic
(3) Pre-existing varia~ion in the population 65. Read the following statements and choose the incorrect
(4) Divergent evolution option.
(1) Around 350 million years ago, fish with stout and
Evidences for Evolution, A Brief Account strong fins could move on land and go back to water
of Evolution and were called lobefins.
(2) About 65 million years ago, the dinosaurs suddenly
60. Viviparity is considered to be more evolved because
disappeared from the earth.
(1) The young ones are left on their own
(3) Invertebrates were formed 350 million years ago.
(2) The young ones are protected by a thick shell (4) Giant ferns were present, but they fell to form coal
(3) The young ones are protected inside the mother's body deposits slowly.
and are looked after they are born leading to more 66. Evolution of life shows that life forms had a trend of
chances of survival moving from
(4) The embryo takes a long time to develop (1) Land to water
61. Read the following statements: (2) Dryland to wet land
(i) The presence of gill slits in the embryos of all (3) Fresh water to sea water
vertebrates support the theory of recapitulation. (4) Water to land
67. Assertion: The amphibians evolved into reptiles. Statement 1: Comparative anatomy and morphology show
similarities and differences among organisms of today and
Reason: Reptiles lay thick shelled eggs which do not dry
those that existed years ago.
up in sun like those of amphibians.
(1) Ifboth assertion and reason are true and the reason is Statement II: Different aged rock sediments contain
the correct explanation of the assertion. fossils of different life forms who probably died dtrring
(2) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the formation of the particular sediment.
the correct explanation of the assertion. ( 1) Both statements I and II are correct.
(3) If assertion is true, but reason is false. (2) Both statements I and II are incorrect.
(4) Ifboth assertion and reason are false. (3) Statement I is correct but II is incorrect.
68. Which of the following is an avian character of (4) Statement I is incorrect but II is correct.
Archaeopteryx? 73. All of the following belong to the evolutionary line leading
(1) The digits of forelimbs had claws. to evolution of mammals, except
(2) Bones were solid. (1) Satrropsida (2) Synapsida
(3) Teeth were present within jaws. (3) Pelycosaurs (4) Therapsids
(4) Forelimbs were modified into wings.
74. Which of the following is an incorrect statement?
69. Which of the following is an incorrect statement? (1) Angiosperms appeared on earth during the Triassic
(1) Triceratops and Pteranodon are extinct reptiles. period of the Mesozoic Era.
(2) Australian marsupials are examples of adaptive ..
(2) Dinosaurs became extinct in the Cretaceous period.
radiation.
(3) Mammals and dinosaurs originated almost at the same
(3) Thoms and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita time in the Triassic period.
represent analogy.
(4) Trilobites were the extinct ancestors of the present-day
(4) Von Baer is called the father of modem embryology. arthropods.
70. Which of the following js a correct flowchart with respect 75. Which of the following is an example for link species?
to evolution of mammals?
(1) Lobe fish (2) Dodo bird
(1) Synapsids---+ Pelycosatrrs---+ Therapsids ---+ Mammals
(3) Sea weed (4) Chimpanzee
. (2) Sauropsids ---+ Synapsids ---+ Thecodont ---+ Mammals
(3) Therapsids---+ Pelycosatrrs ---+ Synapsids---+ Mammals 76. Assertion: About 350 million years or so, reptiles of
different shapes and size dominated on earth.
(4) Therapsids---+ Synapsids---+ Pelycosatrrs---+ Mammals
Reason: Some of land reptiles went back into water
71. Consider the following statements and select the correct
to evolve into fish like reptiles probably 200 mya (e.g.
option stating which one is true (T) and which one is
false (F).
Icthyophis).
(i) Tyrannosaurus was the biggest dinosaur about 20 feet (1) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is
in height and had huge fearsome dagger-like teeth. the correct explanation of the assertion.
(ii) Some land reptiles went back into water to evolve into (2) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is ·not
fish-like reptiles probably 200 million years ago. the correct explanation of the assertion.
(iii) According to the theory of spontaneous generation, (3) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
"panspermia" was transferred to different planets from (4) If both assertion and reason are false.
outer space, including earth.
77. Match the column I with column II and choose the correct
(iv) According to Darwin, there has been gradual evolution option.
of life forms.
(v) Homology is based on convergent evolution, while Column I Column IT
analogy refers to a situation exactly opposite. a. Jawless fish evolved 1. 320 mya
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) b. Invertebrates were forriled 2. 350 mya
(1) T T T F F c. Sea weeds existed 3. 65 mya
(2) T F T F F d. Dinosaurs disappeared 4. 500 mya
(3) T T F T F (1) a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2
(4) T T T T F (2) a-3, b-2, c-1, d-4
72. Read the following statements and choose the correct
(3) a-1, b-4, c-2, d-3
option. (4) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3
l~l_sio_lo~gy___________________________________________________
78. Identify the wrong statement. (2) Mammals and birds originated in the Cenozoic Era.
( 1) The eye ofoctopus and the eye ofcat are analogous organs (3) Mesozoic Era is called the "Age of Reptiles".
that have evolved due to convergent evolution. (4) Dinosaurs originated during the Triassic period along
(2) Trilobites appeared and disappeared, respectively, with primitive mammals.
during the Silurian and Carboniferous periods.
85. Which of the following are not vestigial organs in human
(3) Dinosaurs were ,present during the Mesozoic Era. beings?
(4) The origin of first toothed birds took place in the (1) Scalp muscles and third molars
Jurassic period. ·
(2) Rudimentary ear muscles and coccygeal vertebrae
79. The Cenozoic Era is the (3) Ear pinna, patella and olecranon process
(1) Age of pisces (2) Age of reptiles (4) Vermiform appendix and nictitating membrane
(3) Age of mammals (4) Age of amphibians
86. Match the options given in Column I with Column II.
80. Which of the following is an incorrect statement?
Column I 1111 Column II
(1) Peripatus is a connecting link between annelids and
' molluscs. A. 350 million years (i) Ichthyosaurs were
(2) Neopilina is a connecting link between molluscs and ago formed
annelids due to the presence of segmentation. B. 200 million years (ii) Sea weeds and few
(3) Protopterus is a connecting link between pisces and ago plants existed
amphibians. C. 320 million years (iii) Invertebrates were
(4) Prototherians are a connecting link between reptiles ago formed and active
and mammals. D. 500 million years (iv) Jawless fish evolved
81. Mark the wrong statement from the following . ago
(1) The process of evolution of different species in a given (1) A--{iv), B--{i), C--{iii), D--{ii)
geographical area starting from a point and literally (2) A--{iv), B--{i), C--{ii), D--{iii)
radiating to other areas of geography is called adaptive (3) A--{i), B--{iv), C--{ii), D--{iii)
radiation.
(4) A--{ii), B--{i), C--{iii), ·D--{iv)
(2) French biologist Lamarck had said that evolution of
life forms had occurred but driven by use and disuse 87. Mark the wrong statement.
of organs. (1) Giant ferns fell to form coal deposits.
(3) A study of fossils in different sedimentary layers of (2) In 1938, a fish caught in South Africa happened to be
rocks indicates the geographical period in which they a coelacanth, which was thought to be extinct.
existed. (3) Amphibians lay thick-shelled eggs, which do not dry
(4) Tendrils in different plants are examples of divergent up in sun unlike those of reptiles.
evolution leading to homologous organ development. (4) By 500 million years ago, invertebrates were formed
and active.
82. Choose the correct order in which the evolution of plant
forms occurred through geological periods. 88. Match the options given in Col1;1mn I with Column II.
(1) Chlorophyte anc'estor - 4 Rhynia-type plant - 4 ' I"
Column I --Column II
Psilophyton - 4 Tracheophyte ancestor
A. Carboniferous (i) Dinosaurs dominated over
(2) Psilophyton - Rhynia-type plants - 4 Tracheophyte
earth
ancestors - Chlorophyte ancestors
(3) Rhynia-type plants - Chlorophyte ancestors - B. Cretaceous (ii) Dinosaurs became extinct,
Tracheophyte ancestors - 4 Psilophyton origin of angiosperms
(4) Chlorophyte ancestors- Tracheophyte ancestors- c. Ordovician (iii) Age of amphibians, origin
Rhynia-type plants - Psilophyton of reptiles
83. Bryophytes have evolved from D. Jurassic (iv) Age of invertebrates
(1) Psilophyton (2) Rhynia type (1) A--{iii), B--{ii), C--{iv), D--{i)
(3) Chlorophyte ancestors (4) Tracheophyte ancestors (2) A--{i), B--{ii), C--{iii), D--{iv)
84. Mark the incorrect among the following. (3) A--{iv), B--{i), C--{ii), D--{iii)
(l) Evolution of unicellular organisms occurred in the (4) A--{ii), B--{iii), C--{iv), D--{i)
Proterozoic Era.
 Evolution tOl
89. Read the following statements and choose the correct (2) Therapy of abiogenesis
option. (3) Natural selection
I. Similarities in proteins and genes performing a given (4) Allen's law
function among diverse organisms give clues to
common ancestry. 95. Animal husbandry and plant breeding programmes are the
examples of
II. Man has bred selected plants and animals for
(1) Reverse evolution (2) Artificial selection
agriculture, horticulture, sport, or security.
(3) Mutation (4) Natural selection
III. Embryological evidence for evolution is based upon
the observation of certain features during embryonic 96. Match the options given in Column I with those given in
stage common to all vertebrates that are absent in adult. Column II.
IV. Comparative anatomy and morphology show
Column I Columnll
similarities and differences among organisms of today
and those that existed years ago . A. Primary abiogenesis (i) Louis Pasteur
B. Reproductive fitness (ii) Hugo de Vries
How many of the above statements are correct?
c. Saltation (iii) Charles Darwin
(1) One (2) Two
D. Biogenesis (iv) Oparin-Haldane
(3) Three (4) Four
(1) A-{i), B-{ii), C-{iv), D-{iii)
Biological Evolution (2) A-{iv), B-{iii), C-{ii), D-{i)
(3) A-{ii), B-{i), C-{iii), D-{iv)
90. Identify the wrong statement.
(4) A-{ii), B-{i), C-{iii), D-{iv)
(1) Lamarck's theory of evolution is called the theory of
inheritance of acquired characters. 97. Development and power of action of an organ are directly
(2) Darwin was influenced by the essays ofMalthus. proportional to its use. The statement is correct according
to
(3) According to Darwinism, evolution is a jerky and
discontinuous proce~s. (1) Darwinism (2) Lamarckism
(4) August Weismann gave the theory of "Continuity of (3) Mendelism (4) Mutation theory
Germplasm". 98. Consider the following statements and select the correct
91. Which of the following does not favour Lamarckian option stating which one is true (T) and which one is false
concept of inheritance of acquired characters? (F).
(1) Limbless condition in snakes (i) According to natural selection, variations that are
heritable and that make resource utilisation better for
(2) Webbed toes in aquatic birds
few will enable only those to reproduce and leave more
(3) Absence of eyes in cave salamander progeny.
(4) Melanisation of peppered moth in industrial areas (ii) Based on observation made during sea voyage on
92. Which of the following is incorrect regarding Darwinism? H.M.S. Beagle, Darwin concluded that existing life
(1) Variations are small and directional. forms share similarities only among themselves, and
(2) Successful organisms leave more progeny than others. not with life forms that existed millions of years ago.
(3) All acquired characters are inherited to the next (iii) Fitness, according to Darwin, refers ultimately and
generation. only to reproductive fitness.
(iv) The geological history of earth does not correlate with
(4) There is struggle for existence among animals for
the biological history of earth.
limited number of natural resources.
93. Darwin' s theory of natural selection was based on certain (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
observations. Which of the following is not an observation (1) T T F F
made by Darwin? (2) T F T F
(1) Natural resources are limited.
(3) F T .F T
(2) Populations are stable in size except for seasonal
(4) T T T F
fluctuations.
(3) Members of population are similar in characteristics. 99. According to Darwin, evolution is
(4) Most of the variations are inherited. (1) A slow and discontinuous process.
(2) A slow, gradual, and continuous process.
94. The phenomenon of industrial melanism supports
(3) A sudden and discontinuous process.
(1) Mutation theory
(4) A slow, sudden, and continuous process.
l~l_sio_lo~gy____________________________________________________
100. The best example of adaptive radiation is/are (2) Natural selection
(1) Darwin's fmches (3) Genetic variability in population /
(2) Australian marsupials (4) Inheritance of acquired characters
(3) Lack oflimbs in snakes 107. In a collection of moths made in 1850 (before industrial
(4) Both (1) and (2) revolution), it was observed that there were
101. Which of the following is incorrect about Lamarckism? (1) All melanised moths
( 1) Evolution oflife forms occurred driven by the use and (2) All white-winged moths
disuse of organs. (3) More melanised moths than white-winged moths
(2) Giraffes elongated their neck to forage leaves on tall (4) More white-winged moths than melanised moths
trees. 108. Which of the following is an incorrect statement?
(3) Giraffes with longer necks produced more offspring (1) Alfred Wallace also worked on principles of natural
than those having shorter necks. selection.
(4) Giraffes passed on the acquired character of elongated (2) Lichens are indicators of pollution-free environment.
neck to succeeding generations.
(3) Older fossils are found in deeper layers in sedimentary
io2. Which type of selection is industrial melanism observed layers.
in moth, Biston bitularia: (4) Evolution is not a stochastic process and is a directed
(1) Stabilising (2) Directional process in a sense of determinism.
(3) Disruptive (4) Artificial 109. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events
103. Match the columns. depicting Darwin's theory of evolution?
I. Natural selection
CoJumnl Column II
II. Struggle for existence
(i) Darwin (a) Use and disuse theory
III. Appearance ofvariations
(ii) Lamarck (b) Origin of species
IV. Overproduction
(iii) Hugo de Vries (c) Origin of life
(1) 1-tiV-tiii-tll (2) IV-tll-tiii-tl
(iv) Oparin (d) Mutation theory
(3) IV-tl-tiii-tll (4) IV-tiii-tll-ti
(1) CiHb), (iiHa) (iiiHd), (ivHc)
110. Which of the following is unrelated to Darwin's theory?
(2) (iHa), (iiHb) (iiiHc), (ivHd)
(1) Survival of the fittest
(3) (i)-{b), (iiHc) (iii)-{d), (ivHa)
(2) Formation of new species due _to large, discontinuous
(4) (iHd), (iiHa) (iiiHb), (ivHc)
variations
104. Read the following statements: (3) Natural selection
(i) Branching descent and natural selection are two key (4) Reproductive fitness
concepts ofDarwinism.
111. The dark peppered moth is a __ and named _ _ .
(ii) The term "saltation" was given by Spencer.
(1) Dominant mutant, Biston carbonaria
(iii) For evolution, mutation must occur in somatic DNA.
(2) Dominant mutant, Biston betularia
(iv) Plant breeding and animal husbandry are examples
of artificial selection. (3) Homozygous recessive, Biston betularia
Which of the above statements are correct? (4) Homozygous recessive, Biston carbonaria
( 1) (i) and (ii) (2) (ii) and (iii) 112. Which of the following is not an example of anthropogenic
(3) (iii) and (iv) (4) (i) and (iv) action?-
(1) Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
105. Which of the following is incorrect regarding the work of
Huge de Vries? (2) Herbicide-resistant weeds
(1) His work was based on evening primrose. (3) Melanised moths
(2) Mutations are responsible for evolution. (4) Diversification of marsupials in Australia
(3) Mutations are small and directional. 113. Identify the wrong statement.
(4) Mutations caused speciation and, hence, called (1) Darwin's fmches observed on Galapagos Islands were
saltation. originally seed eating.
106. According to the modem synthetic theory of evolution, the (2) Evolution of antibiotic-resistant microbes is an example
factor that does not contribute to the evolution process is of anthropogenic action.
( 1) Reproductive isolation
 Evolution lOl
(3) The book Origin ofSpecies was written by Oparin and (1) i-M; ii-P; iii-N; iv-0
Origin ofLife was written by Darwin. (2) i-P; ii-M; iii-N; iv-0
(4) Floods, epidemics, and volcanic eruptions refer to the (3) i- N; ii- P; iii- 0; iv- M
"Positive check" proposed by Malthus. (4) i- P; ii-0; iii-N; iv-M
114. Mark the incorrect statement regarding evolution. 119. Identify the wrong statement.
. (1) Adaptive ability is inherited. ( 1) Darwin was influenced by the work of Thomas Malthus
(2) The theory ofpangenesis was disproved by Weismann. on population.
(3) According to de Vries, mutations are directionless. (2) Adaptive ability is inherited but has no genetic basis.
(4) Industrial melanism is an example ofLamarck's theory (3) Some organisms are better adapted to survive in hostile
of evolution. environment.
115. The criticism of Darwinism is not based on (4) Fitness is the result of the ability to adapt and get
(1) Survival ofthe fittest selected by nature.
(2) Presence of vestigial organs 120. Read the following statements and select the correct ones.
(3) Inheritance of variations (i) Alfred Wallace, a natUralist who worked in Malay
(4) Arrival of the fittest Archipelago, also came to similar conclusions as
Darwin around the same time.
116. Find the ~e (T) and false (F) statements, and choose the
(ii) Darwinian variations are small and directional.
correct option.
(i) Darwin said that variations, which are heritable and which (iii) Lamarck, by careful experimentation, demonstrated
. that life comes only from pre-existing life.
make resour~e utilisation better for few, will enable only
those to reproduce and leave more progeny. (iv) For a long time, it was believed that life came out of
decaying and rotting matter such as straw, mud, etc.
(ii) Formation of new microbial species requires very little
time but for something to happen in a fish/fowl would This was the theory of biogenesis.
take millions of years, since they have much longer (1) (i) and (ii) (2) (ii) and (ii: ,
life spans. (3) (iii) and (iv) (4) (i) and (iv)
(iii) According to Lamarckism, long-necked giraffes 121. In a population of wolves, whicl: .vould be considered the
evolved because nature selected only long-necked fittest?
animals. (1) Wolf that eats the maximum
(iv) Most modem breeds of dogs have evolved through (2) The biggest wolf
artificial selection.
(3) Wolf having most number of mutations
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (4) Wolf that leaves most number of offspring
(1) T T T T
(2) T T F T Mechanism of Evolution, Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
(3) F T F T 122. Population is said to be non-evolving if all of the following
(4) F F F T features exist, except
(1) Random mating
117. The placental mammals in Australia evolved into several
(2) Large population size
varieties each of which appears to be "similar" to a
corresponding marsupial because of (3) Mutations are not taking place
(1) Anthropogenic action. (4) New members migrate into this population from
outside
(2) Adaptive radiation and convergent evolution.
(3) Theory of germplasm. 123. Read the following statements and choose the incorrect
one among them.
(4) Inheritance of acquired characters.
(1) Disturbance in genetic equilibrium, or the Hardy-
118. Match the scientists listed under column 'I' with ideas Weinberg equilibrium,· i.e., change in frequency
listed column 'II' . of alleles in a population, would be interpreted as
Column I Column ll resulting in evolution.
1. Darwin M. Abiogenesis (2) When migration of a section of population to another
place and population occurs, gene frequencies change
ii. Oparin N. Use and disuse of organs
in original as well as new population.
111. Lamarck 0. Continental drift theory
(3) According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, the allele
lV. Wagner P. Evolution by natural selection frequencies in a population are unstable and varies
from generation to generation.
tOl ._eJo_lo_gv___________________________
(4) Genetic recombination and natural selection can affect 130. The frequency of recessive allele in a population is 0.2.
the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The number ofheterozygotes in a population of 500 is
124. If nature selects individuals acquiring value other than the (1) 150 (2) 240
mean character value, the type of natural selection is called (3) 160 (4) 64
(1) Directional (2) Disruptive 131. Gene flow refers to
(3) Balancing (4) Stabilising ( 1) Transfer of genes during crossing over
125. (p + q) 2= + 2pq + l = 1 represents an equation used in
l (2) Non-disjunction of chromosomes
(1) Population genetics (2) Mendelian genetics (3) Transfer of genes between genetically distinct but
(3) Biometrics · (4) Molecular genetics interbreeding population
126. Which of the following factors are known to affect Hardy- (4) Random change in gene frequency
Weinberg equilibrium? 132. In the expression,p2 + 2pq +l used to explain the Hardy-
(i) Gene migration Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of heterozygous
.(ii) Genetic drift individuals is represented by
· (iii) Mutation (1) p2 (2) q2
(iv) Genetic recombination (3) 2pq (4) p2+ q2
(v) Natural selection 133. Read the following statements and choose the correct
(vi) Gene flow options.
(1) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) Statement 1: The Hardy- Weinberg principle states that
(2) (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) in the absence of disturbing influences, gene frequencies
(3) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi) oflarge populations of sexually reproducing organisms do
(4) All the above not change, provided that mating occurs at random.

127. Assertion: Evolution is not a directed process in the sense Statement-!!_: The disturbing influences include mutation,
of determinism. gene flow, genetic drift, genetic recombination, and natural
selection.
Reason: Evolution is a stochastic process based on chance
(1) Both statements are correct.
events in nature and chance mutation in the organism.
(2) Both statements are incorrect.
(1) Ifboth assertion and reason are true and the reason is
the correct explanation of the assertion. (3) Only statement I is correct.
(2) Ifboth·assertion and reason are true, but reason is not (4) Only statement II is correct.
the correct explanation of the assertion. 134. When migration of a section of population to another place
(3) If assertion is true, but reason is false. and population occurs, then gene frequencies change in the
(4) If both assertion and reason are false. (1) New population
128. Match the column I with column II, and choose the correct (2) Original population
option. (3) Original as well as in the new population
Column I Column II (4) Gene frequency will never change
a. Branching descent 1. Pithyosaurs 135. Assertion: According to Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele
b. Saltation 2. Tyranosaurs frequencies in a population are stable and is constant from
generation to generation.
c. Fish like reptiles 3. Darwin
d. Biggest dinosaur 4. Hugo de Vries Reason: Disturbance in genetic equilibrium or Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium in a population would be interpreted
(1) a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2
as resulting in evolution.
(2) a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1
(1) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is
(3) a-4, b---3, c-1, d-2 the correct explanation of the assertion.
(4) a-4, b---3, c-2, d-1
(2) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not
129. The Hardy-Weinberg equation helps in knowing the correct explanation of the assertion.
(I) Whether population size is constant. (3) If assertion is true, but reason is false .
(2) Whether evolution is occurring in a population. (4) Ifboth assertion and reason ~e false.
(3) Behaviours of individuals in a population. 136. Variations during mutations of meiotic recombinations are
(4) Different characters of individuals in population. (1) Random and directionless
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ev_o_lu_t_io_n lellll
(2) Random and directional (2) Allele frequencies in a population are stable and is
(3) Random and small constant from generation to generation.
(4) Random, small, and directional (3) Disturbance in genetic equilibrium, or Hard1 -
Weinberg equilibrium, i.e., change of frequency\ of
137. Match the following columns and choose the correct option. alleles in a population would then be interpreted as
Column I Columnll resulting in evolution
1. Stabilisation a. More individuals,~quire value (4) When frequency measured, differs from expected
other than the mean character values, the difference (direction) indicates the extent
value of evolutionary change.
2. Directional b. More individuals acquire 143. If the gene migration occurs by chance, it is called
change peripheral character value at (1) Natural selection (2) Gene flow
both ends of the distribution (3) Genetic recombination (4) Genetic drift
curve
144. Which of the following represents correct binomial
3. Disruption c. More individuals acquire mean
expression for Hardy- Wei~berg equilibrium?
character value
(1) p 2 + q2 =I (2) p + q = 1
(1) I- a, 2- ~, 3- b (3) (p + qi = 1
2 2
(4) p + q = 0
(2) I- c, 2- a, 3- b
145. Read the following statements and choose the correct
(3) 1 - c, 2 - b, 3 - a option.
(4) I- b, 2- a, 3- c
Statement 1: In a given population, one can find out the
138. Identify the correct statement with respect to the Hardy- frequency of occurrence of alleles of a gene or a locus.
Weinberg principle.
Statement 2: This frequency is supposed to remain fixed
(I) The sum of all the allele frequencies is I.
and even remain the same through generations.
(2) The gene pool remains constant, which is called genetic
(1) Both statements are correct.
equilibrium.
(2) Both statements are incorrect.
(3) There is no evolution if the allele frequencies are stable.
(3) Only statement 1 is correct.
(4) All ofthese.
(4) Only statement 2 is correct.
139. In a population of I 000 individuals, 360 belong to genotype
146. Hugo de Vries brought forth the idea of mutations -large
AA, 480 to Aa, and the remaining 160 to aa. Based on this
differences arising suddenly in a population, based on his
data, the frequency of allele A in the population is
work on
(1) 0.4 (2) 0.5
(I) Mint plant (2) Blue and green alga
(3) 0.6 (4) 0.7
(3) Evening primrose (4) Cladophora
140. Sometimes the change in allele frequency is so different in
147. Evolution for Darwin was gradual while de Vries believed
the new sample of population that they become a different
species. The original drifted population becomes founder mutation caused speciation and hence called it
and the effect is called ' (1) Elution (2) Recombination
(1) Founder effect (2) Genetic effect (3) Cloning (4) Saltation
(3) Mutual effect (4) Both (1) and (2)
Origin and Evolution of Man
141. Assertion: The total genes and their alleles in a population
are called gene pool. 148. The most significant aspect of human evolution is
Reason: The gene pool r:emains a constant in a population. (I) Erect posture (2) .Opposable thumb
( 1) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is (3) Increased brain size (4) Absence of tail
the correct explanation of the assertion. 149. Which of the following is an incorrect statement?
(2) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not (1) Australopithecines lived on earth 2 million years ago.
the correct explanation of the assertion. (2) Fossils of man like bones have been discovered in
(3) If assertion is true, but reason is false. Ethiopia and Tanzania.
(4) If both assertion and reason are false. (3) Homo erectus pekinensis is called Java man.
142. Read the following statements and choose the incorrect (4) Neanderthal man used animal hides for clothing and
option. buried their dead members.
(1) The frequency of AA individuals in a population is
simply represented as 2p.
l~l_Bio_lo_gv____________________________________________________
150. Read the following statements and identify the wrong one. 156. Which of the following hominid is associated with cave
(1) Homo habilis had a brain capacity of 650-800 cc. paintings?
(2) Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus existed 50 million (1) Peking man
years ago. (2) Java man
(3) The first human-like being or the earliest hominid was (3) Cro-Magnon man
Homo habilis. (4) Neanderthal man
(4) Prehistoric cave art developed around 18,000 years
157.' Which of the following is an incorrect statement?
ago.
(1) Agriculture carne around 10,000 years back and human
151. Find the mismatch among the given fossil men and their settlement started.
brain sizes. (2) During the Ice Age between 75,000 and 10,000 years
(1) Homo habi/is--650-800 cc ago, modem Homo sapiens arose.
(2) Homo erectus-900 cc (3) Homo sapiens arose in Africa and moved across
(3) Homo sapiens-900 cc continents and developed into distinct races.
(4) Australopithecus-500 cc (4) Neanderthal man, with a brain size of 1400 cc, lived
near east and central Asia between 40,000 and 10,000
152. The most accepted line of descent in human evolution is:
years back.
(1) Australopithecus ~ Ramapithecus ~Homo sapiens
~Homo habilis 158. All of the following features are correct regarding Homo
(2) Homo erectus ~ Homo habilis~Homo sapiens habilis, except
(3) Ramapithecus ~Homo habilis ~ Homo erectus (1) Made tools and was called handy man.
~Homo sapiens (2) The cranial capacity was 650-800 cc.
(4) Australopithecus ~ Ramapithecus ~ Homo erectus (3) It probably ate meat.
~ Homo habilis ~Homo sapiens (4) They were the first human-like being, the hominid.
\
153. The Neanderthal man lived near 159. The hominid fossils discovered in Java in 1891 revealed
(1) East and central Africa a stage in human evolution which was called
(2) East African grasslands (1) Homo sapiensfossilis ·
(2) Homo habilis
(3) Ethiopia and Tanzania
(3) Homo erectus
(4) East and central Asia
(4) Australopithecus
154. Match the columns A and B.
160. Identify the correct sequence of stages in the evolution of
Column B . ColumnA modem human (Homo sapiens sapiens).
(A) Ice age (i) Between 1,00,000- I. Cro-Magnon man II. Neanderthal man
40,000 III. Australopithecus IV. Java man
(B) Origin of Agriculture (ii) 75,000-10,000 V. Homo habilis VI. Modem human
(C) Neanderthal man (iii) 18000 (1) III IV v I II VI
(D) Pre-historic cave art (iv) 10,000 (2) III v IV II I VI
(1) (A)-ii, (B)-iv, (C) -i, (D) -iii (3) ill IV v II I VI

(2) (A)-i, (B)-ii, (C)-iii, (D)-iv

(4) IV ill v II I VI

(3) (A)-ii, (B)-iii, (C)-i, (D)-iv 161. Which of the following is the most primitive ancestor of
human?
(4) (A) -iii, (B)-iv, (C)-i, (D)-ii
(1) Homo erectus
155. Statement 1: The skull of baby chimpanzee is more like (2) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
adult human skull than adult chimpanzee skull.
(3) Australopithecus
Statement II: Mammals are viviparous and protected their (4) Ramapithecus
unborn young inside the mother's body.
162. Read the following statements and choose the incorrect
(1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
option.
(2) Both Statement I and Statement II are false . (1) Homo erectus probably ate meat.
(3) Statement I is true, and Statement II is false. (2) During ice age between I ,00,000-40,000 years ago,
(4) Statement I is false, and Statement II is true. modem Homo sapiens arose.
--------------------------------------------------------------E_vo_lu_tio_n l~l
·(3) Both Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus were primates. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(4) Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus were haizy and walked
(1) T T T T
like gorillas and chimpanzees.
(2) T T F T
163. Which of the following hunted with stone weapons but
(3) F T T F
essentially ate fruit?
(4) F T F T
(1) Ramapithecus (2) Dryopith€xus
(3) Australopithecus (4) Neanderthal man 168. Identify the wrong statement.
(1) Australopithecus afarensis is called "Fossil Lucy".
164. Which of the following probably did not eat meat?
(2) Homo erectus is called Java man.
(1) Homo erectus (2) Homo habilis
(3) The closest relative of modern humans among the apes
(3) Neanderthal man (4) Cro-Magnon
is chimpanzee.
165. Which of the following is a correct statement regarding (4) [Link] man had a brain size of 1800 cc.
human evolution?
169. On the basis of cranial capacity, which of the following
(1) Australopithecus was found only in Australia.
fossil man is closest to the modem human?
(2) Gorilla is the most primitive ape.
(1) Java man (2) Homo habilis
(3) Homo erec!ZfS is preceded by Homo habilis.
(3) Peking man (4) Neanderthal man
(4) Australopithe~us andRamapithecus were living at the
same time. 170. The connecting link between ape and human is
(1) Java man (2) Australopithecus
166. Read the following statements and choose the correct
option. (3) Neanderthal man (4) Cro-Magnon man

Statement I: Chimpanzees are the closest relative of the 171. There are two opposing views about the origin of modem
present-day humans. humans. According to one view, Homo erectus in Asia
were the ancestors of modem human. A study of variation
Statement D: The banding pattern in some autosomes of of DNA, however, suggested the African origin of modem
human and chimpanzee is remarkably similar. human. What kind of observation on DNA variation could
(1) Both statements are incorrect. suggest that?
(2) Both statements are correct, but Statement II is not the (1) Similar variation in Africa and Asia
correct explanation of Statement I. (2) Greater variation in Africa than in Asia
(3) Both statements are correct, and Statement II is the (3) Greater variation in Asia than in Africa
correct explanation of Statement I.
(4) Variation only in Asia and no variation in Afr ca
(4) Only statement I is correct.
172. In recent years, DNA sequences of mitochondrial and Y
167. Find the true (T)/false (F) statements and choose the correct chromosomes were considered to study and understand
options: human evolution because
(i) Ramapithecus was more man-like, whileDryopithecus (1) They are only present in human.
was more ape-like.
(2) They can be obtained from fossils.
(ii) About 2 million years ago, Australopithecines probably
(3) They are easy to study.
lived in East African grasslands.
(4) They are uniparental in origin and do not take part in
(iii) Australopithecus hunted with stone weapons and ate
recombination.
meat.
(iv) Homo erectus evolved around 1.5 million years ago
and had a large brain around 900 cc.
lGIDl_sio_lo~gy________________________________________________~

c@ ) CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

1. Darwin judged the fitness of an individual by 9. Disruptive selection is also called

(1) Its size (1) Stabilizing selection
(2) Its dominance over others (2) Directional selection
(3) Differential reproduction (3) Progressive selection
(4) Its eating ~abits (4) Diversifying selection
2. Which of the following fossil man buried the dead members 10. In the following questions, a statement of Assertion
and used hides to protect their body? followed by a statement of Reason is given. Choose the
(1) Java man (2) Peking man correct answer out of the following ~hoices .
(3) Neanderthal man (4) Australopithecines Assertion: Africa is the cradle of human evolution.
·3. Which of the following is an incorrect match? Reason: Fossils of early humans are found there.
(1) Ifboth assertion and reason are true and the reason is
( 1) Devonian period -Age of pisces
the correct explanation of the assertion.
(2) Carboniferous period- Age of amphibians
(2) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not
(3) Permian period- Origin of mammal like reptiles
the correct explanation of the assertion.
(4) Cambrian period - Origin of dinosaurs
(3) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
4. Which of the following factor does not cause deviation (4) If both assertion and reason are false.
in gene frequencies as predicted by Hardy Weinberg
11. The appearance of dark coloured moths among the light
equilibrium?
coloured ones as a result of industrial pollution is an
(1) Mutation (2) Genetic drift example of
(3) Gene migration (4) Saltation (1) Balancing selection
5. Which of the following is not an example of analogous (2) Directional selection
organs? (3) Disruptive selection ·
(1) Sweet potato and potato (4) Artificial selection
(2) Eyes of octopus and mammals 12. Which of the following is not a correct pair of animals
(3) Flippers of penguins and dolphin representing convergent evolution?
(4) Mouth parts of cockroach and housefly (1) Wolf and Tasmanian wolf
6. Whales, humans, bats and cheetah share similarities in (2) Anteater and Nurnbat
pattern of bones of forelimbs. It is suggestive of (3) Lemur and Flying squirrel
( 1) Analogous organs (4) Bobcat and Tasmanian tiger cat
(2) Homologous organs 13. Which of the following was not advocated by Darwin's
(3) Convergent evolution. theory of evolution?
(4) Vestigial organs . (1) Natural selection
7. Which of the following statement is correct? (2) Saltation causes speciation
(1) Ty rannosaurus was biggest dinosaur about 20 feet in (3) Branching descent
height and had huge fearsome dagger like teeth. (4) Reproductive fitness
(2) Dinosaurs were present during Mesozoic era. 14. Which of the following is not required for Hardy Weinberg
(3) Origin of first toothed birds took place in Jurassic equilibrium to operate in a population?
period. (1) Large size of population
(4) All of these (2) Absence of mutation
8. Spontaneous generation theory was dismissed once and (3) Artificial selection
for all by experiments performed by (4) Absence of immigration
(1) Charles Darwin 15. Which of the following is incorrect with respect to
(2) Louis Pasteur evolutionary theories?
(3) Edward Jenner · ( 1) Darwinism variations are directional.
(4) Alfred Wallace (2) Hugo de Vries said variations are directionaL
 (3) Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and get 23. Australian marsupials are example of
selected by nature. (1) Convergent evolution
(4) Hugo de Vries believed mutation caused speciation. (2) Restricted distribution
16. The first human like being the hominid which probably (3) Adaptive radiation
did not eat meat, and had cranial capacity of 650-800 cc (4) More than one option is correct
was 24. is a stochastic process, and not a directed process
(1) Homo habilis (2) Homo sapiens in a sense of determinism.
(3) Australopithecines (4) Java man (1) Natural selection (2) Saltation
17. Who concluded that existing living forms share similarities (3) Mutation (4) Evolution
to varying degrees not only among themselves but also 25. The criticism of Darwinism is no~ based on
with life forms that existed millions of years ago? (1) Survival of the fittest
(1) Lamarck (2) Charles Darwin (2) Presence of vestigial organs
(3) Alfred Wallace (4) Charles Lyell (3) Inheritance of variations
18. Find the incorrect statement regarding the origin oflife. (4) · Arrival of the fittest
( 1) The first living organisms on earth were 26. Mark the odd one w.r.t. saltation.
chemohet~rotrophs. (1) Directionless
(2) The first life originated in water. (2) Large mutation
(3) Pasteur by careful experimentation demonstrated (3) Gradual and directional
that life comes only from pre-existing life.
(4) Random
(4) Life originated 1.5 billion years after the origin of
earth. " 27. Select the incorrect statement.
(1) Any population has built m variations in
19. Find the incorrect match w.r.t. Miller's experiment.
characteristics.
( 1) Gases-Hydrogen, Ammonia, Methane, Water vapour
(2) The fitness according to Darwin refers to reproductive
(2) Temperature-400°C
fitness.
(3) Energy source-Electric discharge (3) The use and disuse theory was given by Lamarck
(4) Volume of chamber-S litre based on his observations in Giraffe.
20. Which of the following is an incorrect statement? (4) Darwin's finches are example ofsympatric species.
(1) Analogous organs are a result of convergent 28. The study of Hardy-Weinberg principle helps in
evolution. understanding
(2) According to Darwin, variations which are heritable (1) Whether population is undergoing evolution
and which make resource utilization better for few, (2) Whether population size is constant
will enable only those to reproduce and leave more (3) Ethological characters of members in population
progeny. (4) Adaptive ability ofthe members
(3) According to Lamarck, evolution of life forms was
29. Read the following statements and choose the correct
driven by the use and disuse of organs.
option.
· (4) Darwin observed on Galapagos islands that from
Statement 1: Formation oflife was preceded by chemical
original insectivorous finches, many other forms
evolution.
with altered beaks arose, enabling them to become
seed eating. Statement II: First form of life could have originated
from pre-existing non-living inorganic molecules.
21. Some of the land reptiles went back into water to evolve
(1) Only statement I is correct.
into fish like reptiles, called Ichthyosaurs. This was about
(1) 100 mya (2) 200 mya (2) Only statement II is correct. ·
(3) 350 mya ·(4) 500 mya (3) Both statements are correct.
(4) Both statements are incorrect.
22. Which of the following is an incorrect statement?
(1) Heart and brain of vertebrates are homologous 30. Fill in the blanks with correct option.
structures. (i) Change in allele frequency by chance is called _A_.
(2) Homologous organs explain convergent evolution. (ii) Pre-historic cave art developed ...lL years ago.
(3) The modem day amphibians have evolved from (iii) If gene migration happens multiple times, it is called
lobefins. _k_.
(4) Tyrannosaurus rex had huge fearsome dagger like
teeth.
lGIDl_Bio_lo_gy____________________________________________________

II ~ (3) Abiogenesis means origin of life from non-living

A B c matter.
(1) Gene flow 10000 Genetic drift (4) S. L. Miller gave experimental proof of Oparin-
Haldane hypothesis.
(2) Gene flow 7000 Genetic drift
37. Which of the following theory stated that the life came out
(3) Genetic drift 18000 Gene flow of decaying and rotting matter like mud, straw, etc?
(4) Genetic drift 10000 Natural selection (1) Theory of special creation
(2) Theory of spontaneous generation
31. Identify the wrong statement. (3) Cosmozoic theory
(1) Sum total ofall the allelic frequencies is one (4) Theory of biogenesis
(2) Dinosaurs disappeared during Triassic period of 38. Which of the following is incorrect w.r.t. the Oparin-
Mesozoic era Haldane theory of the origin oflife?
(3) Birbal Sahni is a famous paleobotanist of India (1) The atmosphere on primitive earth was oxidizing.
(4) Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita are (2) The conditions on earth were - high temperature,
homologous organs volcanic storms and reducing environment containing
CH4 , NH 3, etc.
32. In the following questions, a statement of Assertion
followed by a statement of Reason is given. Choose 'the (3) The first forms of life could have come from pre-
correct answer out of the following choices. existing, non-living organic molecules.
(4) Diverse organic molecules were formed from
Assertion: Genetic drift occurs in large populations only. inorganic constituents.
Reason: It results from random mating.
39. Identify the wrong statement.
(1) Ifboth assertion and reason are true and the reason is (1) Darwin's finches of Galapagos islands have different
the correct explanation of the assertion.
· types of beaks according to food habits.
(2) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not (2) Evolution is not a directed process in the sense of
the correct explanation of the assertion. determinism.
(3) If assertion is true, but reason is false. (3) Louis Pasteur demonstrated that in flask open to
(4) If both assertion and reason are false. air, new living forms appeared in heat killed yeast
33. Industrial melanism in England is an example of ...A_ culture.
selection, in which _!L. Fill in the blanks with correct (4) During industrialization, moths started appearing
option. darker due to deposition of smoke from industries on
. , their body.
A B
•i. 40. Choose the correct order in which the evolution of plant
(1) Directional Two peaks are formed forms occurred through geological periods.
(1) Chlorophyte ancestor ->Rhynia type plant
(2) Disruptive Peak becomes higher and
->Psilophyton ->Tracheophyte ~cestor
narrower
(2) Psilophyton ->Rhynia type plants ->Tracheophyte
(3) Directional Peak shifts in one direction
ancestors ->Chlorophyte ancestors
(4) Stabilizing Two peaks are formed (3) Rhynia type plants ->Chlorophyte ancestors
->Tracheophyte ancestors ->Psilophyton
34. Darwin was influenced by the work of (4) Chlorophyte ancestors ->Tracheophyte ancestors
(1) Weismann ->Rhynia type plants ->Psilophyton
(2) Alfred Wallace 41. Identify the true statement.
(3) [Link] (1) Some land reptiles went back into water to evolve
(4) Hugo de Vries into fish like reptiles probably 200 mya.
35. If natural selection results in more individuals acquiring ·(2) Jaw less fish evolved around 500 mya.
value other than the mean character value, then it is called (3) The first organisms that invaded land were insects.
(1) Stabilizing (2) Disruptive (4) Trilobites appeared and disappeared respectively
(3) Directional (4) Balancing during Silurian and Carboniferous period.
36. Which of the following is an incorrect statement? 42. Evolutionary convergence is the development of
(1) Earth was formed 4.5 million years ago. ( 1) Common set of characters in closely related groups
(2) Stellar distances are measured in light years. (2) Dissimilar characters in closely related groups
 (3) Common set of characters in groups of different
ancestry A
(4) Dissimilar characters in groups of different ancestry
D
t
43. Match the options given in column I with column II.
Column I Column II Spark
discharge
(a) Homologous organs (i) Nipples in males -__,.L'--- B

(b) Analogous organs (ii) Thorn of

Bougainvillea and
tendril of Cucurbita

(c) Vestigial organs (iii) Sweet potato and f - - - Water droplets

potato
+----Water containing
(l) a-(i), b-(ii), c-(iii) ~-___/ organic compounds
(2) a-(ii), b-(Q, c-(iii)
(3) a-(ii), b-(iii), c-(i)
A B c D
(1) Electrodes NH3 , C02 , H2 Hot water Vacuum
(4) a-( iii), b-(ii), c-(i)
and H20 pump
44. Read the following statements and choose the correct
(2) Electrodes CH4,NH3, H 2 Condenser Vacuum
option among them.
and H 20 pump
(i) Oparin ofEngland and Haldane of Russia believed in
chemical evolution. (3) Electrodes NH3 , H20, and Hot water Trap
(ii) Earth was formed 4.5 billion years ago. CH3
· (iii) The first non-ceijular forms of life could have (4) Electrodes NH3 , and CH4 , Steam Trap
originated 3 billion years ago. only
(iv) Life appeared 1500 million years after the formation
48. "Darwin's finches" refers to
of earth.
(1) Fossils of birds collected by Darwin at Galapagos
(1) (i) and (ii)
islands .
(2) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(2) A type of birds present on Galapagos islands
(3) (iii) and (iv)
(3) A type of fishes near Galapagos islands
(4) (i)and(iv)
(4) Fossils of fishes collected by Darwin at Galapagos
45. The idea of'Natural selection' as the fundamental process Island
of evolutionary changes was reached
49. Bipedal locomotion is advantageous because it
(1) By Charles Darwin in 1866
(I) Increases the speed of the organism
(2) By Alfred Russel Wallace in 1901
(2) Releases forelimbs to perform other functions ·
(3) By Mendel in 1866
(3) Reduces body weight
(4) Independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel
(4) Provides better support to the body
Wallace in 1859
50. Which of the following is a correct flowchart w.r.t.
46. All of the following features are correct regarding Homo
evolution of mammals?
habilis, except
(1) Synapsids ~Pelycosaurs~ Therapsids ~Mammals
(1) Made tools and was called handy man
(2) Sauropsids ~synapsids ~ Thecodont ~Mammals
(2) The cranial capacity was 650-800cc
(3) Therapsids ~Pelycosaurs ~synapsids ~Mammals
(3) It probably ate meat
(4) Therapsids ~synapsids ~Pelycosaurs ~Mammals
(4) They were the first human like being the hominid
47. Choose the option showing correct labelling ofdiagrammatic
representation of Miller's experiment.
lGIDl_sio_lo~gy___________________________________________________

c® ~ PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS

1. The similarity of bone structure in the forelimbs of many (2) 0.16 (AA); 0.48 (Aa); 0.36 (aa)
vertebrates is an example of (2018) (3) 0.16 (AA); 0.36 (Aa); 0.48 (aa)
(1) Homology (4) 0.36 (AA); 0.48 (Aa); 0.16 (aa)
(2) Analogy 7. Embryological support for evolution was disapproved by
(3) Convergent evolution (2020 Phase-1)
(4) Adaptive radiation (1) Karl Ernst von Baer
2. Among the following sets of examples for divergent (2) Alfred Wallace
evolution, select the inconect option. (2018) (3) Charles Darwin
(1) Forelimbs of man, bat and cheetah (4) Oparin
(2) Heart of bat, man and cheetah 8. From his experiments, S.L. Miller produced amino acids
(3) Brain of bat, man and cheetah by mixing the following in a closed flask:
(4) Eye of octopus, bat and man (2020 Phase-1)
3. In a species, the weight of newborn ranges from 2 to 5 kg, (I) CH4 , H 2 , NH3 and water vapour at 800°C
97% of the newborn with ·an average weight between 3 (2) CH3, ~, NH4 and water vapour at 800°C
to 3.3 kg survive whereas 99% of the infants born with (3) CH4 , H 2 , NH3 and water vapour at 600°C
weights from 2 to 2.5 kg or 4.5 to 5 kg die. Which type of (4) CH3, H 2 , NH3 and water vapour at 600°C
selection process is taking place? (2019)
9. Flippers of penguins and dolphins are examples of
(1) Stabilising selection
(2020 Phase-1)
(2) Disruptive selection
(3) Cyclical selection (1) Adaptive radiation
(4) Directional selection (2) Convergent evolution '
(3) Industrial melanism
4. Variations caused by mutation, as proposed by Hugo
(4) Natural selection.
deVries, are (2019)
10. Which of the following refers to conect example(s) of
( 1) Random and directionless
organisms that have evolved due to changes in environment
(2) Small and directional
brought about by anthropogenic action?
(3) Small and directionless
(2020 Phase-1)
(4) Random and directional
(a) Darwin's finches of Galapagos islands
5. Match the hominids with their conect brain size. (2019)
(b) Herbicide resistant weeds
Column I Column IT (c) Drug resistant eukaryotes
(a) Homo habilis (i) 900cc (d) Man created breeds of domesticated animals like
(b) Homo neanderthalensis (ii) 1350cc dogs
(c) Homo erectus (iii) 650-800cc Choose the conect option.
(d) Homo sapiens (iv) 1400cc (1) Only (a)
(2) (a) and (c)
Select the inconect option.
(3) (b), (c) and (d)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(4) Only (d)
(1) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
(2) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv) 11. Embryological support for evolution was proposed by
(3) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii) (2020 Phase-1)
(4) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii) (1) Alfred Wallace
6. A gene locus has two alleles A, a. If the frequency of (2) Ernst Haeckel
dominant allele A is 0.4, then what will be the frequency (3) Karl Ernst von Baer
of homozygous dominant, heterozygous and homozygous (4) Charles Darwin
recessive individuals in the population? (2019)
12. After about how many years of formation of earth, life
(1) 0.16 (AA); 0.24 (Aa); 0.36 (aa) appeared on this planet? (2020 Phase-1)
 (1) 50 billion years (3) Stabilizing change
(2) 500 billion years (4) Directional change
(3) 50 million years 18. Which of the following statements is not true? (2022)

(4) 500 million years (1) Homology indicates common ancstry

(2) Flippers of penguins and dolphins are a pair of
13. The phenomenon of evolution of different species in a homologous organs
given geographical area starting from a point and spreading (3) Analogous structures are a result of convergent
to other habitats is called (2020 Phase-I) evolution
(1) Adaptive radiation (4) Sweet potato and potato are example of analogy.
(2) Saltation 19. Select the correct group/set of Australian Marsupials
(3) Co-evolution exhibiting adaptive radiation. (2023)
(4) Natural selection (1) Numbat, Spotted cuscus, Flying phalanger
(2) Mole, Flying squirrel, Tasmanian tiger cat
14. A hominid fossil discovered in Java in 1891 , now
(3) Lemur, Anteater, Wolf
extinct, having cranial capacity of about 900 cc was
(2020 Phase-1) ( 4) Tasmanian wolf, Bobcat, Marsupial mole

(I) Australopi~hecines 20. The flippers of the Penguins and Dolphins are the example
ofthe (2024)
(2) Homo erectus
(1) Convergent evolution
(3) Neanderthal man
(2) Divergent evolution
(4) Homo sapiens
(3) Adaptive radiation
15. The factor that leads to founder effect in a population is (4) Natural selection
(2021)
21. Given below are some stages of human evolution. Arrange
(1) Natural selection them in correct sequence (Past to Recent).
(2) Genetic recombination A. Homo habilis
(3) Mutation B. Homo sapiens
(4) Genetic drift C. Homo neanderthalensis
D. Homo erectus
16. Match List I with List II. (2021)
Choose the correct sequence of human evolution from the
List I List II options given below: (2024)
(a) Adaptive (i) Selection of resistant (1) C-B-D-A (2) A-D-C-B
radiation varieties due to (3) D-A-C-B (4) B-A-D-C
excessive use of 22. Which one of the following factors will not affect the
herbicides and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? (2024)
pesticides ( 1) Gene migration
(b) Convergent (ii) Bones of forelimbs in (2) Constant gene pool
evolution man and whale (3) Genetic recombination
(c) Divergent (iii) Wings of butterfly and (4) Genetic drift
evolution bird 23. Match List I with List II: (2024)
(d) Evolution by (iv) Darwin Finches Listl List II
anthropogenic .
A. Mesozoic Era I. Lower invertebrates
action
B. Proterozoic Era II. Fish ·and Amphibia
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(1) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i) C. Coenozoic Era III. Birds and Reptiles
(2) (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iv) D. Paleozoic Era IV. Mammals
(3) (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii) Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
(4) (a)-(i), (b)-(iv), (c)-(iii), (d)-(ii) (1) A-I, B-11, C-IV, D-Ill
17. Natural selection where more individuals acquire specific (2) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-11
character value other than the mean character value leads
(3) A-II, B- 1, C-III, D-IV
~ 9M~
(4) A-III, B-1, C- II, D- IV
(I) Disruptive change
(2) Random change
lQIDl_sio_lo~gv____________________________________________________

. ) ANSWER KEY

NCERT Conce~t Builder

1. Evolutionary Biology 2. Louis Pasteur 3. Disruptive selection 4. CH4 , H 2, NH3 and water vapour
5. H. M. S. Beagle 6. Homologous structure 7. Galapagos Islands 8. Branching descent and natural selection
9. Alfred Wallace 10. Darwin's finches and Australian marsupials 11. p 2+2pq+q2=1
12. Saltation 13. Convergent evolution 14. Homo habilis 15. Neanderthal man
16. True 17. False 18. True 19. True 20. True 21. True 22. True 23. True 24. False 25. True

To~icwise Exercise
1.. (3) 2. (I) 3. (2) 4. (1) 5. (4) 6. (4) 7. (2) 8. (2) 9. (4) 10. (3)
11. (2) 12. (2) 13. (1) 14. (2) 15. (1) 16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (2) 19. (2) 20. (4)
21. (3) 22. (2) 23. (2) 24. (4) 25. (2) 26. (4) 27. (2) 28. (3) 29. (4) 30. (3)
31. (3) 32. (3) 33. (4) 34. (2) 35. (3) 36. (4) 37. (2) 38. (4) 39. (2) 40. (1)
41. (2) 42. (1) 43. (3) 44. (4) 45. (2) 46. (2) 47. (3) 48. (3) 49. (2) 50. (1)
51. (4) 52. (2) 53. (4) 54. (3) 55. (3) 56. (4) 57. (1) 58. (2) 59. (3) 60. (3)
61. (2) 62. (2) 63. (3) 64. (1) 65. (3) 66. (4) 67. (3) 68. (4) 69. (3) 70. (1)
71. (3) 72. (1) 73. (1) 74. (1) 75. (4) 76. (3) 77. (4) 78. (2) 79. (3) 80. (1)
81. (4) 82. (4) 83. (3) 84. (2) 85. (3) 86. (2) 87. (3) 88. (1) 89. (4) 90. (3)
91. (4) 92. (3) 93. (3) 94. (3) 95. (2) 96. (2) 97. (2) 98. (2) 99. (2) 100. (4)
101. (3) 102. (2) 103. (1) 104. (4) 105. (3) 106. (4) 107. (4) 108. (4) 109. (2) 110. (2)
111. (1) 112. (4) 113. (3) 114. (4) 115. (1) 116. (2) 117. (2) 118. (2) 119. (2) 120. (1)
121. (4) 122. (4) 123. (3) 124. (1) 125. (1) 126. (4) 127. (1) 128. (1) 129. (2) 130. (3)
131. (3) 132. (3) 133. (1) 134. (3) 135. (2) 136. (1) 137. (2) 138. (4) 139. (3) 140. (1)
141. (2) 142. (1) 143. (4) 144. (3) 145. (1) 146. (3) 147. (4) 148. (3) 149. (3) 150. (2)
151. (3) 152. (3) 153. (4) 154. (1) 155. (1) 156. (3) 157. (4) 158. (3) 159. (3) 160. (2)
161. (4) 162. (2) 163. (3) 164. (2) 165. (3) 166. (3) 167. (2) 168. (4) 169. (4) 170. (2)
171. (2) 172.. (4)

Check Your Progress

1. (3) 2. (3) 3. (4) 4. (4) 5. (4) 6. (2) 7. (4) 8. (2) 9. (4) 10. (1)
11. (2) 12. (3) 13. (2) 14. (3) 15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (2) 18. (4) 19. (2) 20. (4)
21. (2) 22. (2) 23. (4) 24. (4) 25. (1) 26. (3) 27. (4) 28. (1) 29. (1) 30. (3)
31. (2) 32. (1) 33. (3) 34. (3) 35. (3) 36. (1) 37. (2) 38. (1) 39. (4) 40. (4)
41. (1) 42. (3) 43. (3) 44. (2) 45. (4) 46. (3) 47. (2) 48. (2) 49. (2) 50. (1)

Previous Years' Questions

1. (1) 2. (4) 3. (1) 4. (1) 5. (3) 6. (2) 7. (1) 8. (1) 9. (2) 10. (3)
11. (2) 12. (4) 13. (1) 14. (2) 15. (4) 16. (1) 17. (4) 18. (2) 19. (1) 20. (1)
21. (2) 22. (2) 23. (2)