MODULE-4

NUMERICAL METHODS -1
Numerical method provides various technique to find approximate solution
to different problem using simple operation.
Numerical Solution of Polynomial and Transcendental Equations
Given an equation f ( x )=0 it is generally not possible to find roots ' x ' such
that f ( x ) becomes zero exactly. We discuss two numerical methods for the
solution of algebraic and transcendental equation.
Equation involving algebraic quantity like x , x 2, x 3,… are called algebraic
equation.
Eg: x 3−3 x−4=0 , x 4 + x 3=80
Equation involving non algebraic quantity like e x , logx , sinx , tanx , … are
called transcendental equation.
Eg: xe x −2=0 , xlogx−1.2=0 , tanx=2 x

Numerical methods are often a repetitive nature. This consist repeated

execution of the same process where at each step to result of the previous step is
used. This is known as iterative process.
We discuss two numerical methods
1. Regula-Falsi method
2. Newton-Raphson method
Regula-Falsi method (or) Method of False position
Formula:
af ( b ) −bf (a)
x n=
f ( b ) −f (a)

Problems
1. Using the method of false position find the real root correct to 3 decimal
places of the equation x 3 +5 x −11=0.
Sol: Given f ( x )=x 3 +5 x−11
f ( 0 )=−11
f ( 1 ) =−5<0

f ( 2 )=7>0

The root lies between ( 1 , 2 ) .

Wkt,
af ( b ) −bf (a)
x n=
f ( b ) −f (a)

Step-1: a=1 b=¿ 2

f ( a )=−5 f ( b )=7

1. ( 7 )−2. (−5 )
x 1=
( 7 )−(−5 )
7+10
x 1=
7+5
x 1=1.417

f ( 1.417 )=−1.070< 0

f ( 2 )=7>0

The root lies between ( 1.417 , 2 ) .

Step-2: a=1.417 b=¿ 2
f ( a )=−1.070 f ( b )=7

( 1.417 ) . ( 7 )−2. (−1.070 )

x 2=
( 7 )−(−1.070 )
x 2=1.494

f ( 1.494 )=−0.195<0

f ( 2 )=7>0

The root lies between ( 1.417 , 2 ) .

Step-3: a=1.494 b=¿ 2
f ( a )=−0.195 f ( b )=7

( 1.494 ) ( 7 ) −2 (−0.195 )
x 3=
( 7 )−(−0.195 )

x 3=1.508

f ( 1.508 )=−0.031<0
f ( 2 )=7>0

The root lies between ( 1.508 , 2 ) .

Step-4: a=1.508 b=¿ 2
f ( a )=−0.031 f ( b )=7

( 1.508 ) ( 7 ) −2 (−0.031 )
x4 =
( 7 ) −(−0.031 )

x 4 =1.510

f ( 1.510 )=−0.007< 0

f ( 2 )=7>0

The root lies between ( 1.510 , 2 ) .

Step-5: a=1.510 b=¿ 2
f ( a )=−0.007 f ( b )=7

( 1.510 ) (7 )−2 (−0.007 )

x 5=
(7 )−(−0.007 )

x 5=1.510

∴ The real root is 1.510

2. Using the method of false position find the real root correct to 3 decimal
places of the equation x 3−5 x−7=0.
Sol: Given f ( x )=x 3−5 x−7
f ( 0 )=−7

f ( 1 ) =−1

f ( 2 )=−9<0

f ( 3 )=5>0

The root lies between ( 2 , 3 ) .

Wkt,
af ( b ) −bf (a)
x n=
f ( b ) −f (a)

Step-1: a=2 b=¿ 3

f ( a )=−9 f ( b )=5
 2. ( 5 )−3. (−9 )
x 1=
( 5 )−(−9 )
x 1=2.643

f ( 2.643 )=−1.752<0

f ( 3 )=5>0

The root lies between ( 2.643 , 3 ) .

Step-2: a=2.643 b=¿ 3
f ( a )=−1.752 f ( b )=5

( 2.643 ) (5 )−3. (−1.752 )

x 2=
( 5 )−(−1.752 )
x 2=2.736

f ( 2.736 )=−0.199< 0
f ( 3 )=5>0

The root lies between ( 2.736 , 3 ) .

Step-3: a=2.736 b=¿ 3
f ( a )=−0.199 f ( b )=5

( 2.736 ) ( 5 )−3. (−0.199 )

x 3=
( 5 )−(−0.199 )
x 3=2.746

f ( 2.746 )=−0.024 <0

f ( 3 )=5>0

The root lies between ( 2.746 , 3 ) .

Step-4: a=2.746 b=¿ 3
f ( a )=−0.024 f ( b )=5

( 2.746 )( 5 )−3. (−0.024 )

x4 =
( 5 )− (−0.024 )
x 4 =2.747

f ( 2.747 )=−0.006 <0

f ( 3 )=5>0

The root lies between ( 2.747 , 3 ) .

Step-5: a=2.747 b=¿ 3
f ( a )=−0.006 f ( b )=5

( 2.747 ) ( 5 )−3. (−0.006 )

x 5=
(5 )−(−0.006 )
x 5=2.747

∴ The real root is 2.747.

3. Find the real root of the equation x log 10 x=1.2 by Regula falsi method.
Carry out 3 iterations.
Sol: Given f ( x )=x log 10 x−1.2
f ( 1 ) =−1.2<0

f ( 2 )=−0.5979<0

f ( 3 )=0.2314 >0

The root lies between ( 2 , 3 ) .

Wkt,
af ( b ) −bf (a)
x n=
f ( b ) −f (a)

Step-1: a=2 b=¿ 3

f ( a )=−0.5979 f ( b )=0.2314

2 ( 0.2314 )−3 (−0.5979 )

x 1=
( 0.2314 )− (−0.5979 )

x 1=2.7210

f ( 2.7210 )=−0.0171<0

f ( 3 )=0.2314 >0

The root lies between ( 2.7210 , 3 ) .

Step-2: a=2.7210 b=¿ 3
f ( a )=−0.0171 f ( b )=0.2314

( 2.7210 ) ( 0.2314 )−3 (−0.0171 )

x 2=
( 0.2314 )−(−0.0171 )
x 2=2.7402
f ( 2.7402 )=−0.0004< 0

f ( 3 )=0.2314 >0

The root lies between ( 2.7402 , 3 ) .

Step-3: a=2.7402 b=¿ 3
f ( a )=−0.0004 f ( b )=0.2314

( 2.7402 )( 0.2314 )−3 (−0.0004 )

x 3=
( 0.2314 ) −(−0.0004 )
x 3=2.740 6

∴ The real root is 2.7406.

4. Find the real root of the equation cosx =3 x−1 upto 3 decimal places using RF
method.
Sol: Given f ( x )=cosx−3 x +1
f ( 0 )=2>0

f ( 1 ) =−1.460<0

The root lies between ( 0 , 1 ) .

Wkt,
af ( b ) −bf (a)
x n=
f ( b ) −f (a)

Step-1: a=0 b=¿ 1

f ( a )=2 f ( b )=−1.460

0 (−1.460 )−1 ( 2 )
x 1=
(−1.460 )−( 2 )

x 1=0.578

f ( 0.578 )=0.104 >0

f ( 1 ) =−1.460<0

The root lies between ( 0.578 , 1 ) .

Step-2: a=0.578 b=¿ 1
f ( a )=0.104 f ( b )=−1.460
 ( 0.578 ) (−1.460 ) −1 ( 0.104 )
x 2=
(−1.460 )−( 0.104 )

x 2=0.606

f ( 0.606 )=0. 004 >0

f ( 1 ) =−1.460<0

The root lies between ( 0.606 , 1 ) .

Step-3: a=0.606 b=¿ 1
f ( a )=0.004 f ( b )=−1.460

( 0.606 ) (−1.460 )−1 ( 0.004 )

x 3=
(−1.460 )− ( 0.004 )

x 3=0.607

f ( 0.607 )=0

∴ The real root is 0.607.

5. Find the real root of the equation x e x =2 upto three decimal places using RF
method. Carryout 4 iterations.
Sol: Given f ( x )=x e x −2
f ( 0 )=−2<0
f ( 1 ) =0.718>0
The root lies between ( 0 , 1 ).
Wkt,
af ( b ) −bf (a)
x n=
f ( b ) −f (a)
Step-1: a=0 b=¿ 1
f ( a )=−2 f ( b )=0.718
0 ( 0.718 )−1 (−2 )
x 1=
( 0.718 )−(−2 )

x 1=0.736
f ( 0.736 )=−0.464 <0
f ( 1 ) =0.718>0
The root lies between ( 0.736 , 1 ).
Step-2: a=0.736 b=¿ 1
f ( a )=−0.464 f ( b )=0.718
 ( 0.736 ) ( 0.718 )−1 (−0.464 )
x 2=
( 0.718 )−(−0.464 )
x 2=0.840
f ( 0.840 )=−0.054 <0
f ( 1 ) =0.718>0
The root lies between ( 0.840 , 1 ).
Step-3: a=0.840 b=¿ 1
f ( a )=−0.054 f ( b )=0.718
( 0.840 ) ( 0.718 )−1 (−0.054 )
x 3=
( 0.718 )−(−0.054 )
x 3=0.851
f ( 0.851 )=−0.007< 0
f ( 1 ) =0.718>0
The root lies between ( 0.851 , 1 ).
Step-4: a=0.851 b=¿ 1
f ( a )=−0.007 f ( b )=0.718
( 0.851 ) ( 0.718 ) −1 (−0.007 )
x4 =
( 0.718 ) −(−0.007 )
x 4 =0.852
∴ The real root is 0.852.

6. Find the real root of the equation x e x −cosx =0 using RF method.

Sol: Given f ( x )=x e x −cosx
f ( 0 )=−1<0
f ( 1 ) =2.1780>0
The root lies between ( 0 , 1 ).
Wkt,
af ( b ) −bf (a)
x n=
f ( b ) −f (a)
Step-1: a=0 b=¿ 1
f ( a )=−1 f ( b )=2.1780
0 ( 2.1780 )−1 (−1 )
x 1=
( 2.1780 )−(−1 )

x 1=0.3147
f ( 0.3147 )=−0.5198 <0
f ( 1 ) =2.1780>0
The root lies between ( 0.3147 , 1 ).
Step-2: a=0.3147 b=¿ 1
f ( a )=−0.5198 f ( b )=2.1780
 ( 0.3147 ) ( 2.1780 )−1 (−0.5198 )
x 2=
( 2.1780 )−(−0.5198 )

x 2=0.4467
f ( 0.4467 )=−0.2036 <0
f ( 1 ) =2.1780>0
The root lies between ( 0.4467 , 1 ).
Step-3: a=0.4467 b=¿ 1
f ( a )=−0.2036 f ( b )=2.1780
( 0.4467 ) ( 2.1780 )−1 (−0.2036 )
x 3=
( 2.1780 )−(−0.2036 )

x 3=0.4940
f ( 0.4940 )=−0.0708< 0
f ( 1 ) =2.1780>0
The root lies between ( 0.4940 , 1 ).
Step-4: a=0.4940 b=¿ 1
f ( a )=−0.0708 f ( b )=2.1780
( 0.4940 )( 2.1780 )−1 (−0.0708 )
x4 =
( 2.1780 ) −(−0.0708 )

x 4 =0.5099
f ( 0.5099 )=−0.0237 <0
f ( 1 ) =2.1780>0
The root lies between ( 0.5099 , 1 ).
Step-5: a=0.5099 b=¿ 1
f ( a )=−0.0237 f ( b )=2.1780
( 0.5099 ) ( 2.1780 )−1 (−0.0237 )
x 5=
( 2.1780 )−(−0.0237 )

x 5=0.5152
f ( 0.5152 )=−0.0078< 0
f ( 1 ) =2.1780>0
The root lies between ( 0.5152 , 1 ).
Step-6: a=0.5152 b=¿ 1
f ( a )=−0.0078 f ( b )=2.1780
( 0.5152 ) ( 2.1780 )−1 (−0.0078 )
x 6=
( 2.1780 )−(−0.0078 )

x 6=0.5169
f ( 0.5169 )=−0.0026 <0
f ( 1 ) =2.1780>0
The root lies between ( 0.5169 , 1 ).
Step-7: a=0.5169 b=¿ 1
f ( a )=−0.0026 f ( b )=2.1780
( 0.5169 ) ( 2.1780 )−1 (−0.0026 )
x 7=
( 2.1780 )−(−0.0026 )

x 7=0.5175
f ( 0.5175 )=−0.0008< 0
f ( 1 ) =2.1780>0
The root lies between ( 0.5175 , 1 ).
Step-8: a=0.5175 b=¿ 1
f ( a )=−0.0008 f ( b )=2.1780
( 0.5175 ) ( 2.1780 )−1 (−0.0008 )
x 8=
( 2.1780 )−(−0.0008 )

x 8=0.5177
f ( 0.5177 )=−0.0002< 0
f ( 1 ) =2.1780>0
The root lies between ( 0.5177 , 1 ).
Step-9: a=0.5177 b=¿ 1
f ( a )=−0.0002 f ( b )=2.1780
( 0.5177 ) ( 2.1780 ) −1 (−0.0002 )
x 9=
( 2.1780 )−(−0.0002 )

x 9=0.5177
∴ The real root is 0.5177.

7. Use RF method to find the real root of the equation tanx+tanhx=0, the root
lies between 2 & 3. Carryout 3 iteration.
Sol: Given f ( x )=tanx+tanhx
f ( 2 )=−1.2210<0
f ( 3 )=0.8525> 0
The root lies between ( 2 , 3 ).
Wkt,
af ( b ) −bf (a)
x n=
f ( b ) −f (a)
Step-1: a=2 b=¿ 3
f ( a )=−1.2210 f ( b )=0.8525
 2 ( 0.8525 )−3 (−1.2210 )
x 1=
( 0.8525 )−(−1.2210 )

x 1=2.5889
f ( 2.5889 )=0.3720> 0
f ( 2 )=−1.2210<0
The root lies between ( 2 , 2.5889 ).
Step-2: a=2 b=¿ 2.5889
f ( a )=−1.2210 f ( b )=0.3720
2 ( 0.3720 )−( 2.5889 ) (−1.2210 )
x 2=
( 0.3720 )−(−1.2210 )

x 2=2.4514
f ( 2.4514 )=0.1596>0
f ( 2 )=−1.2210<0
The root lies between ( 2 , 2.4514 ) .
Step-3: a=2 b=¿ 2.4514
f ( a )=−1.2210 f ( b )=0.1596
2 ( 0.1596 )−( 2.4514 ) (−1.2210 )
x 3=
( 0.1596 )− (−1.2210 )

x 3=2.3992
∴ The real root is 2.3992.
8. Find the real root of the equation x 3−3 x+ 4=0 using RF method .Carry out 3
iterations.
Sol: Given f ( x )=x 3−3 x + 4
f ( 0 )=4
f ( 1 ) =2
f ( 2 )=6
f ( 3 )=22
f (−1 )=6 f (−2 )=2>0 f (−3 )=−14 <0
The root lies between (−3 ,−2 ).
Wkt,
af ( b ) −bf (a)
x n=
f ( b ) −f (a)
Step-1: a=−3 b=−2
f ( a )=−14 f ( b )=2
 (−3 ) ( 2 )−(−2 ) (−14 )
x 1=
(2 )−(−14 )

x 1=−2.1250
f (−2.1250 )=0.7793> 0
f (−3 )=−14 <0
The root lies between (−3 ,−2.1250 ).
Step-2: a=−3 b=−2.1250
f ( a )=−14 f ( b )=0.7793
(−3 ) ( 0.7793 )−(−2.1250 )(−14 )
x 2=
( 0.7793 )−(−14 )

x 2=−2.1711
f (−2.1250 )=0.2794 >0
f (−3 )=−14 <0
The root lies between (−3 ,−2.1711).
Step-3: a=−3 b=−2.1711
f ( a )=−14 f ( b )=0.2794
(−3 ) ( 0.2794 )−(−2.1711 ) (−14 )
x 3=
( 0.2794 )−(−14 )

x 3=−2.1873
∴ The real root is −2.1873.

Newton-Raphson Method
Formula:
f ( xn)
x n+1=x n − ' ; f ' ( x n ) ≠ 0 , n=0 , 1, 2 , 3 , …
f ( xn )
f ( x0 ) '
n=0 , x 1=x 0− ' ; f ( x0 ) ≠ 0
f ( x0 )
f ( x1 ) '
n=1 , x 2=x 1− ' ; f ( x 1 ) ≠0 and so on.
f ( x1 )

Problems
1. Use NR method to find the real root of the equation x 3−3 x−5=0 , correct to 3
decimal places.
Sol: Given f ( x )=x 3−3 x−5
f ( 0 )=−5
f ( 1 ) =−7
f ( 2 )=−3
f ( 3 )=13
The root lies between ( 2 , 3 ).
Since f ( 2 ) lies nearer to 0.
Let x 0=2
f ( xn)
We know that x n+1=x n − '
f ( xn )
3
Here f ( x )=x −3 x−5
f ' ( x )=3 x 2−3
f ( x0 )
Step 1: x 1=x 0− '
f ( x0 )
f ( 2)
x 1=2− '
f ( 2)
(−3 )
x 1=2−
( 9)
x 1=2.333
f ( x1 )
Step 2: x 2=x 1− '
f ( x1 )
f ( 2.333 )
x 2=2.333− '
f ( 2.333 )
( 0.699 )
x 2=2.333−
( 13.329 )
x 2=2.281
f ( x2 )
Step 3: x 3=x 2− '
f ( x 2)
f ( 2.281 )
x 3=2.281− '
f ( 2.281 )
( 0.025 )
x 3=2.281−
( 12.609 )
x 3=2.279
f ( x3)
Step 4: x 4 =x3 − '
f ( x3 )
f ( 2.279 )
x 4 =2.279− '
f ( 2.279 )
( 0)
x 4 =2.279−
( 12.582 )
x 4 =2.279
∴ The real root is 2.279.
2. Find the real root of the equation x 3 + x 2+3 x +4=0 applying NR method.
Sol: Given f ( x )=x 3 + x 2 +3 x+ 4
f ( 0 )=4
f ( 1 ) =11
f (−1 )=1>0
f (−2 )=−6< 0
The root lies between (−2 ,−1 ).
Since f (−1 ) lies nearer to 0.
Let x 0=−1
f ( xn)
We know that x n+1=x n − '
f ( xn )
Here f ( x )=x 3 + x 2 +3 x+ 4
f ' ( x )=3 x 2+ 2 x +3
f ( x0 )
Step 1: x 1=x 0− '
f ( x0 )
f (−1 )
x 1=(−1)− '
f (−1 )
( 1)
x 1=(−1)−
( 4)
x 1=−1.2500
f ( x1 )
Step 2: x 2=x 1− '
f ( x1 )
f (−1.25 )
x 2=−1.25− '
f (−1.25 )
(−0.1406 )
x 2=−1.25−
(5.1875)
x 2=−1.2229
f ( x2 )
Step 3: x 3=x 2− '
f ( x 2)
f (−1.2229 )
x 3=−1.2229− '
f (−1.2229 )
(−0.0020 )
x 3=−1.2229−
(5.0407 )
x 3=−1.2225
f ( x3)
Step 4: x 4 =x3 − '
f ( x3 )
f (−1.2225 )
x 4 =−1.2225− '
f (−1.2225 )
 (0)
x 4 =−1.2225−
( 5.0385 )
x 4 =−1.2225
∴ The real root is −1.2225.

3. Use NR method to find the real root of xsinx+ cosx=0 near x=π . Carryout the
iteration upto 4 decimal places of accuracy.
Sol: Given f ( x )=xsinx +cosx
Let x 0=π
f ( xn)
We know that x n+1=x n − '
f ( xn )
Here f ( x )=xsinx +cosx
'
f ( x )=xcosx+ sinx−sinx
'
f ( x )=xcosx
f ( x0 )
Step 1: x 1=x 0− '
f ( x0 )
f (π )
x 1=(π )− '
f (π)
(−1 )
x 1=(π )−
(−π )
x 1=2.8233
f ( x1 )
Step 2: x 2=x 1− '
f ( x1 )
f ( 2.8233 )
x 2=2.8233− '
f ( 2.8233 )
(−0.0662 )
x 2=2.8233−
(−2.6815)
x 2=2.7986
f ( x2 )
Step 3: x 3=x 2− '
f ( x 2)
f ( 2.7986 )
x 3=2.7986− '
f ( 2.7986 )
(−0.0006 )
x 3=2.7986−
(−2.6356 )
x 3=2.7984
f ( x3)
Step 4: x 4 =x3 − '
f ( x3 )
f ( 2.7984 )
x 4 =2.7984− '
f ( 2.7984 )
 (0 )
x 4 =2.7984−
(−2.6352 )
x 4 =2.7984
∴ The real root is 2.7984 .

4. Use NR method to find the real root of the equation xe x =2, correct to 3
decimal places.
Sol: Given f ( x )=xe x −2
f ( 0 )=−2<0
f ( 1 ) =0.718>0
The root lies between ( 0 , 1 ).
Since f ( 1 ) lies nearer to 0.
Let x 0=1
f ( xn)
We know that x n+1=x n − '
f ( xn )
x
Here f ( x )=xe −2
' x x
f ( x )=x e + e
f ( x0 )
Step 1: x 1=x 0− '
f ( x0 )
f ( 1)
x 1=1− '
f ( 1)
( 0.718 )
x 1=1−
( 5.437 )
x 1=0.868
f ( x1 )
Step 2: x 2=x 1− '
f ( x1 )
f ( 0.868 )
x 2=0.868− '
f ( 0.868 )
( 0.068 )
x 2=0.868−
( 4.450 )
x 2=0.853
f ( x2 )
Step 3: x 3=x 2− '
f ( x 2)
f ( 0.853 )
x 3=0.853− '
f ( 0.853 )
( 0.002 )
x 3=0.853−
( 4.348 )
x 3=0.853
∴ The real root is 0.853 .
5. Use NR method to find the real root of the equation x +log 10 x=2 .
Sol: Given f ( x )=x + log 10 x−2
f ( 1 ) =−1<0
f ( 2 )=0.3010>0
The root lies between ( 1 , 2 ).
Since f ( 2 ) lies nearer to 0.
Let x 0=2
f ( xn)
We know that x n+1=x n − '
f ( xn )
Here f ( x )=x + log 10 x−2
' 1
f ( x )=1+ log 10 e−0
x
' 0.4343
f ( x )=1+
x
f ( x0 )
Step 1: x 1=x 0− '
f ( x0 )
f ( 2)
x 1=(2)− '
f ( 2)
( 0.3010 )
x 1=(2)−
1.2172
x 1=1.7527
f ( x1 )
Step 2: x 2=x 1− '
f ( x1 )
f ( 1.7527 )
x 2=1.7527− '
f ( 1.7527 )
(−0.0036 )
x 2=1.7527−
(1.2478)
x 2=1.7556
f ( x2 )
Step 3: x 3=x 2− '
f ( x 2)
f ( 1.7556 )
x 3=1.7556− '
f ( 1.7556 )
( 0)
x 3=1.7556−
(1.2474 )
x 3=1.7556
∴ The real root of the equation is 1.7556 .

6. Find the approximate root of the equation e x sinx−1=0 using NR method.

Sol: Given f ( x )=e x sinx−1
f ( 0 )=−1<0
f ( 1 ) =1.2874>0
The root lies between ( 0 , 1 ).
Since f ( 0 ) lies nearer to 0.
Let x 0=0
f ( xn)
We know that x n+1=x n − '
f ( xn )
x
Here f ( x )=e sinx−1
' x x x
f ( x )=e cosx + sinx . e =e ( cosx + sinx )
f ( x0 )
Step 1: x 1=x 0− '
f ( x0 )
f ( 0)
x 1=0− '
f (0 )
(−1 )
x 1=0−
( 1)
x 1=1
f ( x1 )
Step 2: x 2=x 1− '
f ( x1 )
f ( 1)
x 2=1− '
f ( 1)
( 1.2874 )
x 2=1−
( 3.7560 )
x 2=0.6572
f ( x2 )
Step 3: x 3=x 2− '
f ( x 2)
f ( 0.6572 )
x 3=0.6572− '
f ( 0.6572 )
( 0.1787 )
x 3=0.6572−
( 2.7062 )
x 3=0.5912
f ( x3)
Step 4: x 4 =x3 − '
f ( x3 )
f ( 0.5912 )
x 4 =0.5912− '
f ( 0.5912 )
( 0.0067 )
x 4 =0.5912−
( 2.5063 )
x 4 =0.5885
f ( x4)
Step 5: x 5=x 4 − '
f ( x4 )
 f ( 0.5885 )
x 5=0.5885− '
f ( 0.5885 )
(−0.0001 )
x 5=0.5885−
( 2.4982 )
x 5=0.5885
∴ The real root of the equation is 0.5885 .

7. Derive an iterative formula to find √ N and hence find √ 12 .

Sol: Let x=√ N
Square on both sides
2
x =N
2
x −N=0
Here f ( x )=x 2−N
'
f ( x )=2 x
f ( xn)
We know that x n+1=x n −
f ' ( xn )
( x n2 −N )
x n+1=x n −
(2 xn )
( 2 x n −x n2 + N )
2

x n+1=
2 xn
2
xn + N
x n+1=
2 xn

[ ]
2
1 xn N
x n+1= +
2 xn xn

x n+1=
1
2 [
xn +
N
xn ]
,is an iterative formula.
To find √ 12:
Here N=12
Wkt, √ 9=3 , √ 16=4
Let x 0=3
1 N
Step-1: x 1= 2 x 0 + x [ 0
]
1
x 1=
2
3+
12
3 [ ]
x 1=3.5
1 N
Step-2: x 2= 2 x 1+ x [ 1
]
x 2=
1
2 [
3.5+
12
3.5 ]
 x 2=3.4643
1 N
Step-3: x 3= 2 x 2 + x [ 2
]
x 3=
1
2 [
3.4643+
12
3.4643 ]
x 3=3.4641
1 N
Step-4: x 4 = 2 x3 + x [ 3
]
x4 =
1
2 [
3.4641+
12
3.4641 ]
x 4 =3.4641
Thus, √ 12=3.4641.

8. Use NR method to derive an iterative formula to find cube root of a positive

integer N and hence find cube root of 29.
Sol: Let x=√3 N
Cube on both sides
3
x =N
3
x −N =0
Here f ( x )=x 3−N
' 2
f ( x )=3 x
f ( xn)
We know that x n+1=x n −
f ' ( xn )
( x n3 −N )
x n+1=x n −
( 3 x n2)
(3 x n3−x n3 + N )
x n+1=
3 x n2
3
2 xn + N
x n+1= 2
3 xn

[ ]
3
1 2 xn N
x n+1= +
3 x n2 x n2

x n+1=
1
3[ N
]
2 x n + 2 ,is an iterative formula.
xn
To find √3 29 :
Here N=29
Wkt, √ 27=3 , √ 64=4
Let x 0=3
Step-1: x 1= 3 2 x 0 + x
1
[ N
0
2
]
x 1=
1
3 [ 29
2 ( 3) + 2
(3) ]
x 1=3.0741

Step-2: x 2= 3 2 x 1+ x
1
[ N
1
2
]
x 2=
1
3 [
2 ( 3.0741 ) +
29
( 3.0741 )2 ]
x 2=3.0723

Step-3: x 3= 3 2 x 2+ x
1
[ N
2
2
]
x 3=
1
3 [
2 ( 3.0723 ) +
29
( 3.0723 )2 ]
x 3=3.0723
Thus, √ 29=3.0723 .
3

9. Use NR method to find an iterative formula for the reciprocal of the square
root of a
−1
positive number and hence find ( 17 ) 2 correct to 4 decimal places.
1
Sol: Let x=
√N
Square on both sides
2 1
x=
N
2 1
x − =0
N
2 1
Here f ( x )=x − N
f ' ( x )=2 x
f ( xn)
We know that x n+1=x n − '
f ( xn )

x n+1 =x −
( x − )
1
N n
2

n
(2 xn)

x n+1 =
( 2 x −x
n
2
n
2
+
1
N )
2 xn
 2 1
xn +
N
x n+1=
2 xn

[ ]
1
2
1 xn N
x n+1= +
2 xn xn

x n+1=
1
2[xn +
1
N xn ]
,is an iterative formula.

−1
To find ( 17 ) 2 :
Here N=17
1 1
Wkt, =0.3333 , =0.25
√9 √16
Let x 0=0.25
1 1
Step-1: x 1= 2 x 0 + N . x [
0
]
x 1=
1
2
0.25+
[ 1
17(0.25) ]
x 1=0.2426
1 1
Step-2: x 2= 2 x 1+ N . x [ 1
]
x 2=
1
2 [
0.2426+
1
17 (0.2426) ]
x 2=0.2425
1
Thus, =0.2425
√17

10. Use NR method to find an iterative formula for the reciprocal of positive
number and
1
hence find 31 .
1
Sol: Let x= N
Take reciprocal on b.s
1
=N
x
1
−N =0
x
1
Here f ( x )= x −N
' −1
f ( x )= 2
x
 f ( xn)
We know that x n+1=x n − '
f ( xn )

x n+1 =x −
( 1
x
−N
) n

( )
n
−1
x n2
2

( )
1 xn
x n+1=x n + −N .
xn 1

( )
2
xn 2
x n+1=x n + −N x n
xn
2
x n+1=x n + x n−N x n
2
x n+1=2 x n−N x n
x n+1=x n [ 2−N x n ] , is an iterative formula.

1
To find 31 :
Here N=31
1
Let x 0= 25 =0.04
Step-1: x 1=x 0 [2−N x0 ]
x 1=(0.04) [ 2−31(0.04) ]
x 1=0.0304
Step-2: x 2=x 1 [ 2−N x 1 ]
x 2=(0.0304) [ 2−31(0.0304) ]
x 2=0.0322
Step-3: x 3=x 2 [ 2−N x 2 ]
x 3=(0.0322) [ 2−31(0.0322) ]
x 3=0.0323
1
Thus, 31 =0.323.

FINITE DIFFERENCES

Newton’s Forward interpolation formula (NFIF)

The value of y=f (x ) at x=x 0 +rh is approximately given by
r ( r −1 ) 2 r ( r−1 ) ( r−2 ) 3 r ( r−1 )( r −2 ) … [ r−( n−1 ) ] n
y= y 0+ r ∆ y 0 + ∆ y0 + ∆ y 0 +…+ ∆ y0
2! 3! n!
x−x 0
Where, ' r ' is any real number , r = ; h is step length.
h
Newton’s Backward interpolation formula (NBIF)
The value of y=f (x ) at x=x n +rh is approximately given by
r (r + 1) 2 r ( r +1 )( r + 2 ) 3 r ( r +1 )( r +2 ) … [ r + ( n−1 ) ] n
y= y n+ r ∇ y n + ∇ yn + ∇ y n + …+ ∇ yn
2! 3! n!
x−x n
Where, ' r ' is any real number , r = ; h is step length.
h

Problems
1. Given f ( 0 )=1, f ( 1 ) =3, f ( 2 )=7, f ( 3 )=13, find f ( 0.1 ) using Newton’s forward
interpolation formula.
Sol:
x y ID II D III D

x 0=0 y 0=1
∆ y 0=3−1=2
1 3 2
∆ y 0 =4−2=2
7−3=4 3
∆ y 0 =2−2=0
2 7 6−4=2
13−7=6
3 13

Now h=1 , x 0=0 To find f ( 0.1 ) ⇒ x=0.1

x−x 0
r=
h
0.1−0
r=
1
r =0.1
By NFIF,
r ( r −1 ) 2 r ( r−1 ) ( r−2 ) 3
y= y 0+ r ∆ y 0 + ∆ y0 + ∆ y 0 +…
2! 3!
( 0.1 ) ( 0.1−1 ) ( 0.1 ) ( 0.1−1 ) ( 0.1−2 )
y=1+ ( 0.1 )( 2 ) + ( 2 )+ (0)
2 6
y=1.11
Thus, f ( 0.1 )=1.11
 2. A function y=f ( x ) is given by the following table
x 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

y=f ( x ) 0 0.128 0.544 1.296 2.432 4

Find an approximate value of f ( 1.1 ) .
Sol: Here h=0.2 , x 0=1 To find f ( 1.1 ) ⇒ x=1.1
x−x 0
r=
h
1.1−1
r=
0.2
0.1
r=
0.2
r =0.5
x y ID II D III D IV D VD

x 0=1 y 0=0
∆ y 0=0.128
1.2 0.128 2
∆ y 0 =0.288
3
0.416 ∆ y 0 =0.048 4
∆ y 0=0
1.4 0.544 0.336 5
∆ y 0 =0
0.752 0.048 0
1.6 1.296 0.38 4
1.136 0.048
0.432
1.8 2.432 1.568

2 4

By NFIF,

r ( r −1 ) 2 r ( r−1 ) ( r−2 ) 3 r ( r−1 ) ( r−2 )( r −3 ) 4 r ( r −1 ) ( r−2 ) ( r−3 )( r −4 ) 5

y= y 0+ r ∆ y 0 + ∆ y0 + ∆ y0 + ∆ y0+ ∆ y0
2! 3! 4! 5!

( 0.5 ) ( 0.5−1 ) ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5−1 )( 0.5−2 )

y=0+ ( 0.5 ) ( 0.128 ) + ( 0.288 ) + ( 0.048 )+ 0+0
2 6
y=0.0310
Thus, f ( 1.1 ) =0.031 0.

3. Find u0.5 from the data u0 =225, u1=238 , u2=320 , u3=340.

Sol: h=1 , x 0=0 To findu0.5 ⇒ x=0.5
x−x 0
r=
h
 0.5−0
r= r =0.5
1
x y ID II D III D

x 0=0 y 0=225
∆ y 0=13
1 238 2
∆ y 0 =69
82 3
∆ y 0 =−131
2 320 −6 2
20

3 340

By NFIF,
r ( r −1 ) 2 r ( r−1 ) ( r−2 ) 3
y= y 0+ r ∆ y 0 + ∆ y0 + ∆ y 0 +…
2! 3!
( 0.5 ) ( 0.5−1 ) ( 0.5 )( 0.5−1 ) ( 0.5−2 )
y=225+ ( 0.5 ) ( 13 ) + ( 69 ) + (−131 )
2 6
y=214.6875
Thus, u0.5 =214.6875

4. Find the area of a circle corresponding to diameter (D) is given below

D 80 85 90 95 100

A 5026 5674 6362 7088 7854

Find the area corresponding to the diameter 105 using appropriate interpolation
formula.
Sol: Here h=5 , x n=100 To find f (105)⇒ x =10.5
x−x n
r=
h
105−100
r=
5
r =1
x y ID II D III D IV D

80 5026
648
85 5674 40
688 −2
90 6362 38 4
∇ y n=4
726 3
∇ y n=2
 2
95 7088 ∇ y n=40
∇ y n=766
x n=¿ 100 y n=¿7854
By NBIF,
r (r + 1) 2 r ( r +1 )( r + 2 ) 3 r ( r +1 ) ( r +2 ) ( r+ 3 ) 4
y= y n+ r ∇ y n + ∇ yn + ∇ yn + ∇ yn
2! 3! 4!
(1 )( 1+1 ) ( 1 )( 1+1 ) ( 1+2 ) ( 1 )( 1+1 ) ( 1+2 ) ( 1+ 3 )
y=7854 + ( 1 ) ( 766 ) + ( 40 ) + ( 2) + (4 )
2 6 24
y=8666
Thus, f ( 105 )=8666.
The area corresponding to the diameter 105 is 8666.

5. The following table give the values of tanx for 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.3 , find tan ( 0.26 ) .
x 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

tanx 0.1003 0.1511 0.2027 0.2553 0.3093

Sol:
Here h=0.05 , x n=0.3 To find tan(0.26)⇒ x=0.26
x−x n
r=
h
0.26−0.3
r=
0.05
r =−0.08
x y ID II D III D IV D

0.1 0.1003
0.0508
0.15 0.1511 0.0008
0.0516 0.0002
0.2027 0.0010 4
∇ y n=0.0002
0.2
0.0526 3
∇ y n=0.0004
2
0.2553 ∇ y n=0.0014
0.25 ∇ y n=0.0540

x n=¿ 0.3 y n=¿0.3093

By NBIF,
r (r + 1) 2 r ( r +1 )( r + 2 ) 3 r ( r +1 ) ( r +2 ) ( r+ 3 ) 4
y= y n+ r ∇ y n + ∇ yn + ∇ yn + ∇ yn
2! 3! 4!
(−0.8 )(−0.8+1 ) (−0.8 )(−0.8+ 1 )(−0.8+ 2 )
y=0.3093+ (−0.8 ) ( 0.0540 ) + ( 0.0014 )+ ( 0.0004 )
2 6
 + (−0.8 ) (−0.8+1 ) (−0.8+2 )(−0.8+3 )
( 0.0002 )
24
y=0.2660
Thus, tan ( 0.26 )=0.2660 .

6. From the following table find the number of students who have obtain
a) Less than 45 marks
b) Between 40 – 45 marks
c) More than 40 but less than 55
Marks 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
No. of 31 42 51 35 31
students
Sol:
x y ID II D III D IV D

x 0=40 y 0=31
∆ y 0=42
50 73 (31+42) 2
∆ y 0 =9
51 3
∆ y 0 =−25
4
60 124 (73+51) −16 ∆ y 0=37
35
−4 12
70 159 (124+35) 31

80 190 (159+31)

a) To find f ( 45 ) ⇒ x=45
Here h=10 , x 0=40
x−x 0
r=
h
45−40
r=
10
r =0.5
By NFIF,
r ( r −1 ) 2 r ( r−1 ) ( r−2 ) 3 r ( r−1 ) ( r−2 )( r −3 ) 4
y= y 0+ r ∆ y 0 + ∆ y0+ ∆ y0 + ∆ y0
2! 3! 4!

( 0.5 ) ( 0.5−1 ) ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5−1 ) ( 0.5−2 ) ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5−1 )( 0.5−2 ) ( 0.5−3 )

y=31+ ( 0.5 ) ( 42 ) + ( 9) + (−25 ) + ( 37 )
2 6 24
 y=47.8672 ≅ 48
Thus, f ( 45 )=48.
No. of students who have obtained less than 45 marks is 48.

b)The no. of students between 40 to 45 marks ¿ f ( 45 )−f (40)

¿ 48−31
¿ 17

c) To find f ( 55 ) ⇒ x=55
Here h=10 , x 0=40
x−x 0
r=
h
55−40
r=
10
r =1.5
By NFIF,
r ( r −1 ) 2 r ( r−1 ) ( r−2 ) 3 r ( r−1 ) ( r−2 )( r −3 ) 4
y= y 0+ r ∆ y 0 + ∆ y0+ ∆ y0 + ∆ y0
2! 3! 4!

( 1.5 )( 1.5−1 ) ( 1.5 ) ( 1.5−1 ) ( 1.5−2 ) ( 1.5 ) (1.5−1 ) ( 1.5−2 ) ( 1.5−3 )

y=31+ (1.5 )( 42 ) + ( 9)+ (−25 ) + ( 37 )
2 6 24

y=99.8047 ≅ 100
Thus, f ( 55 )=100.
No. of students who have obtained more than 40 but less than 55 ¿ f ( 55 )−f (40)
¿ 100−31
¿ 69
7. The population of a town is given by the following data
Year 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Population 19.96 39.65 58.81 77.18 94.58

( in thousand )
Using appropriate interpolation formula calculate the increase in the population from the year
1975 to 2005.
Sol:

x y ID II D III D IV D

x 0=¿ 197 y 0=19.96

1 ∆ y 0=19.69
2
39.65 ∆ y 0 =−0.53
1981 19.16 3
∆ y 0 =−0.26
58.81 −0.79 4
∆ y 0=0.08=∇ y n
4

1991 18.37 3
∇ y n=−0.18
2
77.18 ∇ y n=−0.97
2001 ∇ y n=17.40
y n=94 .58
x n=¿ 201
1

a) To find f ( 1975 ) ⇒ x=1975

Here h=10 , x 0=1971
x−x 0
r=
h
1975−1971
r=
10
r =0.4
By NFIF,
r ( r −1 ) 2 r ( r−1 ) ( r−2 ) 3 r ( r−1 ) ( r−2 )( r −3 ) 4
y= y 0+ r ∆ y 0 + ∆ y0+ ∆ y0 + ∆ y0
2! 3! 4!
( 0.4 )( 0.4−1 ) ( 0.4 )( 0.4−1 ) ( 0.4−2 ) ( 0.4 ) ( 0.4−1 ) ( 0.4−2 )( 0.4−3 )
y=19.96 + ( 0.4 )( 19.69 ) + (−0.53 ) + (−0.26 ) + (0
2 6 24
y=27.8797
Thus, f ( 1975 )=27.8797

To find f (2005)⇒ x =2005

Here h=0.05 , x n=2011
x−x n
r=
h
2005−2011
r=
10
r =−0.6
By NBIF,
r (r + 1) 2 r ( r +1 )( r + 2 ) 3 r ( r +1 ) ( r +2 ) ( r+ 3 ) 4
y= y n+ r ∇ y n + ∇ yn + ∇ yn + ∇ yn
2! 3! 4!
(−0.6 )(−0.6 +1 ) (−0.6 ) (−0.6+1 ) (−0.6+2 ) (−0.6 ) (−0.6+ 1 )(−0.6
y=94.58+ (−0.6 )( 17.40 ) + (−0.97 )+ (−0.18 ) +
2 6 24
y=84.2638
Thus, f ( 2015 )=84.2638

The increase in population from the year 1975 to 2005¿ f ( 1975 )−f (2005)
¿ 84.2638−27.8797
¿ 56.3841 ( in thousands )
8. Extrapolate for 25.4 given the data
x 19 20 21 22 23

y 91 100.25 110 120.25 131

9. In a table given below the values of y are consecutive terms of a series of

which 23.6 is the 6 th term , find the 1 st and 10 th term of series
x 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

y 4.8 8.4 14.5 23.6 36.2 54.8 73.9

10. Given sin ( 45 )=0.7071, sin ( 50 ) =0.7660, sin ( 55 ) =0.8192, sin ( 60 ) =0.8660, find
sin ( 52 ) and sin ( 57 ) using an appropriate interpolation formula.

Interpolation formula for unequal intervals

Newton’s Divided Difference Formula or Newton’s general interpolation

formula
If f ( x 0 ) , f ( x 1 ) , f ( x 2 ) ,…, f ( x n ) be a set of values of an unknown function f ( x )
corresponding to the values x 0, x 1, x 2,…, x n at unequal intervals, then

y=f ( x 0 ) + ( x−x 0 ) f ( x 0 , x1 ) + ( x −x 0) ( x− x1 ) f ( x 0 , x1 , x 2) + …
+ ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 ) … ( x−x n−1 ) f ( x 0 , x 1 , … , x n )

f ( x 1 )−f ( x0 ) f ( x 1 , x 2 )−f ( x 0 , x 1 )
Here f ( x 0 , x 1) = ; f ( x 0 , x 1 , x 2) = ;
( x 1−x 0 ) ( x 2−x 0 )
f ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) −f ( x 0 , x 1 , x 2 )
f ( x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 )=
( x 3− x0 )

Problems
1. Use NDDF to find f (43) , given that
x 40 42 44 45
f (x) 43833 46568 49431 50912
Sol:
x f (x) I DD II DD III DD
x 0=40 f ( x 0 ) =43833
46568−43833
f ( x 0 , x 1) = =1367.5 1431.5 −1367.5
42−40 f ( x 0 , x 1, x 2 ) = =16 16.5 −16
x 1=42 f ( x 1 ) =46568 49431−46568 44−40 f ( x 0 , x 1, x 2 , x 3 ) = =0
f ( x1 , x2)= =1431.5 45−40
44−42 1481−1431.5
x 2=44 50912−49431 f ( x 1 , x 2 , x3 ) = 45−42 =16.5
f ( x 2 ) =49431 f ( x 2 , x3 ) = =1481
45−44

x 3=45 f x =50912
( 3)

By NDDF,
y=f ( x 0 ) + ( x−x 0 ) f ( x 0 , x1 ) + ( x −x 0) ( x− x1 ) f ( x 0 , x1 , x 2) + ( x−x 0 )( x−x 1) ( x−x 2 ) f ( x 0 , x1 , x2 , x 3)

y=43833+ ( 43−40 ) (1367.5 )+ ( 43−40 )( 43−42 )( 16 )+ ( 43−40 ) ( 43−42 ) ( 43−44 ) ( 0.1 )

y=47983.2

Thus, f ( 43 )=47983.2

2. Find f (0.05) using NDDF given that

x 0 2 3 5 6
f (x) 0 6 21 105 186

Sol:
x f (x) I DD II DD III DD IV DD

x 0=0 f ( x 0 ) =0
f ( x 0 , x 1) =3
x 1=2 f ( x 1 ) =6 f ( x 0 , x 1, x 2 ) =4

x 2=3 f ( x 0 , x 1, x 2 , x 3 ) =1
f ( x 1 , x 2 ) =15
f ( x 2 ) =21 f ( x 1 , x 2 , x3 ) =9 f ( x 0 , x 1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 )=0
x 3=5 f ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ) =1
f ( x 3 ) =105 f ( x 2 , x3 ) =42
f ( x 2 , x3 , x 4 )=13
x 4 =6
f ( x 4 )=186 f ( x 3 , x 4 )=81

By NDDF,
y=f ( x 0 ) + ( x−x 0 ) f ( x 0 , x1 ) + ( x −x 0) ( x− x1 ) f ( x 0 , x1 , x 2) + ( x−x 0 )( x−x 1) ( x−x 2 ) f ( x 0 , x1 , x2 , x 3) + ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1) ( x
 y=0+ ( 0.5−0 ) ( 3 ) + ( 0.5−0 ) ( 0.5−2 ) ( 4 ) + ( 0.5−0 ) ( 0.5−2 )( 0.5−3 ) ( 1 ) + ( 0 )
y=0.3750

Thus, f ( 0.5 )=0.3750

3. Fit an interpolating polynomial for the data by NDDF

x 0 1 2 5
f (x) 2 3 12 147

Sol:
x f (x) I DD II DD III DD

x 0=2 f ( x 0 ) =4
f ( x 0 , x 1) =26
x 1=4 f ( x 1 ) =56 f ( x 0 , x 1, x 2 ) =15
f ( x 1 , x 2 ) =131
x 2=9 f ( x 0 , x 1, x 2 , x 3 ) =1
f ( x 2 ) =711 f ( x 1 , x 2 , x3 ) =23
f ( x 2 , x3 ) =269
x 3=10
f ( x 3 ) =980

By NDDF,
y=f ( x 0 ) + ( x−x 0 ) f ( x 0 , x1 ) + ( x −x 0) ( x− x1 ) f ( x 0 , x1 , x 2) + ( x−x 0 )( x−x 1) ( x−x 2 ) f ( x 0 , x1 , x2 , x 3)
y=4+ ( x −2 )( 26 ) + ( x−2 ) ( x−4 ) (15 )+ ( x−2 ) ( x −4 )( x−9 ) (1 )
y=4+ 26 x −52+ 15 ( x2−2 x−4 x +8 ) + ( x 2−2 x−4 x +8 ) ( x−9 )
y=4+ 26 x −52+ 15 ( x2−6 x+ 8 ) + ( x 2−6 x +8 ) ( x−9 )
2 3 2 2
y=4+ 26 x −52+ 15 x −90 x +120+ x −6 x +8 x−9 x +54 x−72
y=x −2 x , is the required polynomial.
3

3
f ( x)=x −2 x
When x=3 , f (3)=21
x=5 , f (5)=115
x=7 , f (7)=329
x=11 , f (11)=1309

Consider,
3
f (x)=x −2 x
3 2
f ( x )= ( x −1 ) + 3 x −3 x +1−2 x ( x−1 )3=x 3−3 x 2 +3 x−1
3 2
f ( x )= ( x −1 ) + 3 x −5 x +1 ( x−1 )2=x 2−2 x +1
f ( x )= ( x −1 )3+ 3 [ ( x −1 )2+2 x−1 ] −5 x +1
 3 2
f ( x )= ( x −1 ) + 3 ( x−1 ) +6 x−3−5 x+ 1
3 2
f ( x )= ( x −1 ) + 3 ( x−1 ) + x−2
3 2
f ( x )= ( x −1 ) + 3 ( x−1 ) + x−1−1
3 2
f ( x )= ( x −1 ) + 3 ( x−1 ) + ( x−1 )−1
When
x=1.1 , f ( x )= (1.1−1 )3 +3 ( 1.1−1 )2 + ( 1.1−1 )−1=−0.8690
x=1.5 , f ( x )= (1.5−1 )3 +3 ( 1.5−1 )2 + ( 1.5−1 )−1=0.375

5. Determine f ( x ) as a polynomial in x for the following data using NDDF

x -4 -1 0 2 5
f (x) 1245 33 5 9 1335
Sol:
x f (x) I DD II DD III DD IV DD

x 0=−4 f ( x 0 ) =1245
f ( x 0 , x 1) =−404
f ( x 0 , x 1, x 2 ) =94
x 1=−1 f ( x 1 ) =33 f ( x 0 , x 1, x 2 , x 3 ) =−14
f ( x 0 , x 1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 )=3
f ( x 1 , x 2 ) =−28 f ( x 1 , x 2 , x3 ) =10
x 2=0 f ( x 2 ) =5 f ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ) =13
f ( x 2 , x3 , x 4 )=88
x 3=2 f ( x 3 ) =9 f ( x 2 , x3 ) =2

x 4 =5 f ( x 3 , x 4 )=442
f ( x 4 )=1335

By NDDF,
y=f ( x 0 ) + ( x−x 0 ) f ( x 0 , x1 ) + ( x −x 0) ( x− x1 ) f ( x 0 , x1 , x 2) + ( x−x 0 )( x−x 1) ( x−x 2 ) f ( x 0 , x1 , x2 , x 3)
+ ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 ) ( x−x 2 ) ( x−x 3 ) f ( x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 )

y=1245+ ( x+ 4 )(−404 ) + ( x +4 ) ( x+1 )( 94 ) + ( x+ 4 )( x +1 ) ( x−0 ) (-14)+¿

( x +4 ) ( x +1 ) ( x−0 ) ( x−2 ) ( 3 )

y=1245−404 x−1616+94 ( x 2+5 x +4 )−14 x ( x 2 +5 x+ 4 )+ 3 x ( x−2 ) ( x 2+5 x +4 )

y=1245−404 x−1616+94 x2 + 470 x +376−14 x 2−70 x 2−56 x+ ( 3 x2 −6 x )( x 2 +5 x+ 4 )

2 2 2 4 3 2 3 2
y=1245−404 x−1616+94 x + 470 x +376−14 x −70 x −56 x+ 3 x + 15 x +12 x −6 x −30 x −24 x

y=3 x −5 x +6 x −14 x +5 , is the required polynomial.

4 3 2
6. Construct a polynomial for the data given below using NDDF and hence find
f ( 8 ) and f ( 15 ).
x 4 5 7 10 11 13

f (x) 48 100 294 900 1210 2028

7. Using NDDF find u8 if

x 1 2 4 7 12

f (x) 576 168 -30 48 378

Lagrange’s formula for interpolation

If f ( x 0 ) , f ( x 1 ) , f ( x 2 ) ,…, f ( x n ) be a set of values of an unknown function f ( x )
corresponding to the values x 0, x 1, x 2,…, x n not necessarily at equal intervals,
then
( x−x 1 ) ( x−x 2 ) … ( x−x n ) ( x−x 0 )( x −x2 ) … ( x−x n )
y=f ( x )= y 0+ y 1+ …
( x 0−x 1) ( x 0− x2 ) … ( x 0−x n ) ( x 1−x 0 ) ( x 1−x 2 ) … ( x1 −x n)

+ ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 ) … ( x−x n−1 )

yn
( x n−x 0 ) ( x n−x 2) … ( x n −xn −1 )

Lagrange’s inverse interpolation formula for x=f ( y ) is

( y − y 1 )( y− y 2 ) … ( y− y n ) ( y− y 0 )( y− y 2 ) … ( y− y n )
x=f ( y )= x0+ x 1+ …
( y 0− y 1 ) ( y 0− y 2) … ( y 0− y n ) ( y 1− y 0 ) ( y 1− y 2 ) … ( y 1− y n )

+ ( y − y 0 ) ( y− y 1 ) … ( y − y n−1)
xn
( y n− y 0 ) ( y n − y 2 ) … ( y n− y n−1 )

Problems
1. Apply Lagrange’s interpolation formula to find y ( 11) from the following data
x 2 5 8 14
y 94.8 87.9 81.3 68.7

Sol: Given x 0=2 x 1=5 x 2=8 x 3=14

To find y ( 11) ⇒ x=11

y 0=94.8 y 1=87.9 y 2=81.3 y 3=68.7

Wkt
( x−x 1 )( x −x2 ) ( x−x 3 ) ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 2 )( x−x 3 ) ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 )( x −x3 ) ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 ) ( x−x
y= y0+ y1+ y2+
( x 0−x 1 ) ( x 0−x 2 ) ( x 0−x 3 ) ( x 1−x 0 )( x 1−x 2 ) ( x 1−x 3 ) ( x2 −x 0 )( x 2−x 1 ) ( x 2−x 3 ) ( x3 −x 0 )( x 3− x1 ) ( x 3−
 ( 11−5 ) ( 11−8 )( 11−14 ) ( 11−2 )( 11−8 ) ( 11−14 ) (11−2 ) ( 11−5 )( 11−14 ) ( 11−2 )( 11−
y= ( 94.8 ) + ( 87.9 ) + ( 81.3 ) +
( 2−5 )( 2−8 ) ( 2−14 ) ( 5−2 ) ( 5−8 ) (5−14 ) ( 8−2 )( 8−5 ) ( 8−14 ) ( 14−2 ) (14−
y=74.925
y ( 11)=74.925

2. Fit an interpolating polynomial for the following data

x 0 1 2 5

y 2 3 12 147

Sol: Given x 0=0 x 1=1 x 2=2 x 3=5

y 0=2 y 1=3 y 2=12 y 3=147
Wkt
( x−x 1 )( x −x2 ) ( x−x 3 ) ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 2 )( x−x 3 ) ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 )( x −x3 ) ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 ) ( x−x
y= y0+ y1+ y2+
( x 0−x 1 ) ( x 0−x 2 ) ( x 0−x 3 ) ( x 1−x 0 )( x 1−x 2 ) ( x 1−x 3 ) ( x2 −x 0 )( x 2−x 1 ) ( x 2−x 3 ) ( x3 −x 0 )( x 3− x1 ) ( x 3−

( x−1 ) ( x−2 ) ( x−5 ) ( x−0 ) ( x−2 ) ( x−5 ) ( x−0 )( x−1 )( x−5 ) ( x−0 )( x−1 )( x−2 )
y= ( 2) + ( 3 )+ ( 12 )+ (147 )
( 0−1 )( 0−2 ) ( 0−5 ) ( 1−0 ) (1−2 ) (1−5 ) ( 2−0 ) ( 2−1 ) ( 2−5 ) ( 5−0 ) ( 5−1 ) ( 5−2 )

Wkt ( x−a )( x−b ) ( x−c )=x 3−( a+b+ c ) x 2+ ( ab+bc +ca ) x−abc

( x 3−8 x 2 +17 x−10 ) ( x 3−7 x 2 +10 x ) ( x 3−6 x 2+ 5 x ) ( x 3−3 x 2 +2 x )

y= ( 2 )+ ( 3) + ( 12 )+ ( 147 )
(−10 ) (4 ) (−6 ) ( 60 )

−( x 3−8 x 2 +17 x−10 ) ( 3 x3 −21 x 2 +30 x ) ( 2 x 3−12 x 2+10 x ) ( 147 x 3−441 x 2 +294 x )
y= + − +
5 4 1 60

−12 ( x 3−8 x 2+17 x −10 ) +15 ( 3 x 3−21 x 2 +30 x )−60 ( 2 x 3−12 x2 +10 x ) + ( 147 x 3−441 x 2 +294 x )
y=
60
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
−12 x + 96 x −204 x+ 120+45 x −315 x + 450 x−120 x + 720 x −600 x +147 x −441 x +294 x
y=
60
3 2
60 x + 60 x −60 x +120
y=
60

3 2
y=x + x −x +2 , is the required polynomial.

3. Use Lagrange’s interpolation formula to fit a polynomial for the data and
hence find y at x=2.
 x 0 1 3 4

y -12 0 6 12

Sol: Given x 0=0 x 1=1 x 2=3 x 3=4

y 0=−12 y 1=0 y 2=6 y 3=12

Wkt
( x−x 1 )( x −x2 ) ( x−x 3 ) ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 2 )( x−x 3 ) ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 )( x −x3 ) ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 ) ( x−x
y= y0+ y1+ y2+
( x 0−x 1 ) ( x 0−x 2 ) ( x 0−x 3 ) ( x 1−x 0 )( x 1−x 2 ) ( x 1−x 3 ) ( x2 −x 0 )( x 2−x 1 ) ( x 2−x 3 ) ( x3 −x 0 )( x 3− x1 ) ( x 3−

( x−1 ) ( x−3 ) ( x−4 ) ( x−0 ) ( x−3 ) ( x−4 ) ( x−0 ) ( x −1 )( x−4 )

y= (−12 ) + ( 0) + ( 6)
( 0−1 )( 0−3 ) ( 0−4 ) ( 1−0 )( 1−3 ) ( 1−4 ) ( 3−0 ) ( 3−1 ) ( 3−4 )
+ ( x−0 ) ( x−1 ) ( x−3 )
( 12 )
( 4−0 ) ( 4−1 ) ( 4−3 )

( x 3−8 x 2 +19 x−12 ) ( x 3−5 x 2+ 4 x ) ( x 3−4 x 2 +3 x )

y= (−12 ) + ( 6 )+ ( 12 )
(−12 ) (−6 ) ( 12 )
3 2 3 2 3 2
y=x −8 x +19 x−12−x +5 x −4 x + x −4 x + 3 x
3 2
y=x −7 x +18 x−12 , is the required polynomial.

Put x=2
3 2
y=2 −7 ( 2 ) + 18(2)−12
y=4

4. Use Lagrange’s interpolation formula to fit a polynomial for the data y ( 1 )=3 ,
y ( 3 )=9 , y ( 4 )=30 , y ( 6 )=132.
Sol: Given x 0=1 x 1=3 x 2=4 x 3=6
y 0=3 y 1=9 y 2=30 y 3=132
Wkt
( x−x 1 )( x −x2 ) ( x−x 3 ) ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 2 )( x−x 3 ) ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 )( x −x3 ) ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 ) ( x−x
y= y0+ y1+ y2+
( x 0−x 1 ) ( x 0−x 2 ) ( x 0−x 3 ) ( x 1−x 0 )( x 1−x 2 ) ( x 1−x 3 ) ( x2 −x 0 )( x 2−x 1 ) ( x 2−x 3 ) ( x3 −x 0 )( x 3− x1 ) ( x 3−

( x−3 )( x−4 ) ( x−6 ) ( x −1 )( x−4 )( x−6 ) ( x−1 )( x−3 )( x−6 )

y= ( 3) + ( 9) + ( 30 )
( 1−3 ) (1−4 ) (1−6 ) ( 3−1 ) (3−4 ) ( 3−6 ) ( 4−1 ) ( 4−3 )( 4−6 )
+ ( x−1 ) ( x −3 ) ( x −4 )
( 132 )
( 6−1 ) ( 6−3 )( 6−4 )
 ( x−3 )( x−4 ) ( x−6 ) 3 ( x −1 )( x−4 )( x−6 ) 5 ( x−1 )( x−3 )( x−6 ) 22 ( x−1 ) ( x −3 ) ( x −4 )
y= + + +
(−10 ) (2) (−1 ) (5 )

−( x 3−13 x 2 +54 x−72 ) +15 ( x 3−11 x 2 +34 x−24 )−50 ( x 3−10 x 2 +27 x−18 ) + 44 ( x 3−8 x 2 +19 x−12 )
y=
10
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
−x +13 x −54 x+ 72+15 x −165 x +510 x−360−50 x +500 x −1350 x +900+ 44 x −352 x + 836 x−528
y=
10
3 2
8 x −4 x −58 x +84
y=
10

2 ( 4 x 3 −2 x 2−29 x +42 )
y=
10

( 4 x 3−2 x2 −29 x + 42 )
y= , is the required polynomial.
5

5. Use Lagrange’s interpolation formula to find y at x=5 for the data y ( 1 )=3 ,
y ( 3 )=18 , y ( 4 )=30 , y ( 6 )=132.

Numerical Integration
b

The process of obtaining approximate value of the definite integration I =∫ y dx without

a
actually integrating function but only using the value of ' y ' at some point of x is equally
placed over [ a , b ].
rd
1
Simpson’s rule
3
Formula:
b

∫ y dx= h3 [ ( y 0 + y n ) + 4 ( y 1 + y 3 + y 5 +…+ y n −1 ) +2 ( y 2 + y 4 + y 6+ …+ y n−2 ) ]

a
b−a
Where, h=
n
rd
1
Note: To apply rule n must be multiple of 2.
3

Problems
6

1. Evaluate ∫ 3 x dx dividing the interval [ 0 , 6 ] in 6 equal parts (7 ordinate) by applying

2

0
rd
1
Simpson’s rule.
3
Sol: Given a=0 , b=6 , y=3 x 2
b−a
Now, h=
n
 6−0
h=
6
h=1 , n=6

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2
y=3 x 0 3 12 27 48 75 108

Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= h3 [ ( y 0 + y 6 ) + 4 ( y 1 + y 3 + y 5 ) +2 ( y 2 + y 4 ) ]
a

∫ 3 x 2 dx= 31 [ ( 0+108 )+ 4 ( 3+27+ 75 ) +2 (12+ 48 ) ]

0

∫ 3 x 2 dx=216.
0

1 rd
2. Evaluate ∫ 1+dxx 2 using Simpson’s
1
3
rule by taking 5 ordinates (4 equal parts) and
0
hence deduce an approximate value of π .
1
Sol: Given a=0 , b=1 , y= 2
1+ x
b−a
Now, h=
n
1−0
h=
4
1
h= , n=4
4
x 0 1 2 3 1
4 4 4

1 1 0.9412 0.8 0.64 0.5

y= 2
1+ x

Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= h3 [ ( y 0 + y 4 )+ 4 ( y 1+ y 3 ) + 2 ( y 2 ) ]
a

1
1
1 4
∫ 1+ x 2 dx= 3 [ ( 1+0.5 )+ 4 ( 0.9412+0.64 ) +2 ( 0.8 ) ]
0
1

∫ 1+1x 2 dx=0.7854
0

By integration,

∫ 1+1x 2 dx=¿ [ tan−1 x ]0 ¿

1

0
−1 −1
0.7854=tan 1−tan 0
π
0.7854=
4
π=3.1416

[ ]
rd
2
1 π
3. Find the approximate value of ∫ √ cosθ dθ by Simpson’s rule by dividing 0 ,
3 2
0
into 6 equal parts.
π
Sol: Given a=0 , b= , y= √ cosθ
2
b−a
Now, h=
n
π
−0
2 ;
h=
6
π °
h= =15 ,
12
n=6

z 0
°
15
° °
30 45
°
60
°
75
°
90
°

y= √ cosθ 1 0.9828 0.9306 0.8409 0.7071 0.5087 0

Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= h3 [ ( y 0 + y 6 ) + 4 ( y 1 + y 3 + y 5 ) +2 ( y 2 + y 4 ) ]
a

π π
2
12
∫ √cosθ dθ= 3 [ (1+ 0 ) +4 ( 0.9828+0.8409+0.5087 ) +2 ( 0.9306+0.7071 ) ]
0
π
2

∫ √cosθ dθ=1.1873
0

0.6 rd
1
4. Evaluate ∫ e
2
−x
dx using Simpson’s rule by dividing [ 0 , 0.6 ] in 6 subintervals.
0 3
2
Sol: Given a=0 , b=0.6 , y=e−x
b−a
Now, h=
n
0.6−0
h=
6
h=0.1, n=6
x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
2

y=e−x 1 0.99 0.9608 0.9139 0.8521 0.7788 0.6977

Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= h3 [ ( y 0 + y 6 ) + 4 ( y 1 + y 3 + y 5 ) +2 ( y 2 + y 4 ) ]
a

0.6

∫ e− x dx= 0.1
2

3
[( 1+0.6977 ) +4 ( 0.99+0.9139+0.7788 )+ 2 ( 0.9608+ 0.8521 ) ]
0

0.6

∫ e− x dx=0.5351
2

1 rd
dx 1
5. Evaluate 2∫(
using Simpson’s rule by taking 7 ordinates.
0 1+ x ) 3
1
Sol: Given a=0 , b=1 , y=
( 1+ x )2
b−a
Now, h=
n
1−0
h=
6
1
h= , n=6
6

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 1
6 6 6 6 6

1 1 0.7347 0.5625 0.4444 0.3600 0.2975 0.2500

y=
( 1+ x )2
Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= h3 [ ( y 0 + y 6 ) + 4 ( y 1 + y 3 + y 5 ) +2 ( y 2 + y 4 ) ]
a

1
1
1 6
∫ ( 1+ x )2 dx= 3 [ ( 1+ 0.25 ) +4 ( 0.7347+0.4444 +0.2975 ) +2 ( 0.5625+0.36 ) ]
0

1
1
∫( 2
dx=0.5001
0 1+ x )

1 rd
x 1
6. Evaluate ∫ 2
dx using Simpson’s rule by taking 6 equal parts and hence find
0 1+ x 3
log2.
x
Sol: Given a=0 , b=1 , y= 2
1+ x
b−a
Now, h=
n
1−0
h=
6
1
h= , n=6
6

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 1
6 6 6 6 6

x 0 0.1622 0.3000 0.4000 0.4615 0.4918 0.5000

y= 2
1+ x
Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= h3 [ ( y 0 + y 6 ) + 4 ( y 1 + y 3 + y 5 ) +2 ( y 2 + y 4 ) ]
a

1
1
x 6
∫ 1+ x 2 dx= 3 [ ( 0+0.5 ) + 4 ( 0.1622+0.4 +0.4918 ) +2 ( 0.3+0.4615 ) ]
0

∫ 1+xx 2 dx=0.3466
0

By integration,

1 1

∫ 1+xx 2 dx= 12 ∫ 1+2 xx2 dx

0 0
 1 1
0.3466=
2
[ log ( 1+ x ) ]0
2

1
0.3466= [ log 2−log 1 ]
2
log 2=2∗0.3466

log 2=0.6932

π
dx
7. Evaluate ∫ by taking 6 sub intervals.
0 2+cosx
1
Sol: Given a=0 , b=π , y=
2+cosx
b−a
Now, h=
n
π −0
h=
6
π
h= =30 ° , n=6
6
x 0° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 °

1 0.3333 0.3489 0.4000 0.5000 0.6667 0.8819 1

2+ cosx

Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= h3 [ ( y 0 + y 6 ) + 4 ( y 1 + y 3 + y 5 ) +2 ( y 2 + y 4 ) ]
a

π
π
1 6
∫ 2+cosx dx= 3 [ ( 0.3333+1 ) + 4 ( 0.3489+0.5+ 0.8819 ) +2 ( 0.4+ 0.6667 ) ]
0

π
1
∫ 2+cosx dx=1.8134
0

8
1
8. Evaluate ∫ dx by taking 6 sub intervals.
2 log 10 x
1
Sol: Given a=2 , b=8 , y=
log10 x
b−a
Now, h=
n
8−2
h=
6
h=1, n=6
 x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 3.3219 2.0959 1.6610 1.4307 1.2851 1.1833 1.1073

y=
log10 x

Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= h3 [ ( y 0 + y 6 ) + 4 ( y 1 + y 3 + y 5 ) +2 ( y 2 + y 4 ) ]
a

∫ log1 x
dx=
1
3
[ ( 3.3219+1.1073 )+ 4 ( 2.0959+1.4307 +1.1833 ) +2 ( 1.661+ 1.2851 ) ]
2 10

∫ log1 x
dx=9.7203
2 10
th
3
Simpson’s rule
8
Formula:
b

∫ y dx= 38h [ ( y 0 + y n ) +3 ( y 1 + y 2 + y 4 + …+ y n−1 ) +2 ( y 3+ y 6+ y 9 +…+ y n−3 ) ]

a
b−a
Where, h=
n
th
3
Note: To apply rule n must be multiple of 3.
8

Problems
1 th
1 3
1. Evaluate ∫ dx by taking 7 ordinate using Simpson’s rule. Hence deduce the
0 ( 1+ x ) 8
value of log2.
1
Sol: Given a=0 , b=1 , y=
( 1+ x )
b−a
Now, h= , n=6
n
1−0
h=
6
1
h=
6

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 1
6 6 6 6 6

1 1 0.8571 0.75 0.6667 0.6 0.5455 0.5

y=
( 1+ x )
Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= 38h [ ( y 0 + y 6 ) +3 ( y 1 + y 2 + y 4 + y 5 ) + 2 ( y 3 ) ]
a

3∗1
1
1 6
∫ ( 1+ x ) dx= 8 [ ( 1+0.5 ) +3 ( 0.8571+0.75+ 0.6+0.5455 )+ 2 ( 0.6667 ) ]
0

∫ ( 1+1 x ) dx=0.6932
0

By integration,

∫ 1+1 x dx=[ log (1+ x ) ]0

1

0
0.6932= [ log 2−log 1 ]
log 2=0.6932

th 4 1
3
2. Use Simpson’s rule to evaluate ∫ e x dx by taking 3 equal parts.
8 1
1
Sol: Given a=1 , b=4 , y=e x
b−a
Now, h= , n=3
n
4−1
h=
3
h=1
x 1 2 3 4
1
2.7183 1.6487 1.3956 1.2840
y=e x

Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= 38h [ ( y 0 + y 3 ) +3 ( y 1 + y 2 ) ]
a

4 1
3∗1
∫ e x dx= 8
[ ( 2.7183 +1.2840 ) +3 ( 1.6487 + 1.3956 ) ]
1

4 1

∫e x
dx=4.9257
1
 5.2 th
3
3. Evaluate ∫ log e x dx using Simpson’s rule by taking 6 equal parts.
4 8
Sol: Given a=4 , b=5.2 , y=log e x
b−a
Now, h= , n=6
n
5.2−4
h=
6
h=0.2
x 4 4.2 4.4. 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2

y=log e x 1.3863 1.4351 1.4816 1.5261 1.5686 1.6094 1.6487

Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= 38h [ ( y 0 + y 6 ) +3 ( y 1 + y 2 + y 4 + y 5 ) + 2 ( y 3 ) ]
a

5.2
3∗( 0.2 )
∫ log e x dx= 8
[ ( 1.3863+1.6487 ) +3 ( 1.4351+1.4816 +1.5686+1.6094 ) +2 (1.5261 ) ]
4

5.2

∫ log e x dx=1.8278
4

0.3 3 th
3
4. Evaluate ∫ ( 1−8 x ) dx using Simpson’s
2 2
rule by taking 7 ordinates.
0 8
3
Sol: Given a=0 , b=0.3 , y=( 1−8 x 2 ) 2
b−a
Now, h= , n=6
n
0.3−0
h=
6
h=0.05

x 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

3
1 0.9702 0.8824 0.7425 0.5607 0.3536 0.1482
y=( 1−8 x )
2 2

Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= 38h [ ( y 0 + y 6 ) +3 ( y 1 + y 2 + y 4 + y 5 ) + 2 ( y 3 ) ]
a

0.3 3
3∗( 0.05 )
∫ ( 1−8 x 2 ) 2 dx= 8
[ ( 1+0.1482 ) +3 ( 0.9702+0.8824 +0.5607+ 0.3536 ) +2 ( 0.7425 ) ]
0
 0.3 3

∫ ( 1−8 x ) 2 2
dx=0.2050
0

1 2 th
x 3
5. Evaluate ∫ 3
dx using Simpson’s rule by taking 7 ordinates and hence find
0 1+ x 8
log2.
2
x
Sol: Given a=0 , b=1 , y= 3
1+ x
b−a
Now, h= , n=6
n
1−0
h=
6
1
h=
6

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 1
6 6 6 6 6
2
x 0 0.0276 0.1071 0.2222 0.3429 0.4399 0.5
y= 3
1+ x
Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= 38h [ ( y 0 + y 6 ) +3 ( y 1 + y 2 + y 4 + y 5 ) + 2 ( y 3 ) ]
a

3∗1
1 2
x 6
∫ 1+ x 3 dx= 8 [ ( 0+0.5 )+ 3 ( 0.0267+0.1071+0.3429+ 0.4399 ) +2 ( 0.2222 ) ]
0

1 2
∫ 1+x x 3 dx=0.2311
0

By integration,

1 2 1 2
∫ 1+x x 3 dx= 13 ∫ 1+
3x
x
3
dx
0 0

1 1
0.2311=
3
[ log ( 1+ x ) ]0
3

1
0.2311= [ log 2−log 1 ]
3
log 2=3∗0.2311
⇒ log 2=0.6933
 6 th
dx 3
6. Evaluate ∫ 2 using Simpson’s rule by taking 7 ordinates.
0 1+ x 8
1
Sol: Given a=0 , b=6 , y= 2
1+ x
b−a
Now, h= , n=6
n
6−0
h=
6
h=1

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0588 0.0385 0.0270

y= 2
1+ x

Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= 38h [ ( y 0 + y 6 ) +3 ( y 1 + y 2 + y 4 + y 5 ) + 2 ( y 3 ) ]
a

∫ 1+1x 2 dx= 3∗1

8
[ ( 1+ 0.5 ) +3 ( 0.5+0.2+ 0.0588+0.0385 ) +2 ( 0.1 ) ]
0

∫ 1+1x 2 dx=1.3571
0

1 th
x 3
7. Evaluate ∫ 2
dx using Simpson’s rule by taking 3 equal parts and hence find
0 1+ x 8
log √ 2.
x
Sol: Given a=0 , b=1 , y= 2
1+ x
b−a
Now, h= , n=3
n
1−0
h=
3
1
h=
3

x 0 1 2 1
3 3

x 0 0.3 0.4615 0.5

y= 2
1+ x
Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= 38h [ ( y 0 + y 3 ) +3 ( y 1 + y 2 ) ]
a

3∗1
1
x 3
∫ 1+ x 2 dx= 8 [ ( 0+0.5 )+ 3 ( 0.3+0.4615 ) ]
0

∫ 1+xx 2 dx=0.3481
0

By integration,
1 1

∫ 1+xx 2 dx= 12 ∫ 1+2 xx2 dx

0 0

1 1
0.3481=
2
[ log ( 1+ x ) ]0
2

1
0.3481= [ log 2−log 1 ]
2

1
log 2=0.3481
2

log √ 2=0.3481

π
th
2
3
8. Evaluate ∫ e sinx dx using Simpson’s rule by taking 3 equal parts.
8
0
π
Sol: Given a=0 , b= , y=e sinx
2
b−a
Now, h= , n=3
n
π
−0
2
h=
3
π
h= =30 °
6

x 0° 30 ° 60 ° 90 °
 sinx
y=e 1 1.6487 2.3774 2.7183

Wkt,
b

∫ y dx= 38h [ ( y 0 + y 3 ) +3 ( y 1 + y 2 ) ]
a

π 3∗π
2
6
∫ e sinx dx= 8 [ ( 1+2.7183 ) +3 ( 1.6487+2.3774 ) ]
0

π
2

∫ e sinx dx=3.1001
0