KITALE NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

LEVEL 6
DEMONSTRATE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PRACTICES

UNIT CODE: ENG/OS/ET/BC/01/6/A

UNIT DESCRIPTION
This unit specifies the competencies required to demonstrate occupational health and safety practices. It
involves identifying workplace hazards and risks, identifying and implementing appropriate control
measures to hazards and risks and implementing OSH programs, procedures and policies/guidelines.

Summary of Learning Outcomes

1. Identify workplace hazards and risk
2. Control OSH hazards
3. Implement OSH programs

CONTENT
1. Identify workplace hazards and risk
- Identification of hazards in the workplace and/or the indicators of their presence
- Evaluation and/or work environment measurements of OSH hazards/risk existing in the
workplace
- Gathering of OSH issues and/or concerns
2. Control OSH hazards
- Prevention and control measures e.g. use of PPE
- Risk assessment
- Contingency measures
3. Implement OSH programs
- Company OSH program, evaluation and review
- Implementation of OSH programs
- Training of team members and advice on OSH standards and procedures
- Implementation of procedures for maintaining OSH-related records

Pre-assessment

What potential losses can result from safety and health hazards in the workplace?

- Injuries, - Illnesses, and -Fatalities.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 1

INTRODUCTION TO OSHA - In practice, occupational safety and health includes moral and economic
issues.
- Def: Occupational safety and health is the discipline concerned with - There is also a legal compulsion for companies to promote occupational
preserving and protecting human resources in the workplace. safety and health.
- Occupational Health and Safety is a discipline with a broad scope - Governments worldwide require protection of employees from hazards that
involving many specialised fields. may result in injury, illness, or death.
- OSH interacts with other fields such as occupational medicine, occupational - Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act every employer is required to
or industrial hygiene, public health, safety engineering, ergonomics, provide a safe and healthful workplace.
toxicology, epidemiology, health physics, environmental health, industrial - In summary: Occupational safety and health deals with all aspects of health
relations, public policy, industrial sociology, medical sociology, social law, and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention
labour law, and occupation health psychology. of hazards.
- Occupational safety and health is concerned with preserving and protecting - The health of the workers have several determinants, including risk factors
human and facility resources in the workplace. at the workplace leading to cancers, accidents, musculoskeletal diseases,
- It encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of workers that is respiratory diseases, hearing loss, circulatory diseases, stress related
the “whole person”, disorders and communicable diseases and others.
- Practitioners in the field try to prevent needless deaths and injuries to
workers. Terms used in OSHA
- It involves more than first aid activities and is far-reaching in both scope o Accident
and practice. - An accident, by definition, is any unplanned event that results in personal
- Occupational safety and health involves helping people by preventing them injury or in property damage.
from being injured or becoming ill due to hazards in their workplaces. - An Accident is unexpected and undesirable occurrence resulting into injury,
- Demonstrating concern for workers by ensuring the are trained in hazard harm or damage to human beings or to properties.
recognition and correctly - An accident may be defined as an uncontrolled event causing injury or
performing his job are jobs of the safety professional. damage to an individual or property
- Occupational safety and health is also a field wherein professionals attempt o Safety
to prevent catastrophic losses. - Safety: it is freedom from danger or harm.
- When they conduct pre-inspections, safety professionals may prevent - Safety- It can be defined as ‘‘operating within an acceptable or low
explosions or fires that could destroy entire buildings. probability of risk associated with conditions or activities having the
- Occupational safety and health is also the management function in an potential to cause harm to people, equipment, facilities or the enterprise.’’
organization concerned with improving its quality and efficiency. - Safety – Being protected from any danger, risk or injury.
- Safety professionals consider the way products are moved from place to o Risk
place and are concerned with reducing lifting injury exposures, while - Risk can be defined as the measure of the probability and severity of a loss
minimizing product movement. event taking place.
- They attempt to eliminate property and facility damage, waste, and costs that - A risk is the ‘ likelihood ’ of harm actually being done.
lessen an organization’s ability to operate profitably.
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 o Hazards - According to the Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health
- Hazards are defined as a source of danger that could result in a chance event (1950), occupational health is the adaptation of work to man and of each
such as an accident/incident. man to his job.
- A hazard is a workplace condition or worker action that can result in injury, - It has the following components.
illness, or other organizational loss. (i) Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental
- A hazard is defined as a condition, event, or circumstance that could lead to and social well being of workers in all occupations;
or contribute to an unplanned or undesirable event (ii) Prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their
- A hazard is something with the ‘ potential ’ to cause harm, for example, working conditions;
chemicals, electricity or working above ground. (iii) Protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from
o Regulation factors adverse to health; and
- A rule of order having the force of law, prescribed by a superior or (iv) Placing and maintenance of a worker in an occupational environment
competent authority, relating to the actions of those under the authority`s adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment.
control.
o Victim Objectives of Occupational Safety and Health
- A person harmed or injured or killed as a result of a crime, accident or other - The prime objective of OSH at a global level is to ensure that health and
event or action. safety is accessible to every worker employed in any sector across the
o Fire economy.
- It is a chemical reaction that take place in the presence of fuel, oxygen and - According to the document, Global Strategy on Occupational Health for All,
heat the ten high priority OSH objectives proposed by the strategy are as follows:
o Fire extinguisher  Strengthening of international and national policies for health at
- A protective device used to extinguish or control fire. work and developing the necessary policy tools
o First Aid  Development of healthy work environment
- Refers to the initial assistance given to patients during sudden illness /injury  Development of healthy work practices and promotion of health at
using available material before medical assistance arrives work
o Shock  Strengthening of OSH
- This is when the current flows through a person body.  Establishing of support services for occupational health
o Rescuer  Development of occupational health standards based on scientific
- A person who saves someone from a dangerous or difficult situation. risk assessment
o First Aider  Development of human resources for occupational health
- A person who is trained to give immediate medical help.  Establishment of registration and data systems, development of
information services for experts, effective transmission of data and
Key Components of OSH raising of public awareness through public information
 Strengthening of research

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 3

 Principles of Occupational Health and Safety with policies and good practices, and other related activities are central to the
- Occupational health and safety is a multi-disciplinary field, covering issues establishment and the enforcement of effective policies.
related to law, medicine, technology, economics and industry specific
concerns. 6. Health promotion is a central element of occupational health practice.
- The core occupational safety and Health principles put forth by the ILO are - Efforts must be made to enhance workers‟ physical, mental and social well-
as follows: being.
1. All workers have rights.
- Workers, as well as employees and government, must ensure 7. Occupational health services covering all workers should be established.
that these rights are protected and foster decent conditions of labour. - Ideally all workers in all categories of economic activity should have access
- As the International Labour Conference stated in 1984: to such services, which aim to protect and promote workers‟ health and
o Work should take place in a safe healthy environment; improve working conditions.
o Conditions of work should be consistent with workers‟ well-being and
human dignity; 8. Compensation, rehabilitation and curative services must be made
o Work should offer real possibilities for personal achievement, self- available to workers who suffer occupational injuries, accidents and work
fulfilment and service society. related diseases.
2. Occupational health and safety policies must be established. - Action must be taken to minimise the consequences of occupational hazards.
- Such policies must be implemented at both the governmental and enterprise
levels. 9. Education and training are vital components of safe, healthy working
- They must be effectively communicated to all parties concerned. environments.
3. There is a need for consultation with the social partners (that is, - Workers and employers must be made aware of the importance and the
employers and workers) and other stakeholders. means of establishing safe working procedures.
- This should be done during the formulation, implementation and review of - Trainers must be trained in areas of special relevance to different industries,
such policies. which have specific OHS concerns.

4. Prevention and protection must be the aim of occupational health and 10. Workers, employers and competent authorities have certain
safety programmes and policies. responsibilities, duties and obligations.
- Efforts must be focused on primary prevention at the workplace level. - For example, workers must follow established safety procedures; employers
- Workplaces and working environment should be planned and designed to be must provide safe workplaces and ensure access to first aid; and the
safe and healthy competent authorities must devise, communicate and periodically review and
update occupational health and safety policies.
5. Information is vital for the development and implementation of effective
programmes and policies. 11. Policies must be enforced.
- The collection and dissemination of accurate information on hazards and - A system of inspection must be in place to secure compliance with
hazardous materials, surveillance of workplaces, monitoring of compliance occupational health and safety and other labour legislation.

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 TOPIC 1: CONTROL OSH HAZARDS - A combination of several different types of hazard controls often works well.
- Whatever method is used, an attempt should be made to try to find the root
- Learning Outcome 2: Identify and implement appropriate control measures cause of each hazard and not simply control the symptoms.
to hazards and risks - For example, it might be better to redesign a work process than simply
- Hazard prevention and control: These are efforts geared towards improve a work procedure.
protecting workers from the work place hazards i.e. help avoid injuries, - It is better to replace, redesign, isolate, or quiet a noisy machine than to
illness, and incidents, minimize or eliminate safety and health risk and help issue nearby workers hearing protectors.
provide workers with safe and healthful workingconditions.
A. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT(PPE)
PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES
- The appropriate risk controls in order of impact are as follows: - Personal protective equipment: It is one of the importance means to protect
1. Elimination: the wearer from hazards in the work place. It is the last frontier of the wearer
Eliminate the hazard altogether (i.e., get rid of the dangerous machine) from worksite hazards and should be selected based on the job scope and
2. Isolation: intended protection.
Isolate the hazard from anyone who could be harmed (i.e., keep the
machine in a closed room and operate it remotely; barricade an unsafe o Meaning of PPE
area off) - Def. 1: PPE is defined as all equipment designed to be worn, or held, to
3. Substitution: protect against a risk to health and safety.
Substitute the hazard with a safer alternative (i.e., replace the machine - Def 2: PPE is protective clothing helmets, goggles, or other garments or
with a safer one) equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection.
4. Administrative Controls: - Def. 3: PPE is an appropriate safe clothing/ protective clothing, goggles,
Use administrative controls to reduce the risk (i.e., train workers how helmet or other garment or equipment designed to protect the wearer’s
to use equipment safely; train workers about the risks of harassment; (workers) body against either infection or injury.
issue signage) - Protective equipment may be worn for job related occupational safety and
5. Engineering Controls: health purposes.
Use engineering controls to reduce the risk (i.e., attach guards to the - The hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical,
machine to protect users) heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter.
6. Use Personal Protective Equipment: - Protective equipment may be worn for job-related occupational safety and
Use personal protective equipment (i.e., wear gloves and goggles health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational activities.
when using the machine) - "Protective clothing" is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and
- If this is not possible, hazards must be controlled at the level of the "protective gear" applies to items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks,
worker. and others.
- For example, workers can be required to use a specific work procedure to - PPE suits can be similar in appearance to a cleanroom suit.
prevent harm.
- One type of hazard control may not be completely effective. o Purpose of PPEs
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- The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee - The vulnerable parts of the body which may need protection are the head,
exposure to hazards when engineering controls and administrative controls eyes, ears, lungs, torso, hands and feet and, additionally, protection from
are not feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels. falls may need to be considered.
- PPE is needed when there are hazards present.
- Thus PPES helps protect technicians from injuries.

o Limitation of PPEs
- PPE has the serious limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard at the
source and may result in employees being exposed to the hazard if the
equipment fails.
- Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between the wearer/user and the working
environment.
- This can create additional strains on the wearer; impair their ability to carry
out their work and create significant levels of discomfort.
- In summary they following are drawbacks to the use of PPE:
• Hazard still looms.
• Some degree of risk from hazard still exists.
• Protection is dependent upon the worker using PPE.
• PPE may interfere with task performance and productivity.
• It requires supervision.
• It is an ongoing expense.
- Any of these can discourage wearers from using PPE correctly, therefore
placing them at risk of injury, ill-health or, under extreme circumstances,
death.
- Good ergonomic design can help to minimize these barriers and can
therefore help to ensure safe and healthy working conditions through the
correct use of PPE.
Basic Types of Personal Protective Equipment
- Thus, PPEs include most types of protective clothing, and equipment such
- The following are common types of PPEs
as eye, foot and head protection, safety harnesses, life jackets and high
1. Head Protection
visibility clothing.
2. Face and Eye Protection
- employers must provide free of charge any PPE and employees must make
3. Foot Protection
full and proper use of it
4. Hands Protection
5. Body Protection
6. Hearing Protection
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 7. Fall Protection there is a mixed vehicle (e.g. bikes, motors, cars and busses) and
8. Respiratory Protection pedestrian traffic;
(ii) For users’ protection against extreme temperatures; ensuring
o Protection of the head (head gear) protection against entanglement, drowning, chemical contamination,
- Wearing PPE for head protection will help you avoid any harm that may etc.
come to you from falling materials or swinging objects. - Also, a worker’s body may need provide protection of the body protection
- Moreover, the head protectors are designed to protect you from against heat or cold, bad weather, chemical or metal splash, impact or
knocking/striking the head against stationary objects/projections. penetration and contaminated dust.
- Some kinds of head protection equipment (e.g. caps and hair nets) can even - Alternatively, there may be a risk of the worker’s own clothes causing
protect against entanglement of hair or scalping on machinery. contamination of the product, as in the food industry
- Typical methods of protection of the head include helmets, light duty scalp - Examples of body protection equipment:
protectors called ‘ bump caps ’ and hairnets. - Overall
- Helmet or head gear should be worn always especially where there are - dustcoats
falling objects - Aprons
- Objects falling from a height present the major hazard against which head - Life jackets
protection is provided - Clothing for specific weather conditions
- Examples of head protection equipment: - High-visibility clothing
 Helmets - Harnesses, and othersa
 Hard hats;
 Bump Caps; o Protection of the Face and Eyes
 Hairnets - Eye injuries are common in workplace since they are very vulnerable to
 Guards; liquid splashes, flying particles and light emissions such as ultraviolet light,
 Accessories. electric arcs and lasers.
- Examples of activities where you may need head protection: - Such injuries can be avoided simply by wearing the proper eye and face
- Workplace related: construction or building repair (e.g. renovation, protection equipment thus helping to avoid endangering eyes
restoration, etc.) and work in tunnels or excavations; - As examples of such PPE can be mentioned the following ones:
- Leisure/Sport related: driving motorcycles  Safety glasses and
 Safety goggles
o Protection of the body  Safety spectacles
- Overall or dust coats  Eye and face shields
- Usually, body protection equipment is required in the following cases:  Eyewear accessories
(i) For protection against weather conditions when working outdoors;  Over specs
Ensuring the high-visibility of users when they work in areas where  Visors.

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- Screen-based workstations are being used increasingly in industrial and - The foot protection equipment is designed to protect the feet and legs against
commercial locations by all types of personnel. various hazards, such as extreme temperatures, crushing, piercing, slipping,
- Working with VDUs (visual display units) can cause eye strain and fatigue cutting, chemicals and electricity.
and,’ - Safety boots or industrial boots to provide protection against injuries as well
- Individuals are encouraged and advised to wear eye and face protection as sliping
equipment when: - Boots or shoes with in-built toe caps can give protection against impact or
- working with lasers or power driven tools; falling objects and, when fitted with a mild steel sole plate, can also provide
- using gas or vapour under pressure; protection from sharp objects penetrating through the sole.
- performing welding operations; - Special slip resistant soles can also be provided for employees working in
- Handling hazardous substances. wet areas
- Screen-based workstations such as VDUs - As examples of foot protection equipment include:
-  Safety boots and shoes;
o Protection of hands  Industrial boots
- Arms, hands and fingers are often injured and, therefore, it is vital to wear  Anti-static and conductive footwear.
hand protection equipment when it is required. - It is typically required when users are involved in construction activities,
- The hand protection equipment can ensure protection against temeperature working in very cold or hot environments, working with chemicals and
extremes (heat and cold), vibrations, abrasion, burns, and cuts by sharp forestry, or when manually handling heavy objects a
objects, bacteriological risks (skin infection) and chemical contamination.
- Gloves or gauntlets provide protection from most industrial processes, but o Protection of the ears
should not be worn when operating machinery because they may become - The hearing protection equipment is vital when working in an environment
entangled in it with high-sound levels.
- Examples of hand protection equipment: - The type of hearing protection should not only be suitable for the working
 Work/safety gloves and environment but also provide a level of hygiene and comfort to the users.
 gauntlets; - A good practice is to provide employees with a range of protectors and then
 Wrist cuff arm nets. allow them to select the ones which suit them the best.
- Activities requiring hand protection equipment: - Thus, for individuals subjected to elevated noise at work can reduce it by
- construction and outdoor work; using ear protectors. .
- working with vibrating apparatus; - The chosen ear protector must be suited to the user and suitable for the type
- working in hot or cold environments; of noise and individual personnel should be trained in its correct use.
- working with chemicals and hazardous elements or corrosive fluids; - Noise is accepted as a problem in most industries and surprisingly there has
- Manual handling of abrasive or sharp objects been very little control legislation.
- Handling live electrical conductors - Noise may be defined as any disagreeable or undesirable sound or sounds,
generally of a random nature, which do not have clearly defined frequencies.
o Protection of feet

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- This is the basis of the widely accepted limit of 85 dB of continuous - The height and access protection equipment must be inspected periodically
exposure to noise for 8 hours per day. by a competent person to ensure it is still fit for use and the health and safety
- Continuous noise at work causes deafness, makes people irritable, affects of users is not threatened in any way.
concentration, causes fatigue and accident proneness and may mask sounds - As examples of height and access protection equipment
which need to be heard in order to work efficiently and safely  Fall-arrest systems
- Examples of hearing protection equipment:  Body harnesses
 Earplugs (disposable and reusable)  Lowering harnesses
 Ear muffs  Rescue lifting
 defenders  Energy absorbers, and others
 Noise meters
 Communications sets Care for PPEs
 Acoustic foam - Personal protective equipment should be taken cared as of the other tools
- Other forms of noise control include example by placing a generator in a and equipment.
separate sound-proofed building, provide job rotation, to rearrange work - Some of the PPEs caring practices include:
locations or provide acoustic refuges. o Wipe your helmets, gloves, safety shoes before keeping it.
o It should also be cleaned, kept in proper tool rack/ cabinet.
o Respiratory protection o It should be stored in dry places so that it will not have mold
- This type of PPE must be present when being in contact with large amounts build-up.
of gases, powders, dust and vapours. o Over-all suites should be washed regularly so that perspirations
- The respiratory protection covers a broad group of PPE: and other dirt will be washed clean.
 breathing apparatus,
 full face or Standard operating procedure in PPE
 half mask respirators, - A standard or safe operating procedure is a document that describes the
 powered respirators, regularly recurring operation relevant to quality and safe performance.
 protective hoods, - This standard operating procedure incorporates the requirements for use of
 disposal face masks, detectors, monitors, etc. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for project staff, co-operators,
- Adequate training on how users should use the equipment is always volunteers, contractors, and those under the project’s operational control.
required. - PPE listed in this SOP shall be used to provide protection and safety
necessary for those participating in a project activity with PPE requirements.
o Height and access protection - Additional information on the purpose and type of PPE may be available
- This type is highly specialized, and it usually requires users to undergo through the SOP for that activity.
thorough training before they are allowed to use it.
Roles and responsibilities of various Project Personnel
- Projects need to tailor the Roles/Responsibilities based on their staffing level

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- Project Manager (PM)- is responsible for the overall safety of the project - Appropriate eye or face protection shall be worn if exposures to potentially
staff and those participating in a project activity and must provide the injurious hazards exist (e.g., flying particles, liquid chemicals, corrosives,
appropriate PPE for those activities. chemical gases, vapors, UV rays).
- Project Safety Officer (PSO) is responsible for issuing project PPE, for - All eyewear shall provide: eye and side protection (detachable or permanent)
training project staff on the proper use and care of the PPE, and to ensure protective devices to be worn over prescription eyewear, if needed a proper
compliance with this SOP. and comfortable fit.
- Supervisor is responsible for ensuring project staff and others participating o Foot hazards
in a project activity are properly wearing their issued PPE. After temporarily - OSHA requires that staff wear protective footwear if the potential for foot
issuing the appropriate PPE to non‐project personnel, train them on how to injuries exist, including exposure to: compression, squeezing, smashing,
use the PPE and retrieve the PPE upon completion of the activity. falling, or rolling objects, electrical hazards, slipping, chemicals,
- Project Staff is responsible for properly wearing their issued PPE for that temperature extremes repeated wetness which may result in fungal
activity. They must also properly maintain their issued PPE and when needed infections puncturing from objects which may pierce the sole of footwear
request a new PPE to replace worn out or damaged PPE. They will assist the - Engineering and work-practice solutions shall be utilized, including wearing
Supervisor when non Project people are participating in an activity requiring footwear correctly (fully laced, etc.) to receive maximum protection.
specific PPE. - The Program shall prohibit the use of sandals or open shoes.
- Others participating in the activity must be trained in the proper use of the
assigned PPE and wear it properly when directed by project staff. - In summary, PPE selection depends on the occupation and hazards lurking.
- Because each industry and its occupations (workers) may require unique or
Training specialized PPE because of the hazards identified, workplaces and
- The PSO or Supervisory staff will train project employees on the use and care employers must conduct their own hazard assessment.
of the PPE. - Some examples, found below, support this statement.

PPE Selection
- PPE shall be provided, used, and maintained wherever hazards exist (e.g.,
processing, environmental, chemical, mechanical) or are encountered in a
manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of
the body.
- Injury can occur though absorption, inhalation, or physical contact with these
hazards. -
- The designated PPE person shall set a good example by donning PPE and
following Program policy. B. ENGINEERING CONTROLS:
- The following provides guidelines for hazard assessment and PPE selection: - Using engineering controls can help reduce the risk (i.e., attach guards to the
o Eye and face protection. machine to protect users)

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- An engineering control is a control measure that is physical in nature, - Barriers or PPE should be the risk control of last resort.
including a mechanical device or process.
- For example, this can be done through the use of machine guards, effective C. ELIMINATION:
ventilation systems and setting work rates on a roster to reduce fatigue. - Eliminate the hazard altogether (i.e., get rid of the dangerous machine)
- Involves incorporating engineering design to reduce accidents and hazards - Hazards that cannot be isolated, replaced, enclosed, or automated can
e.g. having guards. sometimes be removed, blocked, absorbed, or diluted before they reach
- In this this approach, the hazards are controlled at their source (where the worker
problem is created) through applied engineering. - It is often cheaper and more practical to eliminate hazards at the design or
- If this does not work, try to put controls between the source and the worker. planning stage of a product, process or place used for work.
- The closer a control is to the source of the hazard, the better. - In these early phases, there is greater scope to design out hazards or
- Implementing engineering controls can act as permanent measures for incorporate risk control measures that are compatible with the original
controlling risks. design and functional requirements.
- For example, suppose a noise hazard is identified. Temporary measures - For example, remove trip hazards on the floor or dispose of unwanted
might require workers to use hearing protection. Long-term, permanent chemicals.
controls might use engineering to remove or isolate the noise source - This involves getting rid of dangerous machine, tool and equipment away
- At work place it can be impossible to completely eliminate all potential risks from the work environment.
- However, it is important to note that the key to risk control is to prevent
exposure to those who could be at risk. C. ISOLATION:
- In the workplace, it is not possible to have no exposure if anything is going - Isolate the hazard from anyone (people) who could be harmed (i.e., keep the
to get done. machine in a closed room and operate it remotely; barricade an unsafe area
- It is important to limit the potential exposure or amount of exposure. off)
- The basic principles of protection from radiation exposure provide the - This involves physically separating the source of harm from people by
foundation for risk control. distance or using barriers.
- The three elements of exposure control are distance, time, and shielding. - For example, introducing a strict work area, using guard rails around
- Distance provides the best mechanism to prevent exposure. exposed edges and holes in the floors, using remote control systems to
- Distance can be physical distance or remote distance where robotics operate machinery, enclosing a noisy process from a person and storing
can provide the distance and limit the exposure. chemicals in a fume cabinet.
- Time is an exposure limiter and a mechanism that allows employers to o Barriers
spread exposure over several workers. - A hazard can be blocked. For example, proper equipment guarding can
- The time period of the work cycle that allows for minimal risk exposure to protect workers from coming into contact with moving parts.
transpire is during a shift when fewer employees are present to be exposed. - Screens and barriers can block welding flash from reaching workers.
- Often, second and third shifts are times when fewer workers are present. - Machinery lockout systems can protect maintenance workers from physical
- Shielding is frequently considered the least acceptable approach to risk agents such as electricity, heat, pressure, and radiation.
control. o Absorption:

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- Baffles can block or absorb noise. - Issue warming signs and ensure work operation shift
- Local exhaust ventilation can remove toxic gases, dusts, and fumes where - Administrative Controls include introducing new policies, improving
they are produced. work procedures, and requiring workers to use specific PPE and hygiene
o Dilution: practices.
- Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated, for example, general (dilution) - Examples of administrative controls are as follows:
ventilation.  Requiring specific training and education
 Scheduling off-shift work
B. SUBSTITUTION:  Worker rotation
- Substitute the hazard with a safer alternative (i.e., replace the machine with o Worker Rotation
a safer one) - For example, job rotations and scheduling can reduce the time that
- If it is not reasonably practical to eliminate the hazards and associated risks, workers are exposed to a hazard.
you should minimize the risk. - Workers can be rotated through jobs requiring repetitive tendon and muscle
- For example, today the dangers associated with asbestos are well known and movements to prevent cumulative trauma injuries.
there are numerous alternatives to asbestos products currently on the market - Noisy processes can be scheduled when few workers are in the workplace.
including cellulose fiber, thermoset plastic flour or polyethane foams. - Standardized written work procedures can ensure that work is done safely.
- Replacing solvent- based paints with water-based ones is also a better - Employees can be required to use shower and change facilities to prevent
alternative. absorption of chemical contaminants.
- In this case, the faulty machines/tool/equipment is replaced by safe ones. - The employer is responsible for enforcing administrative controls.
o Administrative directives
C. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS - A second administrative approach is to control the hazard through
- Use administrative controls to reduce the risk (i.e., train workers how to administrative directives.
use equipment safely; train workers about the risks of harassment; issue - This may be accomplished by rotating workers, which allows you to limit
signage) their exposure, or having workers only work in areas when no hazards exist
- Administrative controls are work methods or procedures that are designed during that part of their shift.
to minimize exposure to a hazard. - This applies particularly to chemical exposures and repetitive activities that
- Establish appropriate procedures and safe work practices such as; could result in ergonomic-related incidents.
o limit exposure time to a hazardous task so that fewer employees - Administrative controls rely upon individuals following policies, guidelines,
are exposed, and procedures to control hazards and exposure to hazards.
o routine maintenance and housekeeping procedures, - However, as we all know, this certainly provides no guarantee that the
o training on hazards and correct work methods protective policies and procedures will be adhered to unless effective
and supervision and enforcement exist.
o use signs to warn people of a hazard. - Again, this relies on the company having a strong commitment to OSH
- This involves training and proper sensitization on how to use equipment - Thus, management controls are needed to express the company’s view of
safely, OSH related topics. hazards and their response to hazards that have been detected.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 12

- The entire program must be directed and supported through the management - It may also mean that you implement special training for a job or task.
controls. - Safe working in workshops should also be sensitized.
- If management does not have a systematic and set procedure for addressing o Workshop safety
the control of hazards in place, the reporting/identifying of hazards is a waste - The safety in Workshops has been written not only to provide appropriate
of time and dollars. safety procedures but also to assist trained workshop personnel with the
- This goes back to the policies and directives and the holding accountable of provision of a reference document outlining the general principles of safe
those responsible by providing them with the resources (budget) for working practices relevant to the mechanical engineering aspects.
correcting and controlling hazards. - It relates to specific areas where definite safety measures are required for
- Some aspects of management controls are as follows: workshop operations
o Policies
o Directives Introduction to workshop safety
o Responsibilities (line and staff) - A workshop is where you learn to use tools and machines to make things;
o Vigor and example - It can be a dangerous place, so you must learn the safety rules for the
o Accountability workshop.
o Budget - The safety rules tell you how to dress appropriately and how to behave whilst
- The attempt to identify the work site hazards and address them should be an working with tools that may cause harm.
integral part of your management approach. - You must never play in the workshop, run around or throw equipment to one
- If the hazards are not addressed in a timely fashion, they will not be another.
identified or reported.
- If monetary gains become the main reason for not fixing or controlling Personal safety in a workshop:
hazards, you will lose the motivation of the workforce to identify or report - The basic dress rules that you should always follow are:
them.  Proper clothing.
o Work Procedures, Training, and Supervision - You must not wear loose clothes that can be caught in moving machinery. You
- Supervisors can be trained to apply modern safety management and must wear tight fitting overalls
supervisory practices.  Proper eye protection.
- Workers can be trained to use standardized safe work practices. - You must always wear goggles to protect your eyes while you are working in
- The employer should periodically review and update operating procedures the workshop.
and worker training.  Remove tie and jewellery.
- Refresher training should be offered periodically. - Ties, watches, rings and other jewellers increase the chance of getting caught
- The employer is expected to ensure that employees follow safe work by moving machinery. You must remove them before entering the workshop.
practices.  Cut or secure long hair.
- Work Practices: concern the ways in which a job task or activity is done. - Long hair is also dangerous as it may be caught by the machine and pulls you
- This may mean that you create a specific procedure for completing the task into it.
or job.  Proper shoes.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 13

- You must not wear sandals or soft shoe inside the workshop as they will not  All set screws should be of flush or recessed type. Projecting set screws
protect your feet from falling objects. A safety shoes (steel-toe shoes) will are very dangerous because they catch on sleeves or clothing.
protect your feet if you accidentally drop something.  One should not try to stop the machine with hands or body.
- The way you dress in the workshop is very important for your safety, always  Only trained operator should operate machine or switches as far as
be sure to wear properly and encourage your friends to do the same. possible.
 Always take help for handling long or heavy pieces of material.
General workshop safety  Always follow safe lifting practices
- It’s essential to be aware of and able to foresee the dangers which exist in the  No one should run in the shop at work time.
workshop and are likely to affect your health and safety.
 Always keep your body and clothes away from moving machine parts.
- You should make sure that your workspace is as safe as possible so that few
Get first aid immediately for any injury.
dangers arise.
 Never talk to anyone while operating the machine, nor allow anyone to
i) Use the appropriate protective clothing and equipment to minimize
come near you or the machine.
the risk of accident
 Stop the machine before making measurements or adjustments.
ii) Act in a safe manner at all times.
 Operator should concentrate on the work and must not talk unnecessarily
while operating the machines.
General Safety Precautions while Working in a Workshop
 Never wear necktie, loose sweater, wristwatch, bangles, rings, and loose
 One should not leave the machine ON even after the power is OFF and
fitting clothing while working in workshop.
until it has stopped running completely. Someone else may not notice
 Always wear overcoat or apron.
that the machine is still in motion and be injured.
 Stop machines before attempting to clean it.
 Operator should not talk to other industrial persons when he is operating
a machine.  Make sure that all guards are in their place before starting to operate a
machine.
 One should not oil, clean, adjust or repair any machine while it is
running. Stop the machine and lock the power switch in the OFF  Do not attempt to operate a machine until you have received operating
position. instructions.
 One should not operate any machine unless authorized to do so by the  Be thoroughly familiar with the ‘stop’ button and any emergency stop
authorize person in the shop. buttons provided on the machines.
 Always check that work and cutting tools on any machine are clamped  Remove burrs, chips and other unwanted materials as soon as possible.
securely before starting. They can cause serious cuts.
 The floor should be kept clean and clear of metal chips or curls and waste  Do not leave loose rags on machines.
pieces. Put them in the container provided for such things. Scraps and  Wash your hands thoroughly after working to remove oils, abrasive
chips or curls may cut through a shoe and injure the foot. particles, cutting fluid, etc.
 Defective guards must be replaced or repaired immediately.  Report all injuries to the foreman, howsoever small. Cuts and burns
 One should not operate any machinery when the supervisor or instructor should be treated immediately.
is not in the shop.  Keep the work area clean.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 14

  Keep your mind on the job, be alert, and be ready for any emergency. - Thus, risk control is a technique that utilizes findings from risk
 Always work in proper lighting. assessments.
 On should not lean against the machines. - Risk assessment involve identifying potential risk factors in a company's
operations, such as technical and non-technical aspects of the business,
o Awareness Devices financial policies and other issues that may affect the well-being of the firm.
- Administrative can also erect warning signs known as risk awareness - It also implements proactive changes to reduce risk in these areas.
devices - A risk assessment is necessary to mitigate or reduce the risk, which
- Awareness devices are linked to the senses. effectively reduces the danger imposed by the risk.
- They are warning devices that can be heard and seen. - Risk assessment is the overall effect of the potential outcome of the release
- They act as alerts to workers but create no type of physical barrier. of hazardous energy in a workplace.
- They are found in most workplaces and carry with them a moderate degree - These risks can include:
of effectiveness. o health risk from chemical exposure,
- The following are such devices: o environmental factors culminating in illnesses/disease, or
• Backup alarms o physical factors that can result in traumatic injuries or death.
• Warning signals, both audible and visual - Risk assessment, although generic by name, becomes very specific when
• Warning odor specific risks are addressed, such as security, a specific process, an explosive
• Beepers situation, a toxic chemical, or an energy-producing incident.
• Horns - Risk assessment is utilized to determine the amount or degree of potential
• Sirens danger perceived by a given worker when deciding if an appropriate amount
• Labels of action has taken place to reduce the risk for that individual to accomplish
• Warning signs a task in a safe and healthy manner.
- A risk assessment utilizes information, a hazard analysis method, and an
intervention/ control program evaluation that allows for an estimation of the
RISK ASSESSMENT amount of risk.

- Risk control is the set of methods by which firms evaluate potential losses
o Developing a Risk Assessment
and take action to reduce or eliminate such threats.
- A risk assessment should address four key components that
- Risk control thus helps companies limit lost assets and income.
may or may not be quantifiable.
- The following aspects can be considered in risk control:
 Isolate the hazard from anyone who could be harmed i.e. keep the
Step 1: hazard identification and hazard ranking
machine in a closed room and operate it remotely.
- This involves a walkthrough of the workplace which may result in a few
 Use design control to eliminate the risk.
identifiable hazards or a hundred.
 Use personal protective equipment to control the risk.
- This of course varies greatly from workplace to workplace.
- Prevention and control measures outlined previously are the methods used in
risk control
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 15
- This hazard identification and hazard ranking is the first step in a risk 7. Help in characterizing risks, the potential safety and health effects of
assessment. workers exposed to chemical, physical, and environmental hazards
8. Identify whether a safety or health hazard dose–response is a critical
Step 2: determining the extent of risk exposure and effects. component to be included.
- Secondly this would be followed by determining the exposure level versus 9. The risk assessment is a needed element of the risk management process.
the actual effects of that exposure level.
- This allows for a determination of what the outcomes of such an exposure
would be for the employee or groups of employees. CONTINGENCY MEASURES
- In relation to occupational health and safety, contingency measures
Step 3: Evaluation of the perceived risk refer to plans involving suitable immediate action for responding to
- Thirdly, these degrees of potential effects guide the determination as to the accidental hazards and emergencies.
real danger or perceived risk. - It refers to security measure put forward for emergence response to
- Judgment as to risk is evaluated based on amount of risk from potential
reduce the effects of system disruption and increase system efficiency.
exposure, results of exposure, how likely the exposure is to end in an illness
- The contingency measures include:
or injury, and what the magnitude of an event is from the release of
errant/uncontrolled source of energy.
i. Evacuation
- The previous come together to calculate a risk assessment factor that may ii. Isolation
range along the continuum from extreme risk to low (negligible) risk. iii. Decontamination
- iv. (Calling designed) emergency personnel
Step 4: Estimation of risk for decision making on mitigation measures
- Fourth, a risk assessment is confounded by the business side of the equation, i. Evacuation:
such as how much it will cost to fix or remove a risk. - This involves removal of operatives from the scene of hazard/accident
- The other question that needs to be answered is whether this is a justifiable to prevent the situation worsening.
business decision. - It also involves further medical attention i.e. evacuation to a medical
- Is it worth the money for the amount of fixing obtained or the cost to remove facility.
the risk?
ii. Isolation:
o Purpose of Risk Assessment
- The affected victims can be isolated to give a secrecy and more
1. Identify existing hazards
2. Determine the extent of danger that exists.
attention to prevent spread.
3. Provide for the ranking of hazards. -
4. Organize information for decision making. iii. Decontamination:
5. Give guidance for decision making. - In the event of exposure to chemical hazards, where the level of
6. Allow for prioritizing risks. contamination can be controlled then it can be done.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 16

 iv. Engage emergence personnel:
- This involves getting an expert where possible to address situation.

INCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES

- A workplace emergency is an unforeseen situation that threatens
employees, customers, or the public; disrupt or shuts down an operation; or
-
causes physical or environmental damage.
- Emergencies may be natural or man-made.
- The following incidents and emergencies should be addressed and identified
where applicable:
1. chemical spills
2. Gas leaks
3. Fire -
4. Equipment/machine/Vehicle accidents
5. Explosion
6. Injury to personnel
7. Structural collapse
8. Toxic or flammable vapors emission
-
o Causes of emergencies
- Some of the common hazards that might be identified as having an impact
on the workplace and can be causal factors that may facilitate emergencies
-
are as follows:
(1) Equipment/Machine Accidents
- However, a generally accepted conception that an accident is a mishap, a
disaster that results in some sort of injury, to men, machines or tools and
equipment and in general loss to the organization.
- The said injury or loss may be of minor or major nature and the accident is
-
termed as non-reportable or reportable.
- For example, a small cut on the body will be reportable accident in a training
workshop.
- It can be treated by first aid and does not involve any appreciable loss of
time, and will not be considered a reportable accident in a production unit.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 17

 Causes of accidents d) Untidiness i.e. oil spillages
- The 98% accidents could be easily avoided provided due precautions are - Keep all passage ways clear and clean.
taken well in time. - Circular rods if stepped upon can cause nasty falls.
- A very familiar slogan goes on to say that accidents do not just happen but - Keep the workshop floor free from grease and oils.
are caused due to the failure of one element or the other, and the most
unfortunate factor is that the human element is the most pronounced of all 2. Contributing causes
which fail. a) Unsatisfactory hand tools E.g. being worn out without handles
- The common causes which lead to accidents are the following: - Hammers with loose handles or crippled faces should never be used.
- 1. Unsafe working position. - Chisels with burred heads are dangerous as broken pieces from the edges
- 2. Improper or defective tools or their improper use. may fly off and cause injury.
- 3. Improper acts- which result in violation of safety rules and non- - Files should have tight handles to prevent accidents to the hands.
observance of safety precautions. - Spanners which fit incorrectly will slip and can result I n damaging fingers.
- When drilling always ensure that the work is securely held in a vice or
Classification of Causes of accidents otherwise securely clamped.
1. Causes due to human beings
b) Unsatisfactory machines
a) Carelessness - That is being insufficiently spaced, unguarded, broken, improperly adjusted,
- This is due to overconfidence, loss of interest, fatigue (continuous work insufficiently lubricated and being too small or weak for the job being
without rest), monotony, unnecessary emotion which diverts concentration undertaken.
on the work being done hence resulting to accidents. - So see that all machines are properly guarded, all abrasive wheels are kept in
b) Ignorance good condition and run at safe speeds.
- An operator must understand the users and the function of his machine - Don’t attempt to adjust or remove by hand a belt on a rotating shaft.
equipment. - Don’ t allow idle belt to rest on rotating shaft and don’ t attempt to oil
c) Unsuitable clothing in working areas, overhead shafting while it’ s in motion.
- Personnel should wear clothing which will provide protection against c) Physical condition of personnel while working
dangers in areas where they work. - E.g. before lifting equipment ensure that the weight is within your capability
- That is: to handle.
o Safety Shoes/boots. They should be a type which provides protection - A base that anything used for lifting is serviceable and in good working
against slippery conditions. They should be strong enough in the feet to condition chains, hooks etc. should never be overloaded.
prevent injury from hurting objects e.g. safety boots
o Gloves- They should be worn where there are risks when harming sharp Common sources of accidents
objects whether inside or outside buildings.
o Safety glass- Safety glasses or goggles should be worn where there’s - The large number of machines in use and an even larger number of parts.
likely of danger to the eyes, such as using drills, grinding machines etc.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 18

- This can be regarded as sources of danger and require guarding for - When a new machine is designed, it should be ensured that all its dangerous
protection against accidents. parts are either enclosed in suitable housings or provided with suitable safety
- Some common sources of accident are listed below: guards.
1. Projecting nips between sets of revolving parts, viz, gears, rolls and - For example, the belt drive and motor in a lathe or milling machine are
friction wheels, etc. enclosed; the back gears in a lathe are either enclosed or provided with cast
2. Projecting fasteners on revolving parts. iron guards or covers.
3. Revolving cutting tools, circular saw blades. - Lubricating points are provided on the outer surfaces so that the interior
4. Revolving drums, crushers, spiked cylinder and armed mixers, etc. parts are not required to be opened every time.
5. Revolving shafts, spindles, bars and tools like drills, reamers, boring bars o Safety by position
and chucks, etc. - The machine design is in such a way that the dangerous parts are located
6. Projecting sharp edges or nips of belt and chain drives viz., belt, pulleys, such that they are always beyond the reach of the operator.
chains, sprockets and belt fasteners. - The dangerous parts of all the machines should invariably be guarded and
7. Reciprocating tools and dies of power presses, drop hammers, and undertaking should be made to make them enclosed in the body or housing
revolving presses, etc. of the machines.
8. Grinding wheels and stones. o Safety by using interlock guards
9. Reciprocating knives and saw blades such as cutting and trimming - It is a very efficient and sound method of guarding in that the guard cannot
machines and power hack-saws, etc. be removed and dangerous parts exposed until and unless the machine is
10. Revolving drums and cylinders without casing, such as concrete and totally stopped.
other mixers. - Similarly, the machine cannot be started to work unless the guard returns in
11. Intermittent feed mechanisms. position and protects the dangerous parts.
12. Projecting nips between various links and mechanisms, like cranks - An interlocking guard may be mechanical, electrical or some sort of a
connecting rods, piston rods, rotating wheels and discs, etc. combination of these.
- It is essential that it should:
Common Methods of Protection - 1. Prevent the starting and operation of the machine in case the interlocking
- The common methods of protection against accidents are the following: device fails.
1. Safety by position. - 2. Always acquire its position to guard the dangerous part before the
2. Safety by construction. machine can be started.
3. Safety by using interlock [Link] - 3. Remain closed in position until the dangerous part is completely at rest.
4. Safety by using fixed guards. o Safety by using fixed guards
5. Safety by using automatic guards. - These guards either for man integral part of the machine or are tightly
6. Safety by using distance guards. secured to them.
- They should be made to have rigid construction and should be so placed that
o Safety by construction any access to the dangerous parts of the machine is totally prevented in the
running condition of the machines.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 19

- Steel sheets can be advantageously used and they facilitate an easy  Basic life support
fabrication of guards and are lighter in weight.  Earth quakes drill where applicable
- In some cases the fixed guards are made adjustable in order to accommodate  Disaster management/preparedness
different kinds of works or sets of tools. - A risk assessment of some type is the approach that will allow for the
- In some cases the fixed guards are provided at a distance from the danger prioritization of the potential risk.
point. - From a risk assessment, an action plan can be developed to address the
o Safety by using distance guards hazards that have been identified.
- The principle of a distance guards is that a fencing, enough high, is made of -
bars, at a suitable distance from the machine such that even if the operative,
by chance, extends his hands over it, his fingers, clothes or any part of the
body does not reach within the area of dangerous parts.
- An additional measure of safety, some sort of tripping device is also usually
incorporated to stop the machine quickly in case of an accident.
o Safety by using automatic guards
- The principle of an automatic guard is that its operation is actuated by some
moving part of the machine.
- It may link that the part will automatically bring the guard in protecting
position before the operation of the machine starts.
- The design of the guard is such that it automatically forces the operative
away from the dangerous area of work before the operation starts and does
not permit his access to the area again until and unless the machine stops.
- It may be noted that due to enough time being required for their operation,
this type of guards are not suitable for quick-acting and fast-running
machines.
- Their use is largely favored for heavy and slow acting machines like heavy
power presses.

o Emergence procedures
- The following procedures can be used to address hazards:
 Fire drill
 First aid
 Use of fire extinguishers

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 20

TOPIC : WORKPLACE HAZARDS AND RISKS  Unsafe workers’ act (Smoking in off-limited areas, Substance and
alcohol abuse at work)
- An occupational hazard can be defined as any condition that may adversely - a
affect the wellbeing or health of the exposed persons -
- Identification of hazardous agents and groups of workers potentially exposed
to these hazards are essential to characterise a workplace Variable Range
involving any occupational activity. 1. Hazards may  Physical hazards – impact, illumination, pressure,
include but noise,
Classification of Occupational hazards not limited  vibration, extreme temperature, radiation
- Occupational hazards can be divided into two categories: to:  Biological hazards- bacteria, viruses, plants, parasites,
i) safety hazards that cause accidents that physically injure workers, and mites, molds, fungi, insects
ii) health hazards that result in the developing of a disease.  Chemical hazards – dusts, fibers, mists, fumes, smoke,
- It is important to note that a “hazard” only represents the potential to cause gasses, vapors
harm.  Ergonomics
- Whether it actually does harm will depend on circumstances, such as the  Psychological factors – over exertion/ excessive force,
number of workers exposed and the degree and duration of exposure. awkward/static positions, fatigue, direct pressure,
- The occurrence or severity of occupational disease varying metabolic cycles
is related to the exposure to factors on the job or in the work environment.  Physiological factors – monotony, personal
Such factors can relationship, work out cycle Safety hazards (unsafe
be: th workplace condition) –confined space, excavations,
- falling objects, gas leaks, electrical, poor storage of
 Physical hazards – impact, illumination, pressure, noise,vibration, materials and waste, spillage, waste and debris
extreme temperature, radiation  Unsafe workers’ act (Smoking in off-limited areas,
 Biological hazards- bacteria, viruses, plants, parasites, mites, molds, Substance and alcohol abuse at work)
fungi, insects 2. Indicators  Increased of incidents of accidents, injuries
 Chemical hazards – dusts, fibers, mists, fumes, smoke, gasses, vapors may include  Increased occurrence of sickness or health complaints/
 Ergonomics but not symptoms
 Psychological factors – over exertion/ excessive force, limited to:  Common complaints of workers related to OSH
awkward/static positions, fatigue, direct pressure,  High absenteeism for work-related reasons
 varying metabolic cycles
 Physiological factors – monotony, personal relationship, work out cycle
 Safety hazards (unsafe workplace condition) –confined space,
excavations, falling objects, gas leaks, electrical, poor storage of
materials and waste, spillage, waste and debris

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 21

 3. OSH  Workers’ experience/observance on presence of work 5. Appropriate  Appropriate risk controls in order of impact are
concerns may hazards risk controls as follows:
include but  Unsafe/unhealthy administrative arrangements may include but  Eliminate the hazard altogether (i.e., get rid of
not limited (prolonged work hours, no break time, constant not limited to: the dangerous machine)
to: overtime, scheduling of tasks)  Isolate the hazard from anyone who could be
 Reasons for compliance/non-compliance to use of harmed (i.e., keep the machine in a closed room
PPEs or other OSH procedures/policies/guidelines and operate it remotely; barricade an unsafe area
4. Safety gears  Arm/Hand guard, gloves off)
/PPE  Eye protection (goggles, shield)  Substitute the hazard with a safer alternative (i.e.,
(Personal  Hearing protection (ear muffs, ear plugs) replace the machine with a safer one)
Protective  Hair Net/cap/bonnet  Use administrative controls to reduce the risk
Equipment)  Hard hat (i.e., train workers how to use equipment safely;
may include  Face protection (mask, shield) train workers about the risks of harassment; issue
but not  Apron/Gown/coverall/jump suit signage)
limited to:
 Anti-static suits  Use engineering controls to reduce the risk (i.e.,
 High-visibility reflective vest attach guards to the machine to protect users)
 Use personal protective equipment (i.e., wear
 gloves and goggles when using the machine)
6. Contingency  Evacuation
measures  Isolation
may include  Decontamination
but not  (Calling designed) emergency personnel
limited to:

7. Incidents  Chemical spills

and  Equipment/vehicle accidents
emergencies  Explosion
may include  Fire
but not  Gas leak
limited to:  Injury to personnel
 Structural collapse
 Toxic and/or flammable vapors emission.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 22

 8. OSH-  Medical/Health records vii) Wear safety shoes- shoes are available with until slip soles and with metal toe
related  Incident/accident reports caps to protect the feet from falling objects.
Records  Sickness notifications/sick leave application
viii) Always check ladders for damage before use.
may include  OSH-related trainings obtained
but not ix) Always position ladders on firm base at the correct angle.
limited to:
-
Aims and objectives

The major objectives of the factory act are;

1. To provide protection to the workers employed in factories against industrial

o Industrial safety
hazards and to ensure safe and better working conditions.
- The factory act 1961 states that:
2. It regulates and maintains properly various safety health and welfare activities
i) Floors steps stairs passages and gang ways must be soundly constructed
in the factories.
properly maintained and kept free from obstruction and any substance likely to
cause a person to slip. 3. It regulates & maintains working hours of workers, employment of children
and adolescents, employment of women, annual leave with wages etc.
ii) Hand rails must be provided for stairs.

iii) All ladders must be soundly constructed and properly maintained.

The salient features of this act regarding safety are as follows:
iv) Opening in floors shall, wherever practicable be securely fenced.
1. Fencing of machinery

Special regulations -Every prime mover like engine or motor, moving part of the machinery is fenced
properly.
The following precautions should be observed
2. Work on or near the machinery in motion.
i) Always work never runs
Only specially trained workers wearing tight fitting clothes should carry out
ii) Never throw rubbish on the floor
inspection of any part of the machinery in motion.
iii) Keep gang ways and work areas free of metal bars, components, etc.
3. Employment of young persons on dangerous machines.
v) Keep to gangways when moving about never takes short cuts.
No young person should be allowed to work on dangerous machine unless he is
vi) If oil water or grease is spilled wipe it up immediately properly trained and carefully supervised

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 23

4. Hoist and lifts

Every hoist and lifts should be of god mechanical construction, adequate strength
and must be protected by enclosure and fitted with gates.

Every hoist and lift should be adequately maintained and periodically examined

5. Listing machinery, chains, ropes and lifting tackles

Lifting machines such as cranes, crab, etc should be of good construction,

adequate strength should be maintained.

6. Revolving machinery

It should always be ensured that safe working peripheral speed is not exceeded
for every revolving machinery.

7. Pressure plants

The pressure plant should not be operated at a pressure higher than the specified
safe working pressure.

8. Floors stairs and means of access to different places

All floors, steps, stairs, passages should of sound construction and free from
obstructions

Pits sumps, opening in floor etc.

Every pit, sumps, opening in floor, fixed vessels, tanks etc should be securely
covered or fenced.

10. Excessive weights

No person should be asked to lift carry or move any load so heavily that’s likely
to cause him injury.

Protection of eyes.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 24

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 25