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Projective

Projective geometry is a mathematical field that examines properties invariant under projection, contrasting with Euclidean geometry's focus on distances and angles. Key concepts include duality, the intersection of lines and points, the line at infinity, projective transformations, and properties like collinearity and concurrency. Unlike Euclidean transformations, projective transformations do not preserve lengths, angles, parallelism, or ratios of distances, except through the cross-ratio of collinear points.

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Ronit Dhase
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3 views1 page

Projective

Projective geometry is a mathematical field that examines properties invariant under projection, contrasting with Euclidean geometry's focus on distances and angles. Key concepts include duality, the intersection of lines and points, the line at infinity, projective transformations, and properties like collinearity and concurrency. Unlike Euclidean transformations, projective transformations do not preserve lengths, angles, parallelism, or ratios of distances, except through the cross-ratio of collinear points.

Uploaded by

Ronit Dhase
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Projective geometry

Projective geometry is a branch of mathematics that studies geometric properties and relationships tha
t are invariant under projection.
Unlike Euclidean geometry, which deals primarily with distances and angles, projective geometry foc
uses on properties that remain unchanged when shapes are projected from one plane onto another, suc
h as lines meeting at a point or conic sections.
Key Concepts

 Duality
Duality in projective geometry is a principle that formalizes a symmetry between points and l
ines (or, in higher dimensions, points and hyperplanes). It allows us to construct a dual statem
ent or dual configuration from a given one by interchanging the roles of points and lines.
Interchange of points and lines while preserving incidence
 Points and Lines:
In projective geometry, every two distinct lines intersect at exactly one point, and every two d
istinct points determine a line. This includes points “at infinity” where parallel lines in Euclid
ean geometry meet.
 Line at Infinity:
Projective geometry extends the Euclidean plane by adding a "line at infinity" where all parall
el lines meet, resolving certain limitations of Euclidean geometry.
 Projective Transformations:
These are mappings that preserve straight lines but not necessarily distances or angles, also kn
own as homographies.
 Collinearity and Concurrency:
Key properties studied include whether points lie on the same line (collinearity) and whether l
ines meet at a common point (concurrency), which remain invariant under projective transfor
mations.
Cross-ratio of Four Collinear Points: For four points A , B ,C , D on a line, the cross-ratio

( A , B ; C , D)=¿¿
remains invariant under all projective transformations.
Properties Not Preserved
Unlike Euclidean transformations (isometries), projective transformations generally do not preserve:
 Lengths and distances
 Angles between lines
 Parallelism (parallel lines may intersect at a vanishing point)
 Ratios of distances along a line (except via cross-ratio)

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