Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

KERBALA UNIVERSITY
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
2nd Year

Fluid Mechanics
CHAPTER TWO
FLUID STATIC

Prepared by: [Link]. Mohammed W. Aljibory

2024/2025
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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

2.1 Introduction:
For a static fluid, the only stress is the normal stress since
by definition a fluid subjected to a shear stress must deform and
undergo motion. Normal stresses are referred to as pressure p.

- Pressure
In fluids we use the term pressure to mean:

The perpendicular force exerted by a fluid per unit area

.
This is equivalent to stress in solids, but we shall keep the
term pressure. Mathematically, because pressure may vary from
place to place, we have:

∆𝐅
𝐩 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆→𝟎 ∆𝐀

As we saw, force per unit area is measured in N/m2 which is the

same as a Pascal (Pa). The units used in practice vary:
• 1 kPa = 1000 Pa = 1000 N/m2
• 1 MPa = 1000 kPa = 1 × 106 N/ m2
• 1 bar = 105 Pa = 100 kPa = 0.1 MPa
• 1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bars

Also,
• 1 atm = 14.696 psi (i.e. pounds per square inch)
• 1 psi = 6894.7 Pa ≈ 6.89 kPa ≈ 0.007 MPa

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Pressure Reference Levels

The above diagram shows:

(a) the case when the measured pressure is below atmospheric
pressure and so is a negative gauge pressure or a vacuum
pressure;
(b) the more usual case when the measured pressure is greater
than atmospheric pressure by the gauge pressure.

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

Statics of Definition
We applied the definition of a fluid to the static case
previously and determined that there must be no shear forces
acting and thus only forces normal to a surface act in a fluid.

For a flat surface at arbitrary angle we have:

A curved surface can be examined in sections:

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

2.2 Pascal’s Law

This law states:
The pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same in all
directions.
To show this, we will consider a very small wedge of fluid
surrounding the point. This wedge is unit thickness into the page:

As with all static objects the forces in the x and y directions

should balance. Hence:

∑ Fx = 0 ∶ Px . δy − Ps . δs. sinθ = 0

δy
But, sinθ = , therefore:
δs
δy
Px . δy − Ps . δs. =0
δs
Px . δy = Ps . δy
→ 𝐏𝐱 = 𝐏𝐬

∑ Fy = 0 ∶ Py . δx − Ps . δs. cosθ = 0
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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

δx
But, cosθ = , therefore:
δs
δx
Py . δx − Ps . δs. =0
δs
Py . δx = Ps . δx
→ 𝐏𝐲 = 𝐏𝐬
Hence for any angle:
→ 𝐏𝐲 = 𝐏𝐱 = 𝐏𝐬

And so the pressure at a point is the same in any direction.

Note that we neglected the weight of the small wedge of fluid
because it is infinitesimally small. This is why Pascal’s Law is
restricted to the pressure at a point.

2.3 Pressure variation on a static fluid:

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𝜕𝑃 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑃 𝑑𝑧
𝑃+ (+ ) 𝑃+ (− )
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕𝑃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑌 𝜕𝑃 𝑑𝑥
𝑃+ (− ) 𝑃+ (+ )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2

𝑃 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑤 = 𝛾𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝑑𝑍

𝜕𝑃 𝑑𝑧
𝑃+ (+ )
𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝑃 𝑑𝑦
𝑃+ (− )
𝜕𝑦 2

Then by:

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

→+

∑ Fx = 0

∂P dx ∂P dx
⟹ (P − ) dydz − (P + ) dydz = 0
∂x 2 ∂x 2
∂P
⟹ − dxdydz = 0
∂x
since, dxdydz = d∀≠ 0
𝛛𝐏
⟹ 𝛛𝐱
=𝟎

Similar:
↙+

∑ Fz = 0

∂P dz ∂P dz
⟹ (P − ) dydx − (P + ) dydx = 0
∂z 2 ∂z 2
∂P
⟹ − dxdydz = 0
∂z
but, dxdydz = d∀≠ 0
𝛛𝐏
⟹ 𝛛𝐳
=𝟎

Now, for

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↑+

∑ Fy = 0

∂P dy ∂P dy
⟹ (P − ) dxdz − (P + ) dxdz − dw = 0
∂y 2 ∂y 2

∂P
So, − dxdydz − γdxdydz = 0
∂z

𝛛𝐏
⟹ = −𝛄
𝛛𝐲
Since, P ≠ (x, z) ⟹ 𝐏 = 𝐏(𝐲) 𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐲

∂P dP 𝐝𝐏
Then, = and, = −𝛄
∂y dy 𝐝𝐲

Basic Hydrostatic Equation

INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID:

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

ρ = constant ⟹ γ = ρ. g = constant
and, then:

∫ dP = −γ ∫ dy ⟹ P = −γy + c

Or: P + γy = constant

P1 + γy1 = P2 + γy2 but, y1 = 0 from the next figure.

⟹ P2 = P1 − γy2
Where, y2 = −h measured vertically downward

⟹ 𝐏𝟐 = 𝐏𝟏 + 𝛄𝐡

COMPRESSIBLE FLUID: (ρ ≠ constant)

P P. g
ρ= and γ = ρ. g =
R. T R. T

dP P.g
but we have above, = −γ = −
dy R.T

𝑑𝑃 𝑔
⟹∫ = ∫− 𝑑𝑦
𝑃 𝑅. 𝑇

So,
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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

1. Troposphere (0→10769m) ‫منطقة الغالف الجوي‬

T = To + β(y − yo )
where, To = reference temperature = 2880 K at y 0 = 0
(Sea level) and,
β = Lopes rate = −0.0065 degree/m
𝑑𝑃 −𝑔𝑑𝑦
Thus: ∫ =∫
𝑃 𝑅[𝑇𝑜 +β(y−𝑦𝑜 )]

𝐓𝐨 + 𝛃(𝐲 − 𝐲𝐨 )
⟹ 𝐏 = 𝐏𝐨 [ ]
𝐓𝐨

2. Stratosphere (10769m⟶ 32Km)

T ≈ const. = 21.80 K
𝑑𝑃 gdy
∫ = ∫−
𝑃 RT

−𝐠(𝐲 − 𝐲𝐨 )
⟹ 𝐏 = 𝐏𝐨 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )
𝐑𝐓

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

2.4 Pressure Measurement.

Pabs = Patm + Pgage
And,
101325 Pa = 1.01325 bar =76 cmHg = 29.92 in Hg = 10.34
m water = 33.92 ft water

Pressure Head
Pressure in fluids may arise from many sources, for
example pumps, gravity, momentum etc.
Since p = ρ gh, a height of liquid column can be associated with
the pressure p arising from such sources. This height, h, is known
as the pressure head.

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Barometric Pressure
• Mercury barometer used to measure atmospheric
Pressure

• Top is evacuated and fills with mercury vapor

• P atm = γh + p vapor

• p vapor = 0.000023 psia = 0.1586 Pa at 680 F (200 C)

• h = 760 mm = 29.92 in for standard atmosphere

Manometers
A manometer (or liquid gauge) is a pressure measurement
device which uses the relationship between pressure and head to
give readings.
In the following, we wish to measure the pressure of a fluid in a
pipe.
- Piezometer
This is the simplest gauge.
A small vertical tube is connected
to the pipe and its top is left open to
the atmosphere, as shown.
The pressure at A is equal to the pressure
due to the column of liquid of height h1 :

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

P(A)= ρ g h1
Similarly,
P(B) = ρ g h2

- U-tube Manometer
To overcome the problems with the piezometer, the U-tube
manometer seals the fluid by using a measuring (manometric)
liquid:

- Pressure at B, PB Pressure at C, PC
PB = PA + ρ g h1

PC = ρmano g h2

But, PB = PC (Same level for the same fluid)

PA + ρ g h1 = ρmano g h2
⟹ 𝐏𝐀 = 𝛒𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐠 𝐡𝟐 - 𝛒 𝐠 𝐡𝟏
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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

- Differential Manometer
To measure the pressure difference between two points we use
a u-tube as shown:

𝑃𝐴 + 𝛾. 𝑎 = 𝑃𝐵 + 𝛾 (𝑏 − ℎ) + 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜 . ℎ

Hence the pressure difference is:

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝛾(𝑏 − ℎ) + 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜 . ℎ − 𝛾. 𝑎

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- Advances to the “U” tube manometer.

The “U”-tube manometer has the disadvantage that the change
in height of the liquid in both sides must be read. This can be
avoided by making the diameter of one side very large compared
to the other. In this case the side with the large area moves very
little when the small area side move considerably more.

Know that:
𝜋 2 𝜋
Z1. A = Z2. a same volume, 𝑍1 𝐷 = 𝑍2 𝑑2
4 4
𝑑 2
⟹ 𝑍1 = 𝑍2 ( )
𝐷
By the “U” tube manometer theory, the height different in the
two columns gives the pressure difference so:

d 2 d 2
P1 − P2 = γZ2 [1 + ( ) ] ; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ( ) is very small
D D
⟹ P1 − P2 = γZ2

So only one reading need be taken to measure the pressure

difference.

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Inclined Manometer.
If the pressure to be measured is very small then tilting the
arm provides a convenient way of obtaining a larger (more
easily read) movement of the manometer. The above arrangement
with a tilted arm is shown in the figure below.(Inclined
manometer).

The pressure difference is still given by the height change

of the manometric fluid but by placing the scale along the line of
the tilted arm and taking this reading large movements will be
observed. The pressure difference is then given by:

P1 − P2 = γZ2 = γ𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

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Problems – Pressure Measurement

1. What is the pressure head, in meters of water, exerted by the

atmosphere? (Ans. 10.3 m)

2. What is the maximum gauge pressure of water that can be

measured using a piezometer 2.5 m high? (Ans. 24.5 kN/m2)

3. A differential manometer is used to measure the pressure

difference between two points in a pipe carrying water. The
manometric liquid is mercury and the points have a 0.3 m height
difference. Calculate the pressure difference when h = 0.7 m.
(Ans. 89.47 kN/m2)

4. For the configuration shown, calculate the weight of the piston

if the gauge pressure reading is 70 kPa. (Ans. 61.6 kN)

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5. A hydraulic jack having a ram 150 mm in diameter lifts a

weight W = 20 kN under the action of a 30 mm plunger. What
force is required on the plunger to lift the weight? (Ans. 800 N)

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

2.5 Fluid Action on Surfaces

- Plane Surfaces

We consider a plane surface, PQ, of area A, totally immersed in a

liquid of density ρ and inclined at an angle φ to the free surface:

d = 0 for symmetrical about the vertical

dF = P. dA = γ. h. dA = γ. y sinӨ. dA
⇒ F = ∫ γ. y sinӨ. dA = γsinӨ ∫ y. dA

But ∫ y. dA is just the first moment of area about the surface.

Hence:

𝐅 = 𝛄𝐬𝐢𝐧Ө𝐀𝐲̅ = 𝛄𝐀𝐡̅ = 𝐏𝐆 𝐀

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

Where 𝐲̅ is the distance to the centroid of the area (point G) from

the surface.

This resultant force will acts at a point which is called (Center

of pressure (C) ):

To determine the location of this point we know:

𝐌𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐅 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐎 = ∑ 𝐦𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐅 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐎

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠:

M dF about O = [γ(s sinϕ)dA]. s = γsinϕ(s2 . dA)

⟹ 𝐌 𝐅𝐨 = 𝛄𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛟. ∫ 𝐬𝟐 . 𝐝𝐀

But ∫ s2 . dA is the second moment of area about point O or just

Io . Hence we have:
𝐌 𝐅𝐨 = 𝛄𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛟. 𝐈𝐨
𝐃
𝛄𝐀𝐲̅ . 𝐎𝐂 = 𝛄𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛟. 𝐈𝐨 ⇔ 𝐀𝐲̅ . = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛟. 𝐈𝐨
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛟
Io
⇒D= . sin2 ϕ
Ay̅
̅
y
But, Io = IG + A. ( )2
sinϕ

Io 𝐈𝐆
⇒D= . sin2 ϕ ⇔ 𝐃 = 𝐲𝐩 = 𝐲̅ +
Ay̅ 𝐀𝐲̅
Hence, the center of pressure, point C, always lies below the
centroid of the area, G.

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Plane Surface Properties

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Plane Surfaces – (Vertical & Horizontal surfaces)

- For vertical surfaces 𝐅 = 𝐅𝐡 = 𝛄𝐀𝐲̅
- For horizontal surfaces 𝐅 = 𝐅𝐯 = 𝛄𝐀𝐲̅,
where 𝐃 = 𝐲𝐩 = 𝐲̅ = 𝑦

- Curved Surfaces

dF = P. dA = γ. y. ds. (1)
𝐝𝐅𝐇 = 𝑑𝐹. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = γ. y. ds. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = γ. y. dy = 𝛄. 𝐲. 𝐝𝐀𝐕

⟹ 𝐅𝐇 = ∫ dFH = γ ∫ y. dAV = 𝛄. 𝐲̅𝐯 . 𝐀𝐯

Where,
Av = Vertical protection of the curved surface on a vertical
plane.
𝐲̅𝐯 = distance between the centroid of (Av ) and the free surface.
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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

To find the location of this force, use the moment role:

𝐈𝐆𝐯
FH . ypH = ∫ dFH . y ⟹ 𝐲𝐩𝐇 = 𝐲̅𝐯 + ‫هنا المعادلة اكتب‬.
𝐀𝐯 𝐲̅𝐯
By, similar procedure:
𝐈𝐆𝐯
⟹ 𝐱 𝐩𝐇 = 𝐱̅ 𝐯 +
𝐀𝐯 𝐲̅𝐯

Now, the vertical component:

𝐝𝐅𝐕 = 𝑑𝐹. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = γ. y. ds. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = γ. y. dx

⟹ 𝐅𝐕 = ∫ dFV = 𝛄 ∫ d∀ = 𝛄. ∀

Where, ∀=
closed volume between the curved surface and the fre surface.

Also, by the moment rule:

FV . ypv = ∫ dFV . y ⟹ 𝐲𝐩𝐯 = 𝐲̅

⟹ 𝐱 𝐩𝐯 = 𝐱̅
⟹ 𝐳𝐩𝐯 = 𝐳̅
∴ FV 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

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Discuss the Example below:

Discuss the compressed closed tank:

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Curved Surfaces – Problem

Determine the resultant force and its direction on the gate
shown:
𝐹𝑥 = 𝛾. 𝐴. 𝑦̅
6
=103x9.81x(6x1)x( )
2
=176.6kN

And this acts at a depth h=(2/3).6=4

3
𝜋62
𝐹𝑦 = 𝛾. ∀𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑗 = 10 × 9.81 ( × 1) = 277.4𝑘𝑁
4
This vertical force is located at:

4𝑅 4 × 6
𝑥= = = 2.55𝑚
3𝜋 3𝜋

⟹ 𝐹 = √𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2 = √176.62 + 277.42 = 328.8𝑘𝑁

And acts at an angle:

𝐹𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 57.5𝑜
𝐹𝑥

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

H.W.
The face of a dam is curved according to the relation
x2
y=
2.4
where y and x are in meters, as shown in the diagram. Calculate
the resultant force on each metre run of the dam. Determine the
position at which the line of action of the resultant force passes
through the bottom of the dam.

(Ans. 1920 kN, 14.15 m)

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

2.6 Buoyancy:

→+

∑ FX = R X = F1 − F2 = 0

↙+

∑ FZ = R Z = F3 − F4 = 0

∑↑+ 𝐅𝐘 = 𝐑 𝐘 = 𝐅𝟔 − 𝐅𝟓 = 𝛄𝐟 . -𝛄𝐟 . = 𝛄𝐟 .

= 𝛄𝐟 . ∀𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅

𝐑 = √𝐑𝟐𝐱 + 𝐑𝟐𝐲 + 𝐑𝟐𝐳 = 𝐅𝐁

⟹ 𝐅𝐁 = 𝛄𝐟 . ∀𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑.

Where,

𝐅𝐁 = Buoyancy force
𝛄𝐟 . = Specific weight of fluid
∀𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑. = Displaced volume

Note:
𝐅𝐁 passes through the center of buoyancy, which is the
centroied of the displaced volume.
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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

- Hydrometer:

W = FB1 = S1. γw . ∀o

Where ∀o = displaced volume

⟹ S1. γw . ∀o = S2. γw . (∀o − a. h)

∀𝐨 𝐒𝟐−𝐒𝟏
Or: 𝐡= =
𝐚 𝐒𝟐

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

EXAMPLE: A block of concrete weighs 100 kg in air and

weighs 60 kg when immersed in water. What is the average
specific weight of the block?

SOLUTION: The buoyant force is,

By, ∑ Fy = 0

60 + FB − 100 = 0 ∴ FB = 40kg = γwater × Volume of block

40
⟹ ∀= =0.04𝑚3
1000

100
Therefore, 𝛾 = =2500𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 = 2.5 𝑡𝑜𝑛⁄𝑚3
0.04

EXAMPLE 2: Find ̅ ⁄∀
∀ when ̅=
∀= 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, ∀
displaced volume.

By, ∑ Fy = 0

⟹ W = FB ̅
∴ 𝑺𝒃 . 𝛾𝒘 . ∀ = 𝑺𝒇 . 𝛾𝒘 . ∀

∀ 𝑺𝒃
⟹ =
̅ 𝑺𝒇
∀

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EXAMPLE: A block of steel (S = 7.85) floats at a

mercury – water interface as shown. Find the ratio (a/b) for this
condition.

SOLUTION:
𝑏𝑦 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑊 = 𝐹𝐵 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐹𝐵(𝑤) + 𝐹𝐵(𝐻𝑔)
⟹ 7.85𝛾𝑤 . 𝐴. (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝛾𝑤 . 𝐴. 𝑎 + 13.6𝛾𝑤 . 𝐴. 𝑏
⟹ 7.85(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 13.6. 𝑏
𝑎
⟹ 𝑏= 0.839

2.7 Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies:

- Immersed Bodies

𝐈𝐟 𝐂 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐆 ⟹ 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞

𝐈𝐟 𝐆 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐂 ⟹ 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐢𝐬 𝐮𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞

𝐈𝐟 𝐆 ≡ 𝐂 ⟹ 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝐞𝐰𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

- Floating bodies:

1. Linear Stability: Any small linear displacement in any

direction will set-up a restarting force tends to return the
body to its original position.

2. Rotational stability:

Metacenter: It is the point of intersection of the buoyant force

before and after the heel.

Metacentric Height: It is the distance (MG)

MG > 0 {M above G} ⟹ Stable

MG < 0 {M below G} ⟹ UnStable

MG = 0 {M ≡ G} ⟹ Neutral

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

̅̅̅̅
MG = ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
MB − BG

̅
X
̅̅̅̅
MB =
tanθ

Now by moment of the areas:

̅∀102451 = X
X ̅∀024 + X
̅∀045 − [(X
̅∀035 ) − (X
̅∀031 )]

= X̅∀024 − X
̅∀031
= ∫ x. d∀ = ∫ x. xtanθ. dA
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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

̅∀ = tanθ ∫ x 2 . dA = tanθ Ioo

⟹ X
Ioo
̅ = tanθ
So, X
∀

Ioo
⟹ ̅̅̅̅
MB =
∀
I
Then, ̅̅̅̅
MG = oo − ̅̅̅̅
BG
∀

Where,

∀= displaced volume

Ioo = Second moment of waterline area about

horizontal centroidal axis oo

Discuss:

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

Example : A uniform, closed cylindrical buoy, 1.5 m high, 1.0 m

diameter and of mass 80 kg is to float with its axis vertical in
seawater of density 1026 kg.m-3. A body of mass 10 kg is attached
to the center of the top surface of the buoy. Show that, if the buoy
floats freely, initial instability will occur.

Solution
Moments of mass about horizontal axis through O:
1.5
(10kg). (1.5m) + (80kg). ( m) = {(80 + 10)kg}(OG)
2

⇒ OG = 0.8333 m
For vertical equilibrium,
buoyancy = weight.
𝜋
∴ (1𝑚)2 . ℎ × 1026𝑘𝑔. 𝑚−3 = (80 + 10)𝑘𝑔
4

⟹ ℎ = 0.1117𝑚

𝐴𝐾 2 𝜋 𝜋 𝑑2 12
∴ 𝐵𝑀 = = 64 𝑑 4 ⁄ 4 𝑑 2 ℎ = 16ℎ =
∀ 16×0.1117

= 0.560𝑚
And:

0.1117
𝐺𝑀 = 𝑂𝐵 + 𝐵𝑀 − 𝑂𝐺 = ( + 0.560 − 0.8333) 𝑚
2
= −0.2175𝑚

Since this is negative (i.e. M is below G) buoy is unstable.

Discuss some other solved problems:

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 Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

2.8 Relative Equilibrium:

Fluid in motion in such a way that no layer move relative to
an adjacent layer.
Examples: -
1. Motion with uniform linear velocity.
2. Motion with uniform linear acceleration.
3. Uniform rotation.

Uniform acceleration

∂P dy
(P + . ) . (dx. 1)
∂y 2

∂P dx ∂P dx
(P − . ) . (dy. 1) (P + . ) . (dy. 1)
∂x 2 ∂x 2

∂P dy
(P − . ) . (dx. 1)
∂y 2

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

by: ∑ Fx = m. ax

∂P dx ∂P dx
(P − . ) . dy − (P + . ) . dy = (ρ. dx . dy. 1) ax
∂x 2 ∂x 2

𝛛𝐏
⟹ = −𝛒. 𝐚𝐱
𝛛𝐱

∑ Fy = m. ay

∂P dy ∂P dy
(P − . ) . (dx. 1) − (P + . ) . (dx. 1)
∂y 2 ∂y 2
γ
= ( . dx. dy. 1) (ay + g)
g

∂P
⟹ − dy. dx = ρ. dx . dy. (ay + g)
∂y

𝛛𝐏
⟹ = −𝛒(𝐚𝐲 + 𝐠)
𝛛𝐲

∂P ∂P
⟹ dP = dx + dy
∂x ∂y

∫ dP = ∫ − ρ. ax . dx − ∫ ρ. (ay + g)dy

⟹ P = −ρ. ax . x − ρ(ay + g). y + C

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 ‫‪Chapter Two‬‬ ‫‪FLUID STATIC‬‬

‫‪To find C apply a boundary condition‬‬

‫‪At, x = y =0 then, p=po sub. Above to get:‬‬
‫‪Po=C‬‬

‫‪Case1‬‬

‫‪Case2‬‬
‫حفظ‬ ‫𝐲)𝐠 ‪⟹ 𝐏 = 𝐏𝐨 − 𝛒. 𝐚𝐱 . 𝐱 − 𝛒(𝐚𝐲 +‬‬

‫نقطة=‪Y‬‬
‫‪For points on a line of constant pressure (dp=0):‬‬ ‫ملسافة بأتجاه واي من‬
‫‪Thus:‬‬
‫معلومة الضغط الى نقطة‬
‫قانون مساعد حفظ‬ ‫𝒚𝒅‬ ‫𝒙𝒂‪−‬‬ ‫مجهولة الضغط اذا نزلت‬
‫= 𝜽 𝐧𝐚𝐭 =‬
‫ايضا‬ ‫𝒙𝒅‬ ‫𝒈 ‪𝒂𝒚 +‬‬ ‫سالب واذا صعدت موجب‬

‫‪Discuss some example for open and closed tanks.‬‬

‫عندما يكون الخزان مغلقا ممتلئ حالة خاصة‬
‫بالحل الن الخزان املفتوح يكون فيه مجاور‬

‫الزاوية هو دائما نصف ضلع الخزان‬ ‫‪Water‬‬ ‫‪1m‬‬

‫اما مع الخزانات املغلقة فهناك احتماالن‬

‫ويتم الحل بفرض احد االحتمالني والتحقق من‬
‫ذلك الفرض وللتحقق من الحل يتم حساب قيمة ‪ x‬فأن كانت‬
‫قيمتها املحسوبة اقل من طول ضلع الخزان‬
‫فاالحتمال االول هو االصح ويكمل الحل عليه اما اذا ضهرت قيمة‬
‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪[Link] Al-jibory 2024/2025‬‬
‫املحسوبة اطول من ضلع الخزان ‪X‬‬
‫فاالحتمال الثاني هو االصح املعادلة الثانية بني اكس و واي‬
‫هي معادلة حجم الهواء قبل وبعد التعجيل‬
Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

Uniform Rotation

V2
at = = ω2 . r
r
∂p
we know that = −ρ. ax
∂x

∂p
⟹ = ρ. ω2 . r
∂r

Also,
∂p
= −γ
∂y

∂p ∂p
⟹ dp = dr + dy
∂r ∂y

𝑂𝑟: dp = ρω2 r dr − γdy

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Chapter Two FLUID STATIC

1 2 2
⟹ P= ρω r − γy + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
2

𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

at r = 0, y = 0 ⟹ P = Po 𝑠𝑢𝑏. 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡: 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. = Po

𝟏 ‫هذه املعادلة تحفظ‬

⟹ 𝐏 = 𝐏𝐨 + 𝛒𝛚𝟐 𝐫 𝟐 − 𝛄𝐲
𝟐 ‫ويتم بها حساب الضغط املجهول‬
𝑜𝑟: P2 = P1 +
1 2 2
ρω r − γy
‫عن طريق ضغط‬
2 ‫معلوم بنقطة معلوم‬
Where:

r and y is the position according to (o) point.

For points on a horizontal line through the vortex (o), we have

(y=0) thus:
‫معادلة رديفة مساعدة بالحل‬
P − Po 𝛚𝟐 𝐫 𝟐
γ
= 𝐡𝐨 =
𝟐𝐠 r=‫نصف قطر‬
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒
1
∀parabola = ∀cylinder of same base and height
2

1π 2 π
D ho = D2 Z
24 4

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