Second term

Second term decoration

endocrine system

EIGHTH GRADE
 VOCABULARY
ENDOCRINE: The word endocrine is derived from the Greek
terms "endo," meaning within, and "krine," meaning to separate or
secrete.
GLAND:A gland is an organ that makes and puts out hormones that
do a specific job in your body. Endocrine glands release the substances
they make into your bloodstream.
HORMONES:Hormones are chemical substances that act like
messenger molecules in the body. After being made in one part of the
body, they travel to other parts of the body where they help control how
cells and organs do their work.
 The endocrine system is a
network of glands in your
body that make the hormones
that help cells talk to each
other. They’re responsible for
almost every cell, organ, and
function in your body.
 ● Makes hormones that

GENERAL FUNCTIONS
control your moods,
growth and
development,
metabolism, organs,
and reproduction.

● Controls how your

hormones are released.

● Sends those hormones

into your bloodstream
so they can travel to
other body parts.
Cells and hormones

Cellsthroughout the body are exposed to a

hormone, but only cells with appropriate
receptors respond to it. Cells with those
receptors are the hormones target cells. A
hormone receptor is a protein that
transduces the hormonal signal into a form
that can alter the activity of a target cell.
Types of hormones.
Amino acid-derived hormones Steroid hormones

They dissolve easily in blood, which is mostly water Steroid hormones dissolve in lipids, but
and these hormones cannot diffuse across a lipid not in water. A steroid hormone
bilayer. These hormones always bind to receptors typically diffuses into a target cell and
at the plasma membrane of a target cell. binds to receptors, forming a
hormone-receptor complex. The
When a hormone binds to a receptor in the plasma receptor protein may be in the
membrane, a second messenger transmits the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. In either
signal into the cell. case, the hormone-receptor complex
functions in the nucleus, where it
A second messenger is a molecule that forms binds to a promoter in the target cell’s
inside a cell in response to an external signal, DNA.
and it triggers a change in cellular activities.
 Its main function is to keep
Hypothalamus your body in a stable state
called homeostasis

Body temperature, blood pressure, hunger

and thirst, sense of fullness when eating,
Mood, sex drive, sleep.

Influence the autonomic

nervous system ( automatic
functions), make hormones
and send them to the pituitary
gland.
 Interaction between the Hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
The pituitary gland is a small
pea-sized gland referred to as the
body's 'master gland' because it
controls the activity of most other
hormone-secreting glands.
that plays a major role in
regulating vital body functions and
general wellbeing.
Interaction between the Hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
Rearrange the letters and find the hidden hormones.

1. (RECIPROCATION + DOCTOR) (NOOHREM)

2. (DIRT + HOY) (SALTTINGMIU) (OMROHEN)
3. (LORPITCAN)
4. (ETULNIIZING) (NOREOHM)
5. (WORGHT) (ROHNOME)
6. (TYXONICO)
7. (DITNATERUICI) (RHONOME)
8. (LIECLOFL) (GNITALUMIST) (OOMRHEN)
 Hormones released Effect of the hormone.
by the hypothalamus

Oxytocin (stored in This hormone assists in the birthing process (stimulates uterine muscle
the posterior contraction) and in lactation (release of breast milk). It’s also thought to
pituitary gland) play a role in human bonding, sexual arousal, trust, recognition, sleep
cycle and feelings of well-being.

Vasopressin. (ADH) This hormone, also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), regulates
(stored in the control of your body’s water/urine volume and blood pressure.
posterior pituitary
gland)

Somatostatin . This hormone prevents the secretion of several other hormones,

including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, cholecystokinin
and insulin. In turn, all of these hormones control the production of
somatostatin.
 Pineal gland.
This pinecone-shaped
gland secretes the
hormone melatonin, but
only under low-light or
dark conditions.

Melatonin helps regulate human

sleep-wake cycles. Under natural
lighting, melatonin secretion
increases each day after
darkness falls. The increase
triggers drowsiness and a drop
in body temperature.
Thyroid gland The thyroid gland produces thyroxine
(referred to as T4) and triiodothyronine
(referred to as T3), collectively referred to
as the thyroid hormones, and the hormone
Calcitonin.

● Thyroid hormone increases the metabolic

activity of cells throughout the body, it means that
will increased oxygen and energy consumption.
● Calcitonin: encouraging bones to take up and
incorporate calcium
● Heart: heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output,
and contractility, Lungs: increased oxygenation.
● Muscles: muscle fibers capable of fast and
powerful contractions
● Growth: stimulate bone growth. Brain maturation
by axonal growth
Parathyroid gland
They produce parathyroid hormone
(PTH), which regulates the
concentration of calcium ions in the
blood.

When the blood’s calcium ion

concentration declines, PTH
secretion increases. PTH increases
the blood calcium level by causing
the release of calcium ions from
bone, increasing calcium ion
reabsorption by kidneys, and
increasing synthesis of vitamin D,
which helps the intestine absorb
calcium from food.
 Activity.
Observe the
image ,
Then
identify

What are the glands present?

What are the hormones and their functions?
Analyze
Imagine that a person’s thyroid
gland suddenly stops producing
enough T3 and T4 hormones.
Based on the image, what body
functions would be affected?

The image shows the parathyroid

glands helping with calcium
balance. How could low levels of
PTH affect the bones, muscles, and
nervous system of a person?
Explain the connection between
calcium and these body systems.
Analyze
The image illustrates negative feedback mechanisms for both glands. Why is
negative feedback important in hormone regulation, and what problems could occur if
the thyroid or parathyroid glands ignored these signals?
Thymus
The primary function of the thymus gland is to train
special white blood cells called T-lymphocytes or T-cells.
White blood cells travel from your bone marrow to your
thymus where they mature and become specialized
T-cells; later, they enter your bloodstream where they
help your immune system fight disease and infection.

Your thymus produces and releases several hormones

including:

Thymopoietin: fuels the production of T-cells and tells

the pituitary gland to release hormones.
Thymosin and thymulin: help make specialized types of
T-cells.
Thymic humoral factor: keeps your immune system
working properly.
 They sit on the top of the kidneys,
divide in adrenal medulla and
adrenal cortex. related in stressful
situations, salt and water balance.

Medulla: Epinephrine (adrenaline)and

norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Stress response,
accelerating the breakdown of glucose to form ATP,
increase the cardiac rate and force contraction.

Cortex:
Cortisol: raises glucose blood [Link]
inflammatory response. can suppress the body's
defense system.
Aldosterone: salt and water balance. Renal
absorption of sodium and excretion of k, regulation
blood volume and blood pressure.
An elite bio-security vault containing the blueprints for human survival is locked. The
vault is controlled by two primary security systems: The Thymus Training Camp (The Shield)
and The Adrenal Command Center (The Engine). You play as "Bio-Hackers" who must decipher
the hormone overrides to unlock the vault.
The first team to bring the teacher their notebook showing:
● The correct Vault Codes
● 2-sentence summary of how these two glands keep the body alive during
an illness or a jump-scare, wins the game.
Clue: The security forces here are completely uneducated until they pass through the central chest
academy. They require a specific chemical education package to learn the difference between friend
and foe. If this academy shrinks as you age, how do the veteran soldiers remember their training?"

● Bio- hacker. What is the precise name of the hormone family secreted by this gland to "educate"
these cellular soldiers (T cells)?
● According to the textbook, what happens to the physical size of this gland from childhood to
adulthood, and what is this process called?
The Vault Code: The first letter of the primary hormone + the age at which this gland is most active.
The Hack Clue: two warning lights.
Students: Look up the Adrenal Cortex. Which specific
Light 1 (The Cortex Tower): "Alert! Sodium hormone acts on the kidneys to save sodium and
levels dropping. Blood pressure falling. regulate blood pressure?
Deploy the mineral controller immediately to
save the kidneys!" Look up the Adrenal Medulla. Which two
rapid-response hormones trigger the "fight-or-flight"
Light 2 (The Medulla Core): "Threat response described in Light 2?
detected! Immediate emergency. Mobilize
glucose, dilate air passages, and spike the The Vault Code: Write down the names of the three
heart rate in 3... 2... 1..." hormones in order.
 pancreas.
A slender , fish-shaped organ that stretches across the abdomen behind
the stomach and near the small intestine

Draw the image of the

pancreas and search in the
biology book which are the
hormones released by this
gland and what are their
function?
 pancreas.
A slender , fish-shaped organ that stretches across the abdomen behind
the stomach and near the small intestine

Insulin:stimulates the
uptake of glucose by cells.
Glucagon:stimulates the
liver to breakdown
glycogen to glucose when
the glucose levels are low.
Gonads. The Gonads are the most vital
hormone-secreting organ in the human body, the
functions of the gonads are given below:

● Secretion of sex hormones.

● Production of gametes.
● It facilitates cell division, especially
meiosis.
● They are indirectly responsible for
controlling the maturation of reproductive
organs.
● They are responsible for the development
of secondary sex characteristics in both
males and females.
Testosterone: These hormones are essential for
the growth of bone, muscle and body hair and are Testicles.
produced by testes. It is also responsible for the
growth of the penis, deepening voice and
appearance of facial hair.

Inhibin: Essentially, inhibin obstructs the release

of follicle-stimulating hormone or FSH. It also
regulates the development and regulation of
sperm cells.

Androstenedione: They are forerunners of

oestrogen and testosterone and promote and
regulate their production within the body.
These are the Primary Female Gonads – Ovaries
Oestrogens: They aid in the development of the female reproductive system and facilitate
reproduction. For instance, oestrogens promote the growth of a uterus, maturation of vagina, widening
of breasts and pelvis.

Progesterone: They help to prepare a uterus for conception and are also responsible for regulating it
during the menstrual cycle. Progesterone also plays a key role in milk production during pregnancy and
even for stimulating glands.