Volume – I
Figure 2.6 EX -OR GATE
TRUTH TABLE
Input Output
A B Y
0 0 0
0 0 1
1 1 1
1 1 0
MICROPROCESSOR
Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor
A simplest microprocessor and its minimum blocks are:
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Register array
Timing and Control unit
The Architecture, components, interconnection of all
the blocks and internal registers and flags of a microprocessor
are shown in figure 2.7. The components, internal architecture
and internal registers & internal flags are shown in figure 2.8,
2.9 and 2.10.
BUS
The various blocks are interconnected by a set of wires
called “BUS”. The bus is used to transfer the information in
binary form. The bus is also used for connection to the external
devices. There are two types of Buses. The address bus and
data bus.
The address bus transfers the address which is required
for the selection of the external devices.
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Introduction to Avionics
The data bus is used for transfer data.
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
The arithmetic logic unit is the main part of the
microprocessor which performs the arithmetic and logical
operations.
One of the data to ALU is supplied through the BUS-A,
and the other data is given through BUS-B.
The result of the ALU is returned back to the internal
bus through BUS-C.
The flag register is a block that contains part of the
result like CARRY after addition.
REGISTER ARRAY
The register consists of group of registers. A register
consists of set of flip flops. Each flip flop can store one bit of
data. If 8 flip flops are grouped to form a register, the register
can hold 8 bits of data and it is called 8-bit register.
All the registers are connected to the internal bus so
that the data in the register can be used by ALU and
data in the registers can be changed by ALU.
TIMING AND CONTROL
The operation of the various blocks of the
microprocessor need to be synchronized for co-ordinated
operations to achieve the required results. For this purpose,
the microprocessor will have a block called “timing and control
unit”.
This block generates various “timing control signals”
which are connected to each block of the microprocessor.
These signals will decide the operation of the blocks and the
time at which the operation of the block need to be initiated.
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INSTRUCTION REGISTER and INSTRUCTION
DECODE
The microprocessor executes a program. The program
is written in the form of series of instructions. One of the
instructions to be executed is stored in the “instruction”. Thus
the “instruction register” is used to hold the instruction to be
executed.
Each instruction is in the form of code. The block
“instruction decode” perform the operation of decoding the
instruction.
ADDRESS BUS, CONTROL BUS and DATA BUS
These are set of wires used for connecting the external
devices to microprocessor.
The address bus is required for the microprocessor
to send the address to the external devices. The address is
required for selecting one of the many peripheral devices
connected to the microprocessor.
The control bus is used for sending the control
signals to the selected external hardware to specify whether
the device should give the data to the microprocessor or take
the data from the microprocessor. If the data is given to the
microprocessor by the external device, it is called READ
operation. The WRITE operation specifies the transfer of data
from microprocessor to the external device.
The data bus is used for transfer of data between the
microprocessor and the external device in either of the
direction
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Introduction to Avionics
Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor
Figure 2.7 Microprocessor Architecture
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Figure 2.8 Components of Microprocessor
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Introduction to Avionics
Figure 2.9 Internal Architecture of Microprocessor
Figure 2.10 Internal Registers and Flags of 8085A
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF MICROPROCESSOR
The basic operation of the microprocessor is execution
of program. A program is a series of instructions stored in the
memory. Each instruction is a code that specifies the operation
to be performed by the microprocessor. The program is stored
in an external memory.
The memory is connected to microprocessor through
data bus, address bus, and control bus as shown in the figure
2.9. Similarly the input and output devices are also connected
to the microprocessor as shown in the figure 2.9.
Each input or output device is connected through a
port. A port is an electronic hardware used for the purpose of
connecting input/output device to the microprocessor.
The operation of the microprocessor which is execution
of the program can be explained as follows:
The first operation done by the microprocessor is
instruction fetch. The following steps are performed to fetch
an instruction.
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1. The microprocessor generates the address of the
memory and sends the same on the address bus to
enable the memory device.
2. Using the control bus, the microprocessor sends a
control signal to memory.
3. In response to this signal the memory sends one
information to the microprocessor on the data bus.
The second operation is instruction decodes and
execute. This requires the following steps.
1. Inside the microprocessor, the instruction sent by the
memory will be stored in the instruction register.
2. The instruction decode block of the instruction to
understand which operation to be performed.
3. Timing and control unit generates the timing control
signals to synchronize the operation of the various
blocks of the microprocessor. One of these control
signals is connected to ALU to indicate which operation
is to be performed.
The ALU takes data from the internal registers of the
microprocessor and the result of the operation is stored in one
of the register. Sometimes the data can be taken from memory
also and the result can be stored in the memory.
To access the data in the input /output device:
1. The corresponding port is enabled by sending the
address of the port on the address bus.
2. Suitable control signal is sent on the control bus.
3. The data is transferred on the data bus.
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