CBSE CLASS 10

ECONOMICS
Chapter 1: Development

Comprehensive Worksheet
For Board Examination Preparation

Subject: Social Science Chapter: Development

(Economics) (Chapter 1)

Class: X (CBSE) Total Questions: 100+

Difficulty: Easy to HOTs Based on: Latest NCERT &

CBSE Pattern

Name: _________________________________ Class: ________ Date: __________

SECTION 1. CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Key Concepts from NCERT — Understanding Economics (Class 10, Chapter 1)

1. What is Development?
Development refers to the process of improving human lives by increasing income,
providing better education, healthcare, freedom and opportunities. Different people and
groups have different notions of development because they have different aspirations,
needs and situations.
2. Different Goals and Aspirations
People desire more than just higher incomes — they want security, equal treatment,
freedom from discrimination, access to good education, healthcare, clean environment and
other social goods. Development goals may differ even among people living in the same
locality.
3. Income and Other Criteria
National Development: Countries compare their development using average income or per
capita income (total national income divided by population). The World Bank uses per
capita income as the primary criterion — countries with per capita income of US$13,205 or
above (2019) are called high-income or rich countries; India is a low middle-income
country.
4. Human Development Index (HDI)
The UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) publishes the HDI, which measures
development using three parameters: (i) Health — measured by life expectancy at birth; (ii)
Education — measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling; (iii)
Standard of Living — measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.
5. Sustainability of Development
Development must be sustainable — meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Non-renewable
natural resources like fossil fuels, groundwater, etc., must be used carefully. Environmental
damage (soil erosion, depletion of resources) threatens future development.
6. Public Facilities
Many essential goods and services (safe drinking water, sanitation, healthcare, schools)
cannot be adequately provided through markets. The state/government must ensure
equitable access to public facilities for all citizens.
7. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) / Literacy Rate / Net Attendance Ratio
IMR: Number of children who die before age 1 out of every 1,000 live births. Literacy Rate:
% of population aged 7+ who can read and write. Net Attendance Ratio: % of children in
official age group attending school. These are important social indicators used to compare
states in India.
SECTION 2. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND KEY TERMS

KEY TERM DEFINITION / EXPLANATION

Development A process of improving human well-being through higher

income, better education, healthcare, freedom, security
and equal opportunities.

Per Capita Income Total income of a country divided by its total population;
used to compare economic development of nations.

Human Development A composite index developed by UNDP measuring

Index (HDI) development through Life Expectancy, Education and GNI
per capita.

Infant Mortality Rate Number of children who die within one year of birth out of
(IMR) every 1,000 live births in a year.

Literacy Rate Percentage of the population aged 7 years and above who
can read and write in any language.

Net Attendance Ratio Total number of children of relevant age group attending
school as a percentage of total children in that age group.

Sustainable Development that meets the needs of the present without

Development compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.

National Income Total value of all goods and services produced within a
country plus income from abroad in a year.

Gross National Total income earned by all residents of a country, including

Income (GNI) income from abroad; used in HDI calculations.

Public Facilities Services provided by the government for the welfare of all
citizens, such as schools, hospitals, roads and safe
drinking water.

Body Mass Index A measure used to determine whether a person is under-

(BMI) nourished, normal or over-weight. BMI below 18.5 = under-
nourished.

Life Expectancy Average number of years a newborn is expected to live if

current mortality patterns continue.

Developed Countries Countries with high per capita income (above US$ 13,205
in 2019 as per World Bank); also called high-income
countries.
Developing Countries Countries with low or middle per capita income; includes
most countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

UNDP United Nations Development Programme — the UN body

that publishes the annual Human Development Report and
HDI rankings.
SECTION 3. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

[Each question carries 1 mark. Choose the most appropriate answer.]

Q1. Which one of the following is the best example of development?
(a) An increase in a country's armed forces
(b) An increase in national income only
(c) Improvement in the quality of life of all people
(d) Rapid industrialisation
Q2. Per capita income is calculated as:
(a) Total population ÷ National Income
(b) National Income ÷ Total Population
(c) National Income × Population
(d) Total Income × Per Capita
Q3. The Human Development Index is published annually by:
(a) World Bank
(b) International Monetary Fund
(c) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
(d) World Health Organisation
Q4. Which of the following is NOT used as a criterion in the HDI?
(a) Life expectancy at birth
(b) Gross National Income per capita
(c) Level of military expenditure
(d) Mean years of schooling
Q5. Infant Mortality Rate refers to the number of children who die:
(a) Before the age of 5 per 1,000 live births
(b) Before the age of 1 per 1,000 live births
(c) Before the age of 3 per 1,000 live births
(d) Before age 10 per 1,000 live births
Q6. Which of the following states in India has the lowest Infant Mortality Rate?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Odisha
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Kerala
Q7. The concept of sustainable development means:
(a) Development at a very fast rate
(b) Development which can be sustained for a long period
(c) Development to meet present needs without compromising future generations
(d) Industrial development
Q8. According to World Bank, countries with per capita income above ______ per annum
(2024-25 data) are called rich countries.
(a) US$ 10,000
(b) US$ 12,000
(c) US$ 14,005
(d) US$ 15,000
Q9. Which of the following is a non-economic goal of development?
(a) Increase in per capita income
(b) Freedom from domination and exploitation
(c) Increase in GDP
(d) More employment opportunities
Q10. Body Mass Index (BMI) below ______ indicates that a person is under-nourished.
(a) 20
(b) 18.5
(c) 22
(d) 25
Q11. Net Attendance Ratio measures:
(a) Number of schools per 1000 children
(b) Percentage of children of relevant age attending school
(c) Number of teachers per school
(d) Dropout rate from schools
Q12. Development that takes into account the sustainability of resources for future generations
is called:
(a) Rapid development
(b) Balanced development
(c) Sustainable development
(d) Human development
Q13. Which organisation defines countries as high income, middle income and low income?
(a) UNDP
(b) WTO
(c) World Bank
(d) UNESCO
Q14. Which of the following is an example of a public facility?
(a) Private hospital
(b) Shopping mall
(c) Government school
(d) Luxury hotel
Q15. The literacy rate of Kerala compared to other Indian states is:
(a) Among the lowest
(b) About average
(c) Among the highest
(d) Not measured
Q16. Development in a country can be best measured by:
(a) Only per capita income
(b) Military strength
(c) Multiple indicators including income, health and education
(d) Only GDP
Q17. Which state has the highest per capita income in India (among those discussed in
NCERT)?
(a) Bihar
(b) Haryana
(c) Uttar Pradesh
 (d) Punjab
Q18. Comparing countries using per capita income alone is considered limited because it:
(a) Is very difficult to calculate
(b) Does not show how income is distributed
(c) Is not related to production
(d) Cannot be calculated for poor countries
Q19. Environmental sustainability is a challenge to development because:
(a) Factories need pollution to operate
(b) Non-renewable resources may get exhausted
(c) Renewable resources can also be used as non-renewable
(d) Environment does not affect growth
Q20. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of:
(a) Imports and exports of a country
(b) All goods and services produced within a country
(c) All taxes collected by the government
(d) Wages paid to workers
SECTION 4. ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS

[Each question carries 1 mark. Read both statements carefully and select the correct option.]
Q1. Assertion (A): Per capita income is used as a criterion to compare the level of
development of different countries.
Reason (R): Per capita income shows the average income earned by each individual in a
country.
Choose the correct option:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Q2. Assertion (A): Kerala has better human development outcomes than Punjab despite
lower per capita income.
Reason (R): Kerala has invested heavily in education and health services over the
decades.
Choose the correct option:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Q3. Assertion (A): Sustainable development is essential for long-term prosperity.
Reason (R): Overuse of natural resources may deplete them and deprive future
generations.
Choose the correct option:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Q4. Assertion (A): Development of an individual does not necessarily lead to the development
of others.
Reason (R): Development goals can sometimes be conflicting — one person's gain may
mean another's loss.
Choose the correct option:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Q5. Assertion (A): Net Attendance Ratio is used as a social indicator to measure
development.
Reason (R): Net Attendance Ratio measures literacy rate among adults.
Choose the correct option:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
 (d) A is false, but R is true.
Q6. Assertion (A): Countries with high per capita income are always considered fully
developed.
Reason (R): Per capita income does not capture the distribution of income or access to
public goods.
Choose the correct option:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.

SECTION 5. TRUE OR FALSE STATEMENTS

[Write TRUE or FALSE in the blank provided. Correct the false statements.]
1. Different people can have different notions of development. [_______]
2. Per capita income is the only reliable measure to compare development among
countries. [_______]
3. Kerala has a lower Infant Mortality Rate than many other Indian states. [_______]
4. The Human Development Index was developed by the World Bank. [_______]
5. Sustainable development means meeting the needs of the present without
compromising future generations. [_______]
6. Literacy Rate is defined as the percentage of people above the age of 10 who can read
and write. [_______]
7. Body Mass Index (BMI) above 25 indicates that a person is under-nourished. [_______]
8. Groundwater is a non-renewable resource and its overuse is a threat to sustainable
development. [_______]
9. Public facilities like roads, hospitals and schools need not be provided by the
government. [_______]
10. Countries with higher per capita income are classified as high-income countries by the
UNDP. [_______]

SECTION 6. FILL IN THE BLANKS

[Fill each blank with the correct word/term/value from the chapter.]
1. Development means a process of improving the ______________ of human lives.
2. The average income of a country is also known as ______________ income.
3. The Human Development Index is published by ______________ every year.
4. A country's development can be compared using indicators like income,
______________ and health.
5. The three components of HDI are health, education and ______________.
6. Kerala has a much lower ______________ Rate than states like Uttar Pradesh or Bihar.
7. Countries with per capita income above US$ ______________ per annum (2024-25)
are called rich countries.
8. ______________ development means using resources in a way that does not harm
future generations.
9. If your BMI is below ______________, you are considered under-nourished.
10. The ratio of the number of children attending school to the total number of children of
that age is called the ______________ Attendance Ratio.
11. Fossil fuels are examples of ______________ resources because they take millions of
years to form.
12. ______________ is the South Indian state that ranks highest in many social
development indicators.
SECTION 7. MATCH THE FOLLOWING

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. Per Capita Income A. Classifies countries as high/middle/low

income
2. UNDP B. Deaths before age 1 per 1,000 live
births
3. Infant Mortality Rate C. Meeting present needs without
harming future generations
4. Kerala D. Highest literacy rate in India
5. Sustainable Development E. Publishes the Human Development
Index
6. BMI below 18.5 F. National Income ÷ Population
7. Literacy Rate G. Percentage of literate people aged 7+
8. World Bank H. Under-nourishment indicator

Answers: 1-___ , 2-___ , 3-___ , 4-___ , 5-___ , 6-___ , 7-___ , 8-___

SECTION 8. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 Mark Each)

Q1. What is meant by 'per capita income'?

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Q2. Name the organisation that publishes the Human Development Index.
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Q3. What does IMR stand for? What does it measure?
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Q4. Give one example of a non-economic goal of development.
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Q5. What is sustainable development?
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Q6. Define literacy rate as used in Indian Census.
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Q7. What is the full form of UNDP?
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Q8. State one limitation of using per capita income as a measure of development.
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Q9. Name any two states in India with high Human Development outcomes.
Ans:
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Q10. What does BMI stand for? What does a BMI below 18.5 indicate?
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Q11. What are public facilities? Give two examples.
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Q12. What is the Net Attendance Ratio?
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SECTION 9. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2–3 Marks)

Q1. Explain why different people have different notions of development. Give two examples.
[3 Marks]
Answer:
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Q2. What is the Human Development Index? Name its three components. [3 Marks]
Answer:
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Q3. Distinguish between Infant Mortality Rate and Net Attendance Ratio. [2 Marks]
Answer:
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Q4. Why is per capita income not a sufficient measure to compare development? Mention two
limitations. [3 Marks]
Answer:
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Q5. Compare the development of Kerala and Punjab using any three social indicators. What
conclusions can you draw? [3 Marks]
Answer:
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Q6. What are public facilities? Why is it the responsibility of the government to provide them?
Give two examples. [3 Marks]
Answer:
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Q7. Define sustainable development. Why is it important for a country's long-term progress?
[2 Marks]
Answer:
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Q8. What is the difference between economic and non-economic goals of development? Give
examples of each. [3 Marks]
Answer:
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Q9. How does the World Bank classify countries based on income? What category does India
fall into? [2 Marks]
Answer:
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Q10. 'Development goals can be conflicting.' Explain with the help of an example from the
chapter. [3 Marks]
Answer:
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SECTION 10. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (4–5 Marks)

Q1. What do you mean by development? Why do different people have different goals and
aspirations from development? Explain with examples. [5 Marks]
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Q2. 'Per capita income is an important but insufficient criterion for comparing development
across countries.' Do you agree? Justify your answer with suitable examples and suggest
better alternatives. [5 Marks]
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Q3. Describe the Human Development Index (HDI). Explain how it is a better measure of
development than per capita income alone. [5 Marks]
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Q4. Explain the concept of sustainable development. Why is it necessary? Discuss two major
threats to sustainability in India. [4 Marks]
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Q5. Using the data of different Indian states, explain how different indicators (IMR, Literacy
Rate, Net Attendance Ratio) can be used to compare development levels. Which state
performs best overall? [5 Marks]
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Q6. 'Equitable access to public facilities is essential for development.' Discuss this statement
with reference to the chapter. [4 Marks]
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SECTION 11. CASE-BASED / SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS

[Read each passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. Each sub-question carries
1 mark unless stated otherwise.]
CASE STUDY 1
"Development goals of different groups of people are often in conflict with each other. A dam
can help irrigate farmland and generate electricity but it may also displace hundreds of tribal
families who have been living there for generations. The forest department wants forests to be
preserved. The mining company wants to extract minerals. The tribal community depends on
the forest for their livelihood. Development must consider the needs of all stakeholders."
Q1. The passage highlights that development goals can be:
(a) Always complementary
(b) Sometimes conflicting
(c) Only economic in nature
(d) Only social in nature
Q2. Which of the following stakeholders in the passage is primarily concerned about
environmental conservation?
(a) Mining company
(b) Tribal community
(c) Forest Department
(d) Government
Q3. What does the example of the dam in the passage illustrate? [2 Marks]
Ans:
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Q4. State one way in which development decisions should consider multiple stakeholders.
Ans:
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CASE STUDY 2 — DATA BASED
The table below shows selected indicators for three Indian states (based on NCERT data):
State Per Capita Income Literacy Rate (%) IMR
(Rs.)

Haryana Rs. 44,564 76% 40

Kerala Rs. 33,387 94% 12

Bihar Rs. 5,772 62% 48

Q5. Which state has the highest per capita income in the table?
(a) Bihar
(b) Kerala
 (c) Haryana
(d) All are equal
Q6. Which state has the lowest Infant Mortality Rate?
(a) Bihar
(b) Haryana
(c) Both are equal
(d) Kerala
Q7. Although Kerala has lower per capita income than Haryana, it performs better in social
indicators. What does this suggest? [2 Marks]
Ans:
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SECTION 12. NUMERICAL / DATA-BASED QUESTIONS

Q1. Country X has a national income of Rs. 12,00,000 crore and a population of 60 crore.
Country Y has a national income of Rs. 9,00,000 crore and a population of 30 crore. Calculate
the per capita income of both countries. Which country is better developed as per this
criterion? [4 Marks]
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Q2. In a village of 2,000 people, 400 children between ages 6-14 are enrolled in school out of
a total of 500 children in that age group. Calculate the Net Attendance Ratio. [2 Marks]
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Q3. In a district, 1,200 children were born in a year. Of these, 36 died before reaching their first
birthday. Calculate the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) for this district. [2 Marks]
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Q4. A person's weight is 50 kg and height is 1.70 m. Calculate the BMI (BMI = Weight in kg ÷
Height in metres²). Is this person under-nourished? [2 Marks]
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Q5. Country A has a per capita income of US$ 2,000 but has a literacy rate of 92% and life
expectancy of 74 years. Country B has a per capita income of US$ 8,000 but has a literacy
rate of 55% and life expectancy of 58 years. Which country has better human development?
Justify. [3 Marks]
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SECTION 13. HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) QUESTIONS

[These questions require analysis, evaluation and creative thinking beyond rote learning.]
Q1. 'A country may have high per capita income but poor human development.' Do you agree?
Give a real-world example and explain why this situation may arise. [5 Marks]
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Q2. If you were the chief planner of a newly formed state in India, what three indicators would
you prioritise to measure development and why? [4 Marks]
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Q3. 'Economic development without environmental sustainability is like eating your seed
stock.' What message does this analogy convey? How does it relate to the concept of
sustainable development? [4 Marks]
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Q4. Compare and contrast the development experiences of two imaginary countries: Country
A prioritised only GDP growth, while Country B invested equally in healthcare, education and
income. After 30 years, which country is likely to have better human development outcomes?
Justify with reasoning. [5 Marks]
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Q5. Critically examine whether per capita income should be replaced entirely by HDI as a
measure of development. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each approach? [5
Marks]
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Q6. 'Development is not just about being wealthy, it is about freedom.' Discuss this statement
with examples from the NCERT chapter on Development. [4 Marks]
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SECTION 14. PREVIOUS YEAR CBSE BOARD QUESTIONS

[Important questions from previous CBSE Board Examinations — must practise!]

Year Question Marks

2023 What do you understand by per capita income? Why is it 2 Marks

used as a measure of national income?

2023 'People have different development goals.' Explain with two 3 Marks
examples.

2022 Explain the concept of Human Development Index. Name its 5 Marks
three components.

2022 State any three reasons why development goals can be 3 Marks
conflicting.

2021 Why is development considered a complex concept? 5 Marks

Explain with the help of examples from the chapter.

2020 'Development of one group comes at the cost of others.' 3 Marks

Explain.

2020 Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable 3 Marks

resources with examples. Why is overuse of non-renewable
resources a concern?

2019 What is sustainable development? Why is it necessary? 3 Marks

2019 Compare the human development of Kerala and Punjab 5 Marks

with reference to any three indicators.

2018 Define Infant Mortality Rate. Which Indian state has the 3 Marks
lowest IMR and why?

2018 'Income alone cannot be a proper measure of development.' 5 Marks

Do you agree? Give reasons.

2017 What is the difference between developed and developing 3 Marks

countries? How does the World Bank classify them?

2016 Explain with examples why different persons may aspire for 5 Marks
different things from development.

2016 What are public facilities? Why is it important for the 3 Marks
government to provide them?
SECTION 15. COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

[These questions test application, analysis and evaluation skills as per the latest CBSE
competency framework.]
Q1. [Application | 4 Marks] Seema lives in a village. She earns Rs. 500 per day as a daily
wage labourer and has two school-going children. The government recently built a new school
and a health centre in her village. How has this public investment contributed to the
development of Seema and her family?
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Q2. [Analysis | 4 Marks] Rohit is studying the development data of two countries. Country P
has per capita income of $15,000 but a life expectancy of 55 years and only 40% literacy.
Country Q has per capita income of $5,000 but life expectancy of 78 years and 95% literacy.
Using this data, which country has better human development? Justify.
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Q3. [Evaluation | 5 Marks] Tara's family is dependent on a river for drinking water and
farming. A new factory nearby is polluting the river. Using the concept of sustainable
development, explain the conflict and suggest a solution.
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Q4. [Analysis | 3 Marks] A government report shows that State A has higher per capita
income but more malnourished children than State B. What does this suggest about State A's
development? What should State A prioritise?
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Q5. [Communication | 4 Marks] Your friend says: 'Development means having more money.'
As a student of economics, how would you convince your friend that development means
much more than income?
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SECTION 16. MAP / DIAGRAM-BASED QUESTIONS

[Study the given data table carefully and answer the questions below.]
Refer to the following comparative data of selected Indian states:
State Per Capita Literacy IMR Net Att. Ratio (%)
Income Rate (%)
(Rs.)

Punjab 26,000 77% 30 70%

Kerala 17,000 94% 12 83%

Bihar 3,000 62% 48 43%

Haryana 28,000 76% 40 69%

Q1. On the basis of the table, rank the four states from most to least developed. Give reasons
for your ranking. [3 Marks]
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Q2. Which state has the highest literacy rate? How does a high literacy rate contribute to
development? [2 Marks]
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Q3. Bihar has the lowest per capita income AND the highest IMR. Is there a connection
between poverty and infant mortality? Explain. [3 Marks]
Ans:
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Q4. Despite having the second highest per capita income, Haryana's literacy rate is lower than
Kerala's. What does this tell us about the use of income for human development? [2 Marks]
Ans:
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Q5. Draw a bar graph OR write the rankings comparing the four states on ANY ONE social
indicator. [2 Marks]
Ans:
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SECTION 17. REVISION NOTES — QUICK REFERENCE

KEY CONCEPT QUICK SUMMARY

Development Improvement in quality of life — income + health +

education + freedom

Per Capita Income National Income ÷ Population; used by World Bank to

classify countries

HDI Published by UNDP; measures Health (Life

Expectancy), Education (Schooling), Income (GNI per
capita)

IMR Children dying before age 1 per 1,000 live births —

lower is better

Literacy Rate % of people aged 7+ who can read/write — higher is

better

Net Attendance Ratio % of children of school-going age who attend school

BMI Body Mass Index = Weight(kg) ÷ Height(m)²; below

18.5 = under-nourished

Sustainable Development Meet present needs without harming ability of future

generations to meet theirs

Public Facilities Government-provided services: schools, hospitals,

water, roads

World Bank High income: > US$ 14005; Low middle income: India
Classification

Kerala Best social indicators (low IMR, high literacy) despite

moderate income

Bihar Low income + high IMR + low literacy — needs greater

investment in human development

Non-renewable Coal, oil, natural gas — take millions of years to form;

Resources must be used carefully

Renewable Resources Solar, wind, water — replenish naturally; should be

preferred
 IMPORTANT FORMULAE

𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 (𝐍𝐈)

Per Capita Income =
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐨𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

𝐃𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝟏

IMR = × 1,000
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐁𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐡𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫

𝐂𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐥

Net Attendance Ratio = × 100
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐩

𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐤𝐠
BMI = [Under-nourished: BMI < 18.5]
(𝐇𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬)²

𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐝 𝟕+

Literacy Rate = × 100
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐨𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐝 𝟕+
SECTION 18. ANSWER KEY — OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Multiple Choice Questions (Section 3):

[Link] Ans [Link] Ans [Link] Ans [Link] Ans [Link] Ans

Q1 (c) Q2 (b) Q3 (c) Q4 (c) Q5 (b)

Q6 (d) Q7 (c) Q8 (c) Q9 (b) Q10 (b)

Q11 (b) Q12 (c) Q13 (c) Q14 (c) Q15 (c)

Q16 (c) Q17 (b) Q18 (b) Q19 (b) Q20 (b)

Assertion and Reason (Section 4):

Q1: (a) — R correctly explains A (per capita income = average income = used for
comparison)
Q2: (a) — Both true and R correctly explains A (Kerala's health/education investment)
Q3: (a) — Both true and R correctly explains A (overuse of resources harms future gen.)
Q4: (b) — Both true but R does not directly explain A
Q5: (c) — A is true; R is false (Net Attendance Ratio ≠ literacy rate for adults)
Q6: (d) — A is false (high income does NOT always mean full development); R is true

True or False (Section 5):

1. TRUE
2. FALSE — Income is important but not sufficient; HDI is better
3. TRUE
4. FALSE — HDI is published by UNDP, not World Bank
5. TRUE
6. FALSE — Literacy Rate = % of people aged 7+ (not 10+) who can read/write
7. FALSE — BMI above 25 = over-weight; below 18.5 = under-nourished
8. TRUE — Groundwater replenishes very slowly so overuse can deplete it
9. FALSE — Governments must provide public facilities for equitable access
10. FALSE — Countries with income above US$14005 are classified as high-income by the
World Bank, not UNDP

Fill in the Blanks (Section 6):

1. quality / standard of living
2. per capita
3. UNDP
4. education
5. standard of living / GNI per capita
6. Infant Mortality (IMR)
7. 14005
8. Sustainable
 9. 18.5
10. Net
11. non-renewable
12. Kerala

Match the Following (Section 7):

1→F, 2→E, 3→B, 4→D, 5→C, 6→H, 7→G, 8→A
SECTION 19. DETAILED SOLUTIONS — SUBJECTIVE & CASE-BASED QUESTIONS

[Model answers for key questions across sections — use as reference for self-evaluation.]
Short Answer — Key Solutions (Section 9)
Q1. Why do different people have different notions of development?
Different people have different notions of development because they have different needs,
circumstances, aspirations and social positions. For example: (i) A landless agricultural
labourer wants higher daily wages and access to employment under MGNREGA, while a
prosperous farmer may want higher prices for crops and better irrigation facilities. (ii) A girl
from a rural household may aspire for equal educational opportunities and freedom from
gender discrimination, while a boy from the same background may aspire for better job
opportunities. Thus, what constitutes 'development' varies from person to person depending on
their specific situation.
Q3. Distinguish between Infant Mortality Rate and Net Attendance Ratio.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Refers to the number of children who die before completing one
year of age per 1,000 live births. It is a health indicator. Lower IMR indicates better healthcare
and nutrition. Net Attendance Ratio (NAR): Refers to the total number of children of the
relevant age group attending school expressed as a percentage of all children in that age
group. It is an education indicator. A higher NAR indicates better school enrolment and
educational access.
Q5. Compare Kerala and Punjab using three social indicators.
(i) Literacy Rate: Kerala (94%) is far higher than Punjab (77%). (ii) Infant Mortality Rate:
Kerala (12 per 1,000) is much lower than Punjab (30 per 1,000). (iii) Net Attendance Ratio:
Kerala (83%) is higher than Punjab (70%). Conclusion: Despite having lower per capita
income, Kerala performs better on all social indicators, suggesting that the type of public
investment (in healthcare and education) matters more than just income level for improving
human development.
Numerical Solutions (Section 12)
Q1. Per Capita Income of Country X and Country Y
Country X: Per Capita Income = Rs. 12,00,000 crore ÷ 60 crore = Rs. 20,000 per person |
Country Y: Per Capita Income = Rs. 9,00,000 crore ÷ 30 crore = Rs. 30,000 per person |
Conclusion: Country Y has a higher per capita income (Rs. 30,000) and would be considered
more developed as per this criterion alone. However, per capita income does not reflect how
income is distributed within the country.
Q2. Net Attendance Ratio Calculation
Net Attendance Ratio = (Children attending school ÷ Total children of that age group) × 100 |
= (400 ÷ 500) × 100 = 80% | The Net Attendance Ratio of this village is 80%.
Q3. Infant Mortality Rate Calculation
IMR = (Deaths before age 1 ÷ Total live births) × 1,000 | = (36 ÷ 1,200) × 1,000 = 30 deaths
per 1,000 live births | The IMR for this district is 30.
Q4. BMI Calculation
BMI = Weight (kg) ÷ Height (m)² = 50 ÷ (1.70)² = 50 ÷ 2.89 = 17.3 (approx.) | Since BMI =
17.3, which is below 18.5, this person is under-nourished.
Case Study Solutions (Section 11)
Case 1 — Q3: What does the example of the dam illustrate?
The dam example illustrates that development goals can often be conflicting. A dam provides
water for irrigation and electricity generation, which benefits farmers and industries. However,
it may displace tribal or forest communities who depend on the river and forest for their
livelihoods. This shows that what is development for one group may be destruction for another.
Development must therefore consider the interests of all stakeholders and ensure that the
benefits and costs are distributed fairly.
Case 2 — Q7: Why does Kerala perform better despite lower income?
Kerala's better performance on social indicators despite lower per capita income than
Haryana suggests that: (i) The way income is spent matters more than just the amount. Kerala
has historically invested heavily in public education, healthcare, and social welfare. (ii) Per
capita income alone is insufficient to measure development. A state can have high income but
poor distribution and low social investment, leading to worse outcomes. (iii) Government
policy, political will and community participation play a major role in achieving human
development beyond just economic growth.

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Worksheet based strictly on NCERT Class 10 Social Science — Economics (Understanding

Economic Development)
Aligned with the Latest CBSE Board Examination Pattern