JAVA + OOP — MASTER LIST

1. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)

1.​ What are the four pillars of Object-Oriented Programming, and how are they implemented in
Java?
2.​ What is polymorphism in Java, and what is the difference between compile-time and runtime
polymorphism?
3.​ What is abstraction in Java, and how is it achieved?
4.​ What is encapsulation in Java, and why is it important?
5.​ What is the difference between abstraction and encapsulation in Java?
6.​ What are SOLID principles in object-oriented design, and can you explain each with examples?

2. CORE JAVA BASICS

7.​ What does “immutable” mean in Java, and why are Strings immutable?
8.​ Why are Strings immutable in Java beyond just security reasons?
9.​ How do you create an immutable class in Java?
10.​What is the difference between == and equals() in Java?
11.​What is the difference between primitive data types and wrapper classes in Java?
12.​What are wrapper classes in Java, and why are they needed?
13.​What are constructors in Java, and how do they work?
14.​What are the different types of constructors in Java?
15.​Can a constructor be private in Java, and in which scenarios would you use it?
16.​What are access modifiers in Java, and what is the scope of each?
17.​Why is the method signature public static void main(String[] args) used in Java?
18.​Can you run a Java program without a main method, and how?
19.​What are the main features of Java?
20.​What are the key components required to run a Java program such as JDK, JRE, and JVM?
21.​What is the Java String Pool, and how does it work internally?
22.​What is the output of Double.MIN_VALUE > 0, and why?

3. OOP + LANGUAGE DEEP DIVE

23.​What is encapsulation in Java, and can you explain it with a real-world example?
24.​Can you write a sample implementation of encapsulation using a class with private fields and
methods?
25.​How is encapsulation applied in Spring Boot applications, for example in DTOs?
26.​Which type of polymorphism does method overloading represent?
27.​What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface in Java?
28.​When should you use an interface instead of an abstract class?
29.​How are variables defined differently in interfaces compared to abstract classes?
30.​If a class implements two interfaces that contain the same default method, what will happen
and how do you resolve the conflict?
 31.​Can an interface have a constructor in Java, and why or why not?
32.​Can an interface have instance variables in Java, and if not, what type of variables can it have?
33.​In an inheritance hierarchy, how is a method resolved when called using a parent reference?

4. CONSTRUCTORS & CLASS BEHAVIOR

34.​Can a constructor be declared as final, static, or abstract in Java, and why or why not?
35.​In a class that contains a static block and a constructor, what is the exact order of execution
when multiple objects are created?
36.​What happens if a static block throws an unchecked exception during class loading?

5. JAVA INTERNALS & EDGE CASES

37.​Why do two Integer objects with the value 100 return true when compared using ==, but two
Integer objects with the value 200 return false?
38.​Given String s1 = "hello", s2 = "hello", and s3 = new String("hello"), what will be the result of s1
== s2 and why?
39.​Can you give a scenario where == returns true but .equals() behaves differently?
40.​How would you compare two custom objects for content equality in Java?
41.​What is the purpose of the final keyword in Java?

6. STREAMS & FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING

42.​What is the difference between map() and flatMap() in Java Streams?
43.​What is a functional interface in Java, and why is the @FunctionalInterface annotation
optional?
44.​Can Java Streams be reused after a terminal operation has been executed, and why or why
not?

7. EXCEPTION HANDLING
45.​What is the difference between checked and unchecked exceptions in Java?
46.​What is the difference between final, finally, and finalize() in Java?
47.​What replaced finalize() after it was deprecated in Java 9?
48.​What is try-with-resources, and how does it work internally?
49.​What happens when both try and finally blocks contain return statements?
50.​How would you handle a method that throws multiple types of exceptions?
51.​What is the difference between throw and throws in Java?
52.​What is the difference between an Error and an Exception in Java?

8. COLLECTIONS BASICS
53.​What is the difference between an Array and an ArrayList in Java?
54.​What is the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList?
55.​What is the difference between HashMap and Hashtable?
56.​What is a PriorityQueue in Java, and how does it work internally?
 57.​What happens if you add a null value to an empty HashSet, and why?

9. COLLECTIONS — DEEP DIVE

58.​How does HashMap work internally in Java, including the behavior of put() and get() methods?
59.​What is the difference between HashMap and ConcurrentHashMap?
60.​What is the difference between HashMap, LinkedHashMap, and TreeMap?
61.​How does HashMap handle collisions, especially after Java 8?
62.​Can a HashMap contain null keys and values, and how are they handled internally?
63.​Can a TreeMap have a null key, and why or why not?
64.​What is the difference between fail-fast and fail-safe iterators?
65.​Why does ArrayList throw ConcurrentModificationException during iteration?
66.​What is the difference between CopyOnWriteArrayList and ArrayList?

10. MEMORY & EXECUTION

67.​What is the difference between Heap memory and Stack memory in Java?
68.​What is the difference between a process and a thread in Java?
69.​Is Java pass-by-value or pass-by-reference, and how can you demonstrate it with an example?
70.​What is garbage collection in Java, and how does it work internally?

11. STRINGS & LANGUAGE FEATURES

71.​What is the difference between String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer in Java?
72.​What are static variables and static methods in Java?
73.​What is the difference between static methods and instance methods in Java?
74.​What is the purpose of the this keyword in Java?
75.​What is the purpose of the super keyword in Java?
76.​What is method hiding in Java, and how is it different from method overriding?
77.​Can static methods be overridden in Java, or are they only hidden?

12. JAVA 8 FEATURES

78.​What are the major features introduced in Java 8?
79.​What are lambda expressions, and how do they simplify code?
80.​What is the difference between a lambda expression and an anonymous class?
81.​What are method references, and what are the different types?
82.​What are default methods in interfaces, and why were they introduced?
83.​Can interfaces have static methods in Java, and how are they used?
84.​What happens if a class implements two interfaces that have the same default method?

13. STREAMS — COMPLETE

85.​How do you create streams in Java using approaches such as [Link](), [Link](),
and [Link]()?
86.​How do you filter elements in a collection using the filter() method?
 87.​How do you transform elements using the map() method?
88.​How do you combine filter() and map() operations in a stream pipeline?
89.​How do you find elements using methods like findFirst() and findAny()?
90.​How do you perform matching operations such as allMatch() and anyMatch()?
91.​How do you perform aggregation using methods like count() and reduce()?
92.​How do you sort elements using streams?
93.​How do you remove duplicate elements using streams?
94.​How do you flatten nested collections using flatMap()?
95.​What is a Stream pipeline, and what are its components?
96.​What is the difference between intermediate and terminal operations in streams?
97.​Why is laziness important in streams?
98.​What are short-circuit operations in streams?
99.​What is non-interference in streams?
100.​ Why should streams be stateless?
101.​ What happens when duplicate keys occur in [Link]()?
102.​ When should you use parallel streams?
103.​ How do parallel streams work internally?
104.​ Do streams always improve performance?

14. MULTITHREADING & CONCURRENCY

105.​ What are the different ways to create threads in Java?
106.​ What is ExecutorService, and why is it used?
107.​ What is the difference between Runnable and Callable?
108.​ What is the difference between synchronized and volatile?
109.​ What is the lifecycle of a thread in Java?
110.​ What happens if wait() is called outside a synchronized block?
111.​ What is a deadlock in Java, and how can you resolve it?
112.​ How do you safely share a counter across multiple threads?
113.​ What is the difference between submit() and execute() in ExecutorService?
114.​ What is lock striping, and how does it improve concurrency?
115.​ Does the volatile keyword ensure atomicity?
116.​ What is the difference between CompletableFuture and Future?
117.​ Is AtomicInteger always safe, and are there edge cases?

15. JVM & ADVANCED INTERNALS

118.​ What is a ClassLoader in Java?
119.​ What is the JVM memory structure?
120.​ What is the Java Memory Model (JMM)?
121.​ What are the different garbage collection algorithms in Java?
122.​ What is the difference between minor, major, and full garbage collection?
123.​ Can Java applications experience memory leaks despite garbage collection?
124.​ What are strong, soft, weak, and phantom references in Java?
16. PRACTICAL CODING
125.​ How do you reverse a string in Java?
126.​ How do you check if a string is a palindrome?
127.​ How do you find the first non-repeated character in a string?
128.​ How do you check if two strings are anagrams?
129.​ How do you count the occurrence of each character in a string?
130.​ How do you find the longest common prefix among an array of strings?

17. STREAMS PROBLEMS

131.​ How do you find the top K elements using Java Streams?
132.​ How do you remove duplicate elements using streams?
133.​ How do you find duplicate elements using streams?
134.​ How do you convert a list into a map using streams?
135.​ How do you group objects, such as employees by department, using streams?
136.​ How do you find the highest and second-highest salary using streams?

18. DSA
137.​ How do you find the smallest number after removing K digits from a number?
138.​ How do you find the largest palindrome substring in a string?

19. JAVA INTERNALS (SERIALIZATION)

139.​ What is the transient keyword in Java, and why is it used?
140.​ How does transient affect Java serialization?
141.​ What happens to transient fields during serialization and deserialization?
142.​ How would you verify that a transient field was not persisted after deserialization?