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Tutorial Sheet 11

This document is a tutorial sheet for the MA201 Differential Equations course at the Indian Institute of Technology Ropar for the academic year 2025-2026. It includes exercises on classifying partial differential equations, determining their types, finding regions in the xy-plane, reducing equations to canonical form, and verifying solutions. Definitions of linear, semilinear, quasilinear, and nonlinear PDEs are provided to aid in the classification tasks.

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2 views2 pages

Tutorial Sheet 11

This document is a tutorial sheet for the MA201 Differential Equations course at the Indian Institute of Technology Ropar for the academic year 2025-2026. It includes exercises on classifying partial differential equations, determining their types, finding regions in the xy-plane, reducing equations to canonical form, and verifying solutions. Definitions of linear, semilinear, quasilinear, and nonlinear PDEs are provided to aid in the classification tasks.

Uploaded by

2024meb1345
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Indian Institute of Technology Ropar

Department of Mathematics
MA201: Differential Equations
First Semester of Academic Year 2025–2026
Tutorial Sheet – 11

1. Classify the following partial differential equations as linear, semilinear, quasilinear,


or nonlinear (see the definitions given at the end):
(a) uxx + uyy + uxy = 0.
(b) u ux + uy = x y u.
(c) u uxx + uy = 0.
(d) x2 ux + y 2 uy = x y u2 .
(e) ux uy + u = 0.

2. Determine whether the following partial differential equations are hyperbolic, parabolic,
or elliptic type PDEs:
(a) uxx − 7 uxy + 6 uyy = 0.
(b) uxx + uxy − 6 uyy = 0.
(c) uxx + uyy = 0.
(d) uxx + 2 uxy + 5 uyy = 0.

3. Find the region in the xy–plane in which the following equations are hyperbolic,
parabolic, and elliptic type PDEs:
(a) [(x − y)2 − 1]uxx + 2uxy + [(x − y)2 − 1]uyy = 0.
(b) uyy + yuxy + xuxx = 0.
(c) yuyy + 2uxy + xuxx + ux = 0.
(d) uxx + 2yuxy + xuyy − ux + u = 0.
(e) (1 − x2 )uxx − 2xyuxy + (1 − y 2 )uyy + xux + 3x2 yuy − 2u = 0.

4. Reduce the following partial differential equations to canonical form:


(a) uxx = (1 + y)2 uyy
(b) uxx − uyy = 0
(c) 3uxx + 10uxy + 3uyy = 0
(d) uxx − x2 uyy = 0
(e) uxx + 2uxy + uyy = 0
(f) uxx + x2 uyy = 0

5. Reduce the following PDEs to canonical form and using the canonical form, obtain
the general solutions of the following partial differential equations:
(a) 3uxx + 10uxy + 3uyy = 0.
(b) y uxx + 3y uxy + 3ux = 0, y ̸= 0.
(c) uxx + 2uxy + uyy = 0.
6. Consider the general second–order partial differential equation
A uxx + B uxy + C uyy + D ux + E uy + F u = G.
By performing a general transformation of the independent variables x and y to new
variables ξ and η (function of x and y), show that it takes the canonical form(as
discussed in class)
A uξξ + B uξη + C uηη + D uξ + E uη + F u = G.
Hence, conclude that this transformation does not modify the type of the PDE, as
it satisfies
2
B − 4A C = (ξx ηy − ξy ηx )2 (B 2 − 4AC).
7. Verify that the functions
u = sin(x + y), u = ex+y , u = (x + y)n
are solutions of the partial differential equation
uxx − 2uxy + uyy = 0.

8. Consider the equation


uxx + (2x + 3) uxy + 6x uyy = 0. (A)

(a) Show that for x = 32 , Equation (A) reduces to a parabolic equation, and reduce
this parabolic equation to canonical form.
3
(b) Show that for x ̸= 2
the transformation
ξ = y − 3x, η = y − x2
reduces Equation (A) to
2 uη
uξη = .
4(η − ξ) − 9

Definitions:
A second order PDE in two variables can generally be written as
A uxx + B uxy + C uyy = F (x, y, u, ux , uy ).
• A PDE is linear if it is linear in dependent variable u and its derivatives.
• A PDE is semilinear if A, B, C (the coefficients of the highest–order derivatives)
depend only on x, y, but F may depend nonlinearly on u, ux , and uy .
• A PDE is quasilinear if A, B, C may depend on u, ux , and uy , but not on uxx , uxy ,
or uyy .
• A PDE is nonlinear if it does not belong to any of the above three categories.

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ End ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

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