Finals2025

Mathematics Revision Seminars

Matric Paper 2 Content

Nicholas von Buddenbrock

(+27) 79 386 2996
nicvonb@[Link]
 Analytical Geometry
Distance Gradient Angle of Inclination

! The angle of inclination of a line is measured

d= (x1 → x2 )2 + (y1 → y2 )2 y →y counterclockwise from the x-axis and is related to the
m= 2 1
x2 → x1 gradient by:
The distance formula is helpful in calculating the
tan ω = m
lengths of lines and sides of shapes. The gradient defines the ’steepness’ of a line.
y
If two points, A and B, are the same distance away Parallel lines and colinear points have the same
from a separate point, C, A and B are equidistant from gradient.
point C.

B ω
Midpoint D mAB = mCD x
A
C
"
x + x2 y1 + y2
# 180↗ → ω
M 1 ;
2 2 The product of the gradients of perpendicular lines is
This gives the coordinate of the point that lies exactly always →1.
halfway between two points. If, when calculating the angle, you obtain a negative
C answer, simply add 180↗ to the answer to get the
If two lines share the same midpoint, the lines bisect mAB ↑ mCD actual answer.
one another.
D (8,11) B mAB ·mCD = →1 When calculating angles that aren’t measured
counterclockwise from the x-axis, you need to utilise
A D other methods to obtain an answer. The most common
B (10,9)
methods that are used are:

1 • adj. ↭’s str. line

A (4,5) M (7;7)
mAB = ↓↔ mCD = →2 • int. ↭’s ε
2
C (6,3) • ext. ↭ ε

N. von Buddenbrock Page 2 of 17 Maths Revision Notes

 Determine the equation of the line CD if it passes
Equation of a Straight Line Quadrilateral Properties
through the point D (4,6) and is perpendicular to the
1
line AB which has a gradient of .
2 Rhombus
y = mx + c
• Diagonals bisect at 90↗
y → y1 = m(x → x1 )
• All sides are same length
In order to calculate m, any of the following can be C
mAB ↑ mCD • Opposite sides are parallel
used:
• Opposite angles are equal
B mAB ·mCD = →1
• If two coordinates are given on the straight line, then
use the gradient formula D (4,6) Parallelogram
A
• If the angle of inclination is given, then use tan ω =m • Diagonals bisect
• If the straight line is parallel to another line, then it • Opposite sides are equal and parallel
has the same gradient 1
mAB = ↓↔ mCD = →2 • Opposite angles are equal
2
• If you are told that the straight line is perpendicular
to another line, use the fact that m1 ·m2 = →1 Kite
y → y1 = m(x → x1 )
In order to calculate c, the y-intercept, any of the • Diagonals meet at 90↗
following can be used: y → 6 = →2(x → 4)
• The shorter diagonal is bisected
y = →2x + 8 + 6 • One pair of adjacent angles are equal
• If a coordinate on the line is known, you can sub the
coordinate into your straight line equation and solve y = →2x + 14 • Adjacent sides are equal
for c.
• If m has been calculated, you can use the y → y1 =
m(x → x1 ) formula. Always check that it hasn’t been
given on the diagram.

N. von Buddenbrock Page 3 of 17 Maths Revision Notes

 Equations of Circles Intersecting Circles

When circles intersect at two points:

2 2 2
(x → a) + (y → b) = r
d < r1 + r2
• a is the x-coordinate of the centre of the circle.

• b is the y-coordinate of the centre of the circle.

• r is the radius of the circle. r2 r1

If you are not given the equation of the circle in the d

above form, you must complete the square to do so.
When circles touch at one point:
Tangents to Circles
d = r1 + r2
The radius of a circle is always perpendicular to a
tangent of the same circle.

r2 r1
mR · mT = →1 d

When circles do not intersect:

d > r1 + r2

r2 r1

N. von Buddenbrock Page 4 of 17 Maths Revision Notes

 CAST Diagram
Quadrant 2: 90↗ Quadrant 1:
sin (180↗ → ω) = sin ω sin (360↗ + ω) = sin ω
cos (180↗ → ω) = → cos ω cos (360↗ + ω) = cos ω
tan (180↗ → ω) = → tan ω tan (360↗ + ω) = tan ω

sin (90↗ + ω) = cos ω sin (90↗ → ω) = cos ω

180↗ → ω 360↗ + ω or ω
cos (90↗ + ω) = → sin ω cos (90↗ → ω) = sin ω
90↗ + ω 90↗ → ω

S A
180↗ 0↗ /360↗
T C
Quadrant 3: Quadrant 4:
sin (180↗ + ω) = → sin ω sin (360↗ → ω) = → sin ω
cos (180↗ + ω) = → cos ω cos (360↗ → ω) = cos ω
180↗ + ω 360↗ → ω or →ω
tan (180↗ + ω) = tan ω tan (360↗ → ω) = → tan ω
ω → 90↗
sin (ω → 90↗ ) = → cos ω
cos (ω → 90↗ ) = sin ω

270↗

N. von Buddenbrock Page 5 of 17 Maths Revision Notes

 Trigonometry

Diagram Questions Special Angles Double Angles

y ≃
y x y (1; 3) ≃ ≃ 
sin ω = cos ω = tan ω = (0; 2) ( 2; 2) 

cos2 ϑ → sin2 ϑ
r r x 

≃ cos 2ϑ = 
1 → 2 sin2 ϑ sin 2ϑ = 2 sin ϑ cos ϑ
r =2 ( 3; 1) 

1 Ensure the trig ratio has been isolated (on its own 2 cos2 ϑ → 1
side). x
2 Use the sign of the trig ratio to tick quadrants on a (2; 0) Compound Angles
CAST diagram.
3 Use the other piece of information to tick quadrants ω 0↗ 30
≃
↗ 45
≃
↗ 60↗ 90↗
on a CAST diagram. (E.g. ω ↘ [90↗ ; 270↗ ]) 2 3
x ≃2 ≃1 0
sin (ϑ + ϖ) = sin ϑ · cos ϖ + cos ϑ · sin ϖ
4 Work in whichever quadrant has two ticks. y 0 1 2 3 2
r 2 2 2 2 2 sin (ϑ → ϖ) = sin ϑ · cos ϖ → cos ϑ · sin ϖ
5 Draw right-angled triangle in the quadrant and cos (ϑ + ϖ) = cos ϑ · cos ϖ → sin ϑ · sin ϖ
label sides from trig ratio values.
cos (ϑ → ϖ) = cos ϑ · cos ϖ + sin ϑ · sin ϖ
NB! r is always positive. Fundamental Identities
6 Use Pythag to calculate the final side.
NB! Always check what quadrant you are in to see sin ω
if your x and y values should be positive or sin2 ω + cos2 ω = 1 tan ω =
cos ω
negative.
1 cos ω
sin2 ω = 1 → cos2 ω =
tan ω sin ω

cos2 ω = 1 → sin2 ω

N. von Buddenbrock Page 6 of 17 Maths Revision Notes

 2 Use the square identity:
Proving Identities Tips If sin (12↗ ) = t... Questions
sin2 (12↗ ) + cos2 (12↗ ) = 1
sin ω With these types of questions, you always want to cos2 (12↗ ) = 1 → sin2 (12↗ )
• It is generally a good idea to change tan ω to , ≃
cos ω relate the given angle to the angle in the question. cos (12↗ ) = 1 → t 2
unless you can see that keeping the tan ω is a viable Examples in this section will try and write angles in
option. terms of sin (12↗ ) = t. • Compound Angles: Try and write the angle in terms
• Always hold off on changing cos 2ω until you can see of a special angle, and then expand out.
what you will need to do. Change it depending on • Reductions: Look to see if the angle can be reduced
what else there is in the expression. by writing it in terms of 180↗ or 360↗ . Always look cos (57↗ ) = cos (45↗ + 12↗ )
to do this first! = cos (45↗ ) · cos (12↗ ) → sin (45↗ ) · sin (12↗ )
• When adding and subtracting fractions, it is ≃ ≃
generally a good idea to find an LCD combine them 2 ≃ 2
sin (348↗ ) = sin (360↗ → 12↗ ) = → sin (12↗ ) = →t = · 1 → t2 → ·t
into one fraction. Unless you can see another option. 2 2

• Co-functions: When given the ’opposite’ ratio, see if • Double Angles: Look to see if the angle is double or
1 1 → cos2 ω sin2 ω
2
→1 = 2
= 2
= tan2 ω you can write the angle in terms of 90↗ in an effort to half the angle than the angle you are initially given.
cos ω cos ω cos ω
switch from cos ω to sin ω and vice versa. This only cos (24↗ ) = cos (2 · 12↗ )
applies when you have cos ω and sin ω.
• Constantly be on the lookout for factorisation = 1 → sin2 (12↗ )
opportunities. For example:
cos (78↗ ) = cos (90↗ → 12↗ ) = sin (12↗ ) = t = 1 → t2
1 → 2 sin ω cos ω = sin2 ω + cos2 ω → 2 sin ω cos ω
= sin2 ω → 2 sin ω cos ω + cos2 ω
• Pythag/Identity: When given the ’opposite’ ratio General Solutions
with the same angle as the ratio that is initially
= (sin ω → cos ω)(sin ω → cos ω) given, there are two methods: sin ω = a, where →1 ⇐ a ⇐ 1
= (sin ω → cos ω)2
1 Draw a triangle and use Pythag (always use this ω = sin→1 (a) + k · 360↗ , where k ↘ Z
when tan is involved): OR
• Always work in pencil so that you can erase if you
ω = 180↗ → sin→1 (a) + k · 360↗ , where k ↘ Z
make a mistake.
1 t o
• Always keep the answer in mind! t sin 12↗ = = cos ω = a, where →1 ⇐ a ⇐ 1
1 h
12↗
ω = ± cos→1 (a) + k · 360↗ , where k ↘ Z
a
≃ tan ω = a
a 2 = 12 → t 2 1 → t2 ≃
≃ ↫ cos (12↗ ) = = 1 → t2 ω = tan→1 (a) + k · 180↗ , where k ↘ Z
a = 1 → t2 1

N. von Buddenbrock Page 7 of 17 Maths Revision Notes

• Always isolate the trig ratio first. • Use identities to your advantage.
Undefined Identities
• You can only divide/multiply by numbers in the cos ω = sin ω
angle after you have applied sin→1 , cos→1 or tan→1 . sin ω Expressions/identities are undefined when:
1 =1
cos 2ω = 1 cannot become cos ω = cos ω
2 tan ω = 1
• The denominator of a fraction is 0.
• If you have a sin and a cos with the same angle, turn ω = 45 + k · 180↗ , where k ↘ Z
↗
• tan ω is undefined.
them into a tan. (
• Use identities, compound and double angles to • There is a negative.
sin ω = 2 cos ω your advantage. Change cos 2ω depending on what
sin ω else is in the equation. sin ω
=2 tan ω = and is therefore undefined whenever
cos ω cos 2ω = sin ω cos ω
tan ω = 2 cos ω = 0. For a normal tan ω, this is:
1 → 2 sin2 ω = sin ω
• If you have a sin and a cos with different angles, use ω = 90↗ + k · 180↗ , where k ↘ Z
2 sin2 ω + sin ω → 1 = 0
co-function rules.
(2 sin ω → 1)(sin ω + 1) = 0 If you are given a tan with a different angle, you must
cos (2ω + 40↗ ) = sin (30↗ → ω) 1 solve for when cos of that angle is 0.
sin ω = or sin ω = →1
cos (2ω + 40↗ ) = cos [90↗ → (30↗ → ω)] 2
cos ω 2
cos (2ω + 40↗ ) = cos (60↗ + ω) ... →
tan ω 1 → sin ω
2ω + 40↗ = ±(60↗ + ω) + k · 360↗ , where k ↘ Z
The above expression is undefined when
Specific Solutions
↗ ↗ ↗ tan ω = 0 and 1 → sin ω = 0
2ω + 40 = 60 + ω + k · 360 , where k ↘ Z
OR When asked to calculate specific solutions:
which you can solve using general solutions. The
2ω + 40 = →(60 + ω) + k · 360↗ , where k ↘ Z
↗ ↗
1 Determine the general solution for the angle. expression is also undefined when
...
2 Identify the range of answers that the question is
ω = 90↗ + k · 180↗ , where k ↘ Z
• Constantly be on the lookout for factorisation looking for (e.g. ω ↘ [0↗ ; 360↗ ]).
opportunities. Never try to cancel out a trig ratio 3 Sub in different integer values for k and write down as tan ω is undefined at those angles.
by dividing it out, you miss an entire solution. all answer that fall within the range. If you don’t
3 sin ω = sin ω cos ω know where to start, then start at -2 and work your
3 sin ω → sin ω cos ω = 0 way up to 2 (-2, -1, 0, 1, 2).
sin ω(3 → cos ω) = 0 4 Write all answers in ascending order, inside of curly
sin ω = 0 or cos ω ! 3 braces (e.g. ω ↘ {54, 4; 133, 5; 276, 4}).
...

N. von Buddenbrock Page 8 of 17 Maths Revision Notes

 Cosine Rule:
Sine, Cosine and Area Rules
A
You’ve only been able to use trig inside of right-angled c
triangles so far. But what about all of the other B
b
triangles? Well, that’s where these laws come in:
a
A
c
C
B
b
a2 =b 2 + c2 → 2bc · cos A
a
When you know the lengths of two sides and the
magnitude of one angle, you can calculate the length
C of the side opposite the angle.
Sine Rule: Area Rule:
A A
c c
B B
b b
a a

C C
1
area εABC = ab · sin C
a b c 2
= =
sin A sin B sin C You can calculate the area of a triangle if you know the
lengths of two sides and the angle that those two sides
and make.
sin A sin B sin C
= =
a b c

N. von Buddenbrock Page 9 of 17 Maths Revision Notes

 Circle Geometry
If there is a line from the centre 1 and it bisects a chord Theorem 3
Terminology
2 , then they are perpendicular 3 .
When the diameter subtends an angle at the
Arc: A section of the circle’s circumference. (line from centre to midpt chord) circumference, the angle is always 90↗ .

Chord: A line that touches the circle’s circumference at (↭ in semi-circle)

two different points. If a line from the centre 1 is perpendicular to a chord
3 , then the chord is bisected 2 .
Subtend: To form an angle by having straight lines B
from two points meet. (↑ from circle centre to chord)
Concyclic: Lying on the circumference of the same
Given AB is a diame
circle. O
If a line is perpendicular to a chord 3 and also bisects
it 2 , that line goes through the centre of the circle 1 . ACB 90
Chords, Diameters and Radii (↑ bisector of chord)
A
C
Theorem 2
Theorem 1 Conversely, if the angle that some random chord
When an arc/chord subtends an angle at the centre and subtends is 90↗ , then that chord is the diameter.
This theorem has three points of focus:
one at any point the circumference, the angle at the
1 A line from the centre centre is twice the size. (line subtends 90↗ )

2 A chord being bisected

3 The two being perpendicular
(↭ at centre = 2⇒↭ at circum)
A
B A
O is the centre a L Given ABC 90
OD bisects AB A 0 C
AC CB
2 Con B
AC is a diameter
2x
A B C
OD AI
C
N. von Buddenbrock Page 10 of 17 Maths Revision Notes
 Theorem 4 Equal chords subtend equal angles at the
Cyclic Quadrilaterals
circumference and at the centre of a circle.
The angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
Look for butterfly wings! (equal chords, equal ↭’s) Cyclic quads occur when each vertices of a
(equal chords, equal ↭’s at centre) quadrilateral are concyclic. These types of
(↭’s in same segment)
B F B quadrilaterals have special properties.
C
A B
A B C A B C and D all lie
y I [Link] esatCandD A on the circumference
y
x
A
[Link] D ABCD is a cyclicquad
0 C E Theorem 5
D of the same radius have equal chords,
If two circles
C The opposite angles of a cyclic quad are
then the angles subtended by those chords on their supplementary.
circle’s respective circumference are equal.
If a line subtends two angles and those angles are the (opp ↭’s of a cyclic quad)
same then all of the points lie on the circumference (equal circles, equal chords, equal ↭’s)
of a circle. B
B D C
(line subtends = ↭’s) Given ABCD is
x E cyc

A
A 180
1 A
B D 180
It D then points D
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are
A B C and D are F supplementary, then that quadrilateral is cyclic.

concyclic C (opp ↭’s of quad supp.)

Pro tip: Always look out for radii. You can often make
c an isosceles triangle using two radii and then use ↭’s
opp equal sides to prove that two angles are the same. E F Given H 180
B or G F 180
G H EFGH is cyclic
N. von Buddenbrock Page 11 of 17 Maths Revision Notes
 Theorem 6
Proving Cyclic Quadrilaterals Tangents
If one of the sides of a cyclic quad is extended out, it
creates an external angle. This external angle is equal A tangent is a line that only touches the circle at one
1 Prove that the opposite angles are supplementary.
to the interior opposite angle of the cyclic quad. point.
(opp ↭’s of quad supp.)
(ext ↭ of a cyclic quad) 2 Prove that the exterior angle is equal to the interior
opposite angle. Theorem 7
(ext ↭ of quad = int opp ↭)
C 3 Prove that a line subtends equal angles.
When a radius, or a line that goes through the centre of
B Given A B C and D (line subtends = ↭’s)
the circle, meets a tangent at the same point it touches
the circle, the two are perpendicular.
are concyclic and E
(tan ↑ rad)
is an extension of AD
A
2 D B A
D
E
D
If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the
interior opposite angle of the same quadrilateral, that
quad is cyclic. Theorem 8

(ext ↭ of quad = int opp ↭) If two tangents are drawn from the same point, they are
C equal in length from the point of origin to the points
where they touch the circle.
A (tans from same pt)
Given B D B B
C
BCDE is cyclic
3 is the hardest to grasp. Remember; when a line
A AB AC
E subtends equal angles, it means that all of the points
D lie on the circumference of a circle! This is why it can
prove a quad is cyclic, as cyclic quads have all of their
vertices on the circumference. C
N. von Buddenbrock Page 12 of 17 Maths Revision Notes
 Theorem 9
The angle that a chord and a tangent make is equal to
the angle that the chord subtends.

(tan-chord)

E Given ABC is a tangent

x
D
y
i ABD E x
CBE D y
c
B
1
If a chord and a line have a point of contact, they make
an angle. If this angle is equal to the angle that the
chord subtends, the line is a tangent to the circle.

(converse tan-chord)

D Given B C
C
i AB is a tangent
to the circle going
A B through B DandC

N. von Buddenbrock Page 13 of 17 Maths Revision Notes

 Proportionality

(midpt th)
Ratios & Proportions Parallel Line Theorem
A
A ratio is described as the relative size between two If a line that connects two sides of a triangle is drawn
quantities. and it is parallel to the third side, that line divides the

||
|
two sides in the same proportion.
Take a line with 3 points along it, at varying distances, D E
(line ⇑ one side ε)

||
|
A 3cm B 6cm C
A B C
the ratio of the length AB to the length BC is 3:6 or,
more simply, 1:2. E
1
D DE ⇑ BC DE = BC
2
Now take a second line, DEF, also with 3 points along it,
C
but now you have no information on the actual lengths
of each segment of the line. All you are told is that the If a line is parallel to one side of a triangle and bisects
ratio of the length of DE to EF is the exact same as the B another side of the triangle, then that line bisects the
length of AB to BC. Namely, 1:2. third side and is half the length of the third side.
AD AE AB AC
= =
These lines are in proportion. For all we know, line DB EC DB EC (converse midpt th)
DEF could be 50 light years long. What we do know
is that the length of the DE segment will be half the If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same A
length of the EF segment. proportion, the line is parallel to the third side.

|
Ratios can be written in two different ways: (line divides two sides prop)
D E
1 AB:BD

|
AB Midpoint Theorem
2
BD B C
Way number 2 is preferred when doing calculations. If a line joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is
However, always write your final answer in the way then parallel to the third side and also half the length 1
they state in the question. of the third side. AE = EC DE = BC
2

N. von Buddenbrock Page 14 of 17 Maths Revision Notes

 Similarity of Triangles Right-Angled Triangles

Two triangles are similar (|||) if In a right-angled triangle, if a perpendicular line from
the right-angled vertex to the hypotenuse, then all
three subsequent triangles are similar.

(↑ from rt. ↭ vertex)

1 All corresponding angles are equal (AAA)
A
2 All corresponding sides are in proportion (SSS)

When stating that two triangles are similar, the order

matters. For instance, if you say, B D C

εABC ||| εDEF, εABD ||| εCAD ||| εCBA

This then leads to:

you are saying that:
AB2 = BD · BC AD 2 = BD · DC AC 2 = BC · DC

 = D̂, B̂ = Ê, Ĉ = F̂
AB BC AC
= =
DE EF DF

For the proportions of the sides, the ’smiley face’

method helps you keep track of which sides go
together. Try it on the above similarity statement.

When proving that triangles are similar, always be on

the lookout for a common vertex.

As soon as you prove that two angles are the same, the
final angle has to be the same due to int ↭⇓ s ε.

N. von Buddenbrock Page 15 of 17 Maths Revision Notes

 Statistics
Box & Whisker Diagrams Cumulative Frequency Curves/Ogives
Five number summary:

Marks (20;30] (30;40] (40;50] (50;60] (60;70] (70;80] (80;90]

Minimum →⇔ Quartile 1 →⇔ Median →⇔ Quartile 3 →⇔ Maximum
Frequency 6 14 17 20 30 15 7
c.f. 6 20 37 57 87 102 109
n+1 3(n + 1)
Q1 = Q3 = IQR = Q3 → Q1 c.f.
4 4
If the longer part of the box is to the right, then the data is skewed to the
right/positively skewed (Median < Mean). 109.0
If the longer part of the box is to the left, then the data is skewed to the 102.0
left/negatively skewed (Median > Mean).

87.0

Box 3 Positively Skewed

Box 2 No Skewness
57.0

Box 1 Negatively Skewed

37.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Changing all values by the same amount does not change the standard deviation, 20.0
but does change the mean by that amount.
Outliers are data points that do not follow the trend of the other data. A data point
can be considered an outlier if it falls outside of the following ranges: 6.0

x < Q1 → 1.5 ⇒ IQR Q3 + 1.5 ⇒ IQR < x 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 marks

N. von Buddenbrock Page 16 of 17 Maths Revision Notes

• Fill in the table of cumulative frequency taking each previous column’s cumulative No Correlation • If r > 0: Positive Correlation.
frequency and adding the current column’s frequency. • If r < 0: Negative Correlation.
• Plot the values of the intervals on the x-axis, and the cumulative frequency on the • If r = 0: No Correlation.
y-axis.
• Start at the first interval value at 0. Then make sure you reach the cumulative
frequency of that interval by the final value of that interval.
• Start at this value and make sure you reach the final cumulative frequency for
each interval by the time you reach the final value in the interval.

When asked for quartiles, percentiles, medians etc:

• Take the total cumulative frequency and multiply it by the relevant number. (E.g.
the 90th percentile = C.F. ⇒ 90%.)
Interpolation is when you sub in x values to your A + Bx equation that are in the
• Mark this value on the y-axis.
domain you have been given in the question. This is reliable as you can see how the
• Draw a horizontal line from this value until you hit the curve. Draw a vertical data is behaving.
line down and estimate your answer.
Extrapolation is when you sub in x values to your A + Bx equation that are outside
of the domain you have been given in the question. This is unreliable as you cannot
Regression Lines
see how the data is behaving.
MODE →⇔ STAT →⇔ A+Bx
SHIFT →⇔ STAT →⇔ Reg

Strong Positive Correlation Strong Negative Correlation

N. von Buddenbrock Page 17 of 17 Maths Revision Notes