Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
Fundamentals of Database Systems
Chapter One: Introduction to Database Systems
Ayele G.
Department of Computer Science
Wolkite University
2015 sem I
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
Outline
1 Basics of Database
2 File organization verses Database approach
3 Users and actors of Database system
4 Characteristics of the Database Approach
5 Actors on the Scene
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
Basics of Database.
What is data, database, DBMS.
Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an
implicit meaning; raw
Database: a highly organized, interrelated, and structured
set of data about a particular enterprise
A database is a collection of related data
Controlled by a database management system (DBMS)
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
What is data, database, DBMS. . . .
DBMS. . .
Set of programs to access the data
Is a computerized system that enables users to create and
maintain a database
An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use
The database and DBMS software together a database
system
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
What is data, database, DBMS.
Example of Database. . .
Example of Database UNIVERSITY database for
maintaining information concerning students, courses, and
grades in a university environment
A telephone directory that contains names, addresses and
telephone numbers of the people stored in the computer
storage
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
File organization verses Database approach.
File organization verses Database approach.. . .
Database systems are used to manage collections of data
that are:
Highly valuable.
Relatively large
Accessed by multiple users and applications, often at the
same time.
A modern database system is a complex software system
whose task is to manage a large, complex collection of
data
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
File organization verses Database approach.
File organization verses Database approach.... . .
Data management passes through different levels of
development along with the development in technology
and services
These levels could best be described by categorizing into
three levels of development
Even though there is an advantage and a problem
overcome at each new level, all methods of data handling
are in use to some extent.
The major three levels are;
Manual Approach .
Traditional File Based Approach
Database Approach .
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
File organization verses Database approach.
The major three levels are.... . .
Manual Approach
In the manual approach, data storage and retrieval follows
the primitive and traditional way of information handling
where cards and paper are used for the purpose.
The data storage and retrieval will be performed using
human labor
Files for as many event and objects as the organization are
used to store information
Each of the files containing various kinds of information is
labeled and stored in one or more cabinets
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
File organization verses Database approach.
The major three levels are.... . .
Limitations of the manual approachh
Prone to error
Difficult to update, retrieve, and integrate
You have the data but it is difficult to compile the information
Limited to small size information
Cross referencing is difficult
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
File organization verses Database approach.
The major three levels are.... . .
Traditional File Based Approach
A collection of application programs perform services for
the end-usersr
In such systems, every application program that provides
service to end users define and manage its own data
Such systems have number of programs for each of the
different applications in the organization
Since every application defines and manages its own data,
the system is subjected to serious data duplication problem.
File, in traditional file based approach, is a collection of
records which contains logically related data.
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
File organization verses Database approach.
The major three levels are.... . .
Traditional File Based Approach
Figure 1.1: Traditional file system.
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
File organization verses Database approach.
The major three levels are.... . .
Disadvantage of Traditional File Based approach
Data Redundancy
For example, personal file and payroll file, both contain data
on employee name, designation etc. The result is
unnecessary duplicate or redundant data items. This
redundancy requires additional or higher storage space,
costs extra time and money, and requires additional efforts
to keep all files up to date.
Data Inconsistency
Eg. For example, an employee is promoted from Clerk to
Superintendent and the same is immediately updated in the
payroll file may not necessarily be updated in provident
fund file
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
File organization verses Database approach.
The major three levels are.... . .
Disadvantage of Traditional File Based approach...
Lack of Data Integration
Since independent data file exists, users face difficulty in
getting information on any ad hoc query that requires
accessing the data stored in many files.
Limited Data Sharing
There is limited data sharing possibilities with the traditional
file system. Each application has its own private files and
users have little choice to share the data outside their own
applications.
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
File organization verses Database approach.
The major three levels are.... . .
Database Approach
Database is just a computerized record keeping system
Database is a repository for collection of computerized data
files
Database is a shared collection of logically related data
designed to meet the information needs of an organization
Since it is a shared corporate resource, the database is
integrated with minimum amount of or no duplication
Database is a collection of logically related data where
these logically related data comprises entities, attributes,
relationships, and business rules of an organization’s
information
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
File organization verses Database approach.
The major three levels are.... . .
Database Approach
Benefits of the database approach
Data can be shared: two or more users can access and use
same data instead of storing data in redundant manner for
each user
Improved accessibility of data: by using structured query
languages, the users can easily access data without
programming experience
Redundancy can be reduced: isolated data is integrated in
database to decrease the redundant data stored at different
applications.
Quality data can be maintained: the different integrity
constraints in the database approach will maintain the
quality leading to better decision making
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
File organization verses Database approach.
The major three levels are.... . .
Database Approach
Benefits of the database approach...
Inconsistency can be avoided: controlled data redundancy
will avoid inconsistency of the data in the database to some
extent
Speed: data storage and retrieval is fast as it will be using
the modern fast computer systems
Less labor: unlike the other data handling methods, data
maintenance will not demand much resource
Centralized information control: since relevant data in the
organization will be stored at one repository, it can be
controlled and managed at the central level
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
File organization verses Database approach.
Basic Database Terminologies. . .
Enterprise: an organization : A library, a bank, a university,
etc.
Entity: an object that exists like Person, place, thing
An "object" in the real world that we are interested in:
The object student is an entity
Attribute (Field):A character or group of characters
(alphabetic or numeric), that has a specific meaning. Eg.
Name, age, telephone, grade, sex, etc.
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach. . .
Self-describing nature of a database system:
A DBMS catalog stores the description of a particular
database (e.g. data structures, types, and constraints)
The description is called meta-data
This allows the DBMS software to work with different
database applications
Insulation between programs and data, and data
abstraction
Called program-data independence
Allows changing data structures and storage organization
without having to change the DBMS access programs
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach.
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
...
Example of a Simplified Database Catalog
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach...
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach. . .
Data abstraction:
The characteristic that allows program-data independence
and program-operation independence is called data
abstraction.
A DBMS provides users with a conceptual representation of
data that does not include many of the details of how the
data is stored or how the operations are implemented.
Support of multiple views of the data:
Each user may see a different view of the database, which
describes only the data of interest to that user
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach...
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach. . .
Sharing of data and multi-user transaction processing:
Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve from and to
update the database.
Concurrency control within the DBMS guarantees that each
transaction is correctly executed or aborted
Recovery subsystem ensures each completed transaction
has its effect permanently recorded in the database
OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a major part of
database applications; allows hundreds of concurrent
transactions to execute per second
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
Database Users
Database Users
People whose jobs involve the day-to-day use of a large
database; we call them the actors on the scene.
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
Database Users- Actors on the Scene.
Actors on the Scene
Database administrators
Responsible for authorizing access to the database, for
coordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring software and
hardware resources, controlling its use and monitoring
efficiency of operations
Database designers
Responsible to define the content, the structure, the
constraints, and functions or transactions against the
database.
They must communicate with the end-users and understand
their needs
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
Database Users- Actors on the Scene.
End-users: They use the data for queries, reports and
some of them update the database content. End-users can
be categorized into:
Casual: access database occasionally when needed
Naïve or parametric: they make up a large section of the
end-user population.
They use previously well-defined functions in the form of
“canned transactions” against the database
Users of mobile apps mostly fall in this category
Bank-tellers or reservation clerks are parametric users who
do this activity for an entire shift of operations.
Social media users post and read information from websites
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
Database Users- Actors on the Scene.
End-users. . .
Sophisticated:
These include business analysts, scientists, engineers,
others thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities.
Many use tools in the form of software packages that work
closely with the stored database
Stand-alone:
Maintain personal databases by using ready-made program
packages that provide easy-to-use menu-based or
graphics-based interfaces
An example is the user of a financial software package that
stores a variety of personal financial data
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
Database Users- Actors on the Scene.
System analysts and application developers
System Analysts: They understand the user requirements
of naïve and sophisticated users and design applications
including canned transactions to meet those requirements.
Application Programmers: Implement the specifications
developed by analysts and test and debug them before
deployment.
Business Analysts: There is an increasing need for such
people who can analyze vast amounts of business data and
real-time data ("Big Data”) for better decision making
related to planning, advertising, marketing etc.
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
Summary
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approache
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science
Basics of Database
File organization verses Database approach
Users and actors of Database system
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the Scene
Summary
Question
Chapter One: Introduction To Database Systems Wolkite University, Department of Computer Science