1.
Statistics Mark
s Frequency
Definition: Statistics is a branch of mathematics
which deals with the collection, classification, 60 4
presentation, analysis and interpretation of 70 1
numerical data.
Inclusive Type Frequency Distribution
Example: The average marks obtained by students
of a class in Mathematics. In an inclusive type of distribution:
2. Data Both the lower and upper limits of a class
belong to that class.
Definition: The numerical information collected in No gap between the upper limit of one class
any investigation is called data. and the lower limit of the next class.
Example: The marks scored by 10 students in a Format:
test: 45, 50, 52, 60, 63, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85. 10−19 ,20−29 , 30−39 , …
3. Primary Data Example:
Definition: The data collected by the investigator Class
himself/herself with a definite objective is called Interval Frequency
primary data. 10–19 5
Example: A teacher collects the height of students 20–29 8
of his/her class. 30–39 12
4. Secondary Data Here, 19 belongs to 10–19, and 20 belongs to 20–
29.
Definition: The data which are not originally
collected but obtained from a published source are Exclusive Type Frequency Distribution
called secondary data.
In an exclusive type of distribution:
Example: Population data obtained from Census
Reports. The upper limit of a class does not belong
to that class, it belongs to the next class.
5. Frequency There is no overlap; classes are continuous.
Definition: The number of times a particular Format:
observation occurs is called its frequency.
10−20 ,20−30 , 30−40 , …
Example: If the marks 60 occur 4 times in a list of
marks of students, then the frequency of 60 is 4. Example:
Class
6. Frequency Distribution Interval Frequency
Definition: The arrangement of data showing the 10–20 4
frequency of each observation is called a 20–30 9
frequency distribution.
30–40 15
Example:
👉 Here, 20 belongs to the 20–30 class, not to the
Mark 10–20 class.
s Frequency
40 2
50 3
Summary Table No gap → So True class limits = 10 to 19
Inclusive Type Exclusive Type Example 2 — With Gaps (Common in
Upper limit included in Upper limit excluded textbooks):
the class from the class Class
Used for discrete data Used for continuous data Interval Frequency
Example: 10–19, 20– Example: 10–20, 20–30 10 - 14 6
29
15 - 19 9
Here you see: First class ends at 14, next starts at 15
7. Class Interval (Class) → small gap of 0.5 unit.
Definition: Each group into which the raw data is Now we apply correction factor = 0.5 to adjust:
divided is called a class or class interval.
Lower boundary of 10 - 14 = 10 - 0.5 = 9.5
Example: If marks are grouped as 0–10, 10–20, Upper boundary of 10 - 14 = 14 + 0.5 =
20–30, etc., then each such group is a class interval. 14.5
8. Class Limits So True class limits = 9.5 to 14.5
Definition: Each class interval has two limits: Similarly:
The lower limit and Lower boundary of 15 - 19 = 15 - 0.5 =
The upper limit. 14.5
Upper boundary of 15 - 19 = 19 + 0.5 =
Example: In the class interval 20–30:
19.5
Lower limit = 20 True class limits = 14.5 to 19.5
Upper limit = 30
Summary:
True Class Limits (also called Class Boundaries) Term Meaning
are the real limits of a class interval — they show
the exact breakpoints between classes, removing Class limits The stated limits (e.g. 10-14)
any gaps between intervals. Class The adjusted "true" limits (e.g.
boundaries 9.5-14.5)
Why do we need them?
True class Same as class boundaries
Sometimes the way we write class intervals leaves limits
gaps (especially with whole numbers). Class
boundaries "close the gaps" so that the data is 9. Class Size (or Class Width)
continuous. Definition: The difference between the upper limit
and lower limit of a class interval is called the class
size or class width.
Example 1 — Simple Case (No gap):
Example: For the class interval 20–30: Class size =
Class 30 − 20 = 10.
Interval Frequency
10. Class Mark
10 - 19 5
20 - 29 8 Definition: The mid-point of a class is called its
class mark. It is calculated as:
Here:
Upper limit +Lower limit
Class Mark =
Lower class limit = 10 2
Upper class limit = 19
Example: For class 20–30: Class mark = 15. Modal Class
30+20
=25. Definition: In a grouped frequency distribution, the
2
class interval with the highest frequency is called
11. Cumulative Frequency the modal class.
Definition: The sum of the frequencies of all Example:
classes up to a given class is called cumulative
frequency. Class Interval Frequency
0–10 2
Example:
10–20 5
Class 20–30 8 ← (Modal Class)
Interval Frequency Cumulative Frequency
30–40 4
0–10 3 3
10–20 5 8 Modal class = 20–30.
20–30 7 15
30–40 4 19
12. Mean (Arithmetic Mean)
Definition: The mean of a set of observations is
equal to the sum of the observations divided by the
number of observations.
Sum of all observations
Mean =
Number of observations
Example: Marks obtained by 5 students: 50, 60, 70,
80, 90.
50+60+70+80+ 90 350
Mean = = =70.
5 5
13. Median
Definition: The value of the middlemost
observation when the data are arranged in ascending
or descending order is called the median.
Example: Data: 40, 50, 60, 70, 80. Median = 60
(middle value).
14. Mode
Definition: The value of the observation which
occurs most frequently in the data is called the
mode.
Example: Data: 40, 50, 50, 60, 70. Mode = 50.