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QUESTION BANK TEST#4 CHAPTER#5
SOLIDS AND FLUID DYNAMICS
5.2, 5.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS, STRESS, STRAIN & YOUNG’S
MODULUS
1. Stress is defined as
A. Change in length per unit length B. Force per unit area
C. Force per unit volume D. Energy per unit area
2. The SI unit of stress is
A. Joule B. Pascal C. Newton D. Watt
3. Strain is a
A. Vector quantity B. Scalar quantity C. Tensor quantity D. Dimensionless vector
4. Which of the following has no unit?
A. Stress B. Young’s modulus C. Strain D. Pressure
5. Young’s modulus is the ratio of
A. Stress to strain B. Strain to stress C. Force to area D. Extension to original length
6. The unit of Young’s modulus is the same as that of
A. Strain B. Stress C. Force D. Energy
7. A material with high Young’s modulus is
A. Highly elastic B. Easily deformable C. Very rigid D. Brittle
8. Which factor does NOT affect Young’s modulus?
A. Nature of material B. Temperature C. Length of wire D. Impurities
9. When the stress is doubled (within elastic limit), the strain becomes
A. Half B. Double C. Four times D. Zero
10. Hooke’s law is valid up to
A. Breaking point B. Yield point C. Elastic limit D. Plastic limit
11. The property of a material by which it returns to its original shape after removal of
deforming force is called
A. Plasticity B. Elasticity C. Ductility D. Malleability
12. Which material shows the maximum elasticity?
A. Rubber B. Glass C. Steel D. Clay
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13. The area under the stress–strain curve up to the elastic limit represents
A. Toughness B. Elastic energy stored per unit volume
C. Breaking strength D. Plastic deformation
14. The ability of a material to be drawn into thin wires is known as
A. Malleability B. Brittleness C. Elasticity D. Ductility
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. What is stress? Write its types.
Answer: Stress is the internal restoring force per unit area developed in a body when an external
force is applied. It is given by Stress = Force/Area.
The SI unit of stress is pascal (Pa). The dimensional formula is [ML-1T-2].
The main types of stress are tensile stress (produce 1-D change), compressional Stress
(produce 3-D change), and shear stress (produce 3-D change).
2. Define strain and explain its nature.
Answer: Strain is the ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension of a body OR it is
the measurement of deformation. It is expressed as Strain = ∆L/L.
Strain has no unit because it is a ratio of two similar quantities.
It is a dimensionless scalar quantity.
3. What is Young’s modulus? Write its formula and unit.
Young’s modulus is the ratio of longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain within the elastic
limit.
It measures the stiffness or rigidity of a material.
The formula is Y = Stress / Strain.
Its SI unit is pascal (Pa).
4. State Hooke’s law in terms of stress and strain.
strain”. Mathematically, “Stress ∝ Strain”.
Answer: Hooke’s law states that “within the elastic limit, stress is directly proportional to
The constant of proportionality is called Young’s modulus.
This law is valid only up to the elastic limit.
5. How does Young’s modulus help in comparing materials?
Answer:
Young’s modulus indicates the elastic behavior of a material.
A material with a high Young’s modulus is more rigid and less deformable.
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A material with a low Young’s modulus deforms easily under stress.
Thus, it helps in selecting materials for engineering purposes.
5.5 ELASTIC DEFORMATION, PLASTIC DEFORMATION & ELASTIC LIMIT
1. The ratio of applied stress to tensile strain is called:
(A) Young’s modulus (B) Bulk modulus (C) Shear modulus (D) All of these
2. Substances which break just after the elastic limit is reached are called:
(A) Brittle (B) Ductile (C) Soft (D) Hard
3. Stress-strain curve forms up to fracture stress for_____ material:
(A) Brittle (B) Ductile (C) plastic (D) carbon steel
4. By applying the load, if length become double then young’s modulus:
(A) equal to strain (B) greater than stress
(C) greater than strain (D) equal to stress
5. The strain energy stored in a material in form of ________:
(A) K.E (B) P.E (C) Gravitational P.E (D) Both A & B
8. The point on a stress-strain curve where a material begins to deform plastically is
called:
A) Elastic limit B) Yield point C) Breaking point D) Proportional limit
9. In elastic region of the stress-strain curve, stress is directly proportional to strain
according to:
A) Hooke’s law B) Newton’s law C) Pascal’s law D) Archimedes’ principle
10. The slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain curve represents:
A) Ultimate tensile strength B) Young’s modulus
C) Elastic limit D) Breaking stress
11. The highest point on a stress-strain curve represents:
A) Elastic limit B) Yield strength
C) Ultimate tensile strength D) Breaking strength
12. If a material can withstand large plastic deformation before fracture, it is said to
be:
A) Brittle B) Ductile C) Hard D) Elastic
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SHORT QUESTIONS
Q1. What is a stress–strain curve for a ductile material?
Ans: It is a graph showing the relation between stress and
strain when a ductile material like mild steel is stretched. The
curve shows elastic, plastic, and fracture regions. It helps in
understanding the mechanical behavior of the material.
Q2. What is the proportional limit on the stress–strain curve?
Ans: The proportional limit is the point up to which “stress is directly proportional to strain”. In
this region, Hooke’s law is obeyed. The stress–strain graph is a straight line in this region.
Q3. What is meant by the elastic limit?
Ans: The elastic limit is the maximum stress a material can withstand without permanent
deformation. If the load is removed before this limit, the material regains its original shape.
Beyond this, plastic deformation starts.
Q4. Explain the yield point of a ductile material.
Ans: The yield point is the stage where the material begins to deform permanently. Large strain
occurs with little increase in stress. After this point, the material does not return to its original
length. It is the point of maximum stress in elastic limit.
Q5. What is ultimate tensile strength (UTS)?
Ans: Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum stress reached on the stress–strain curve. It is the
highest point on the curve. Beyond UTS, necking begins and the material weakens.
Q6. What is the fracture point in a ductile material?
Ans: The fracture point is where the material finally breaks. Before fracture, the material
undergoes large plastic deformation. Ductile materials show noticeable necking before breaking.
5.6 STRAIN ENERGY IN DEFORMED MATERIAL
1. Strain energy stored in a body is equal to
A) Work done by the body B) Heat produced during deformation
C) Work done in deforming the body D) Product of stress and strain
2. The strain energy per unit volume of a stretched wire within elastic limit is
A) ½ × stress × strain B) stress × strain C) strain / stress D) stress² × strain
3. SI unit of strain energy is
A) Joule B) Newton C) Pascal D) Watt
4. For a wire obeying Hooke’s law, strain energy stored is proportional to
A) Extension B) Stress C) Square of extension D) Square of strain
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5. Which factor does NOT affect the strain energy stored in a stretched wire?
A) Length of the wire B) Cross-sectional area
C) Young’s modulus D) Color of the wire
6. Strain energy stored in a body is released when the body
A) Is heated B) Is plastically deformed
C) Returns to original shape D) Breaks suddenly
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. What is strain energy?
Answer: Strain energy is the energy stored in a body when it is
deformed due to an applied force. The deformation may be due to
stretching, compressing, bending, or twisting. This energy is
released when the force causing deformation is removed.
Strained Energy stored = E = ½ k×∆x2
2. What is the strain energy per unit volume called?
Answer: Strain energy per unit volume is called strain energy density.
It represents the energy stored in a unit volume of a deformed body.
It is useful for comparing energy storage capacity of different materials.
U = ½ Stress × Strain
3. On which factors does strain energy depend?
Answer: Strain energy depends on the applied force, the amount of
deformation, and the volume of the material. It also depends on the
nature of the material, especially Young’s modulus. Greater
elasticity results in higher stored strain energy.
4. Give one daily life example of strain energy.
Answer: When a bow is stretched to shoot an arrow, strain energy is
stored in the bow.
On release, this energy converts into kinetic energy of the arrow.
Similarly, compressed springs store strain energy.
5.7 ARCHEMEDES PRINCIPLE & FLOATATION
1. Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force on a body immersed in a fluid is
equal to:
A) Weight of the body B) Volume of the body
C) Weight of the fluid displaced D) Density of the fluid
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2. A body floats in a liquid when:
A) Its weight is greater than upthrust B) Upthrust is zero
C) Weight of the body equals the upthrust D) Density of the liquid is zero
3. The apparent loss in weight of a body when immersed in water is equal to:
A) Weight of the body B) Weight of displaced water
C) Density of water D) Volume of the body
4. A ship made of iron floats on water because:
A) Iron is lighter than water B) Shape of ship increases displaced water
C) Water has high density D) Ship has no weight
5. If the density of a body is greater than the density of the liquid, the body will:
A) Float partially B) Float fully C) Remain suspended D) Sink
6. Which of the following quantities determines whether an object will float or sink in a
fluid?
A) Mass of the object B) Volume of the object
C) Density of the object and fluid D) Shape of the object
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. State Archimedes’ Principle.
Answer: Archimedes’ Principle states that when a body is wholly
or partially immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upward buoyant
force. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the
body. The buoyant force acts vertically upward.
2. Why does a stone sink in water while a ship floats?
Answer: A stone has a density greater than water, so its weight is more than the buoyant force
acting on it. A ship, though heavy, has a large volume and lower average density. It displaces
enough water to balance its weight and thus floats over the water.
3. Define buoyant force.
Answer: Buoyant force is the upward force exerted by a fluid on an object immersed in it. It
arises due to the pressure difference between the bottom and top of the object. This force helps
objects float or appear lighter in fluids.
4. What is the condition for a body to float in a fluid?
Answer: A body floats when its weight is equal to the buoyant force acting on it. This happens
when the weight of the displaced fluid equals the weight of the body. If the buoyant force is
greater, the body floats higher.
Upward buoyant force = weight of the water displaced
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5. Why does an object weigh less in water than in air?
Answer: When an object is immersed in water, it experiences an upward buoyant force. This
force opposes the weight of the object. As a result, the apparent weight of the object in water is
less than its actual weight in air.
6. What is meant by flotation?
Flotation is the phenomenon of an object floating on the surface of a
fluid. It occurs when the buoyant force balances the weight of the
object. The object displaces a volume of fluid equal in weight to
itself.
5.8 FLUID FLOW
5.9 EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
(1) When each particle of fluid moves along a smooth path called
(A) turbulent flow (B) stream line flow (C) unsteady flow (D) irregular flow
(2) As the streamlines are forced together then the speed of fluid will
(A) zero (B) increases (C) decreases (D) remain same
(3) The velocity of liquid below which its flow is laminar is called
(A) critical velocity (B) escape velocity (C) relative velocity (D) terminal velocity
(4) The pressure in the wider pipe as compared to narrow pipe where stream lines are
closer together is
(A) much greater then narrow pipe (B) much smaller than narrow pipe
(C) same as in narrow pipe (D) zero
(5) The unsteady flow of the fluid is called
(A) steady flow (B) streamline flow (C) turbulent flow (D) none of these
(6) Equation of continuity is given by the relation
(A) A1P2=A2P1 (B) A2V2=A1V1 (C) A2D2=A1D1 (D) P1V1=P2V2
(7) The rate of flow of liquid through pipes
(A) A/V (B) V/A (C) AV (D) 1/AV
(8) The product of cross-sectional area of pipe and fluid speed is equal to
(A) pressure (B) volume (C) flow rate (D) work done
(9) If area of cross-section is decreased, then fluid pressure
(A) increases (B) decreases
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(C) remain same (D) may increase or decrease
(10) SI unit of flow rate is
(A) ms-2 (B) m3s-2 (C) m3s-1 (D) m2s-1
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q1. What is streamline (laminar) flow? Give one example.
Answer: Streamline or laminar flow is a type of fluid motion in which fluid particles move in
smooth, parallel paths without mixing. The velocity of the fluid at any point remains constant
with time.
Example: Slow flow of water through a narrow pipe or honey flowing smoothly.
Q2. What is turbulent flow? Mention one characteristic.
Answer: Turbulent flow is a type of fluid motion in which particles move in irregular, zigzag
paths. There is continuous mixing of different layers of the fluid. It usually occurs at high
velocities, such as fast-flowing river water.
Q3. State two differences between streamline flow and turbulent flow.
Answer: In streamline flow, fluid layers slide smoothly without mixing, while in turbulent flow
layers mix randomly. Streamline flow occurs at low velocity, whereas turbulent flow occurs at
high velocity. Streamline flow is orderly, while turbulent flow is chaotic.
Q4. The area of a pipe is 4 cm2 and the speed of water is 2 m s-1. Find the speed of water
where the area becomes 2 cm2.
Answer: As we know that A1 v1 = A2 v2
v2 = A1 v1/A2
v2 = 4 ×2/2
v2 = 4 ms-1
Q5. Water flows through a pipe with speed 3 m s-1 and area 5 cm2. Calculate the discharge.
Answer: As the Discharge of fluid id given by (Q = A v)
Q = 5×10-4 × 3
Q = 1.5 × 10-3 m3/s
5.11 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
1. The carburetor of a motorcar works on the basic of
(A) Stokes law (B) Bernoulli’s principle
(C) equation of continuity (D) Pascal’s law
2. The law of conservation of energy is basis on the
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(A) equation of continuity (B) Bernoulli’s equation
(C) Einstein’s equation (D) Van-derwall’s equation
3. Which of the following cannot be explained on the basis of Bernoulli’s effect?
(A) lift of an aero plane (B) lift of rocket
(C) swing of cricket ball (D) working of carburetor
4. Bernoulli’s equation is not applicable for
(A) swing of a cricket ball (B) lift of an aero plane
(C) working of spray (D) all of these
5. According to Bernoulli’s principle, velocity and pressure are
(A) inversely proportional (B) directly proportional
(C) have no relation (D) none of these
6. Bernoulli’s equation is expressed as
(A) constant (B) constant
(C) constant (D) constant
7. The fundamental equation in fluid dynamics that relates pressure to fluid speed and
height is
(A) Bernoulli’s equation (B) equation of continuity
(C) Stokes law (D) mass energy equation
8. In Bernoulli’s equation the unit of expression ‘ρgh’ is same as that of
(A) force (B) work (C) density (D) pressure
9. The speed of efflux according to Torricelli’s theorem is given by
(A) √gh (B) √2gh (C) √4/3gh (D) √1/2gh
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. State Bernoulli’s equation for fluid flow.
Answer: Bernoulli’s equation states that for an ideal fluid in steady flow, the sum of pressure
energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy per unit volume remains constant.
Mathematically, (P + 1/2ρ v2 + ρ g h = constant). It applies along a streamline.
2. What are the main assumptions of Bernoulli’s theorem?
Answer: Following are the assumption to apply Bernoulli’s theorem
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The fluid must be incompressible and non-viscous.
The flow should be steady and along a single streamline.
No energy is added or lost due to pumps or friction.
3. Explain why pressure decreases when fluid speed increases.
Answer: According to Bernoulli’s equation, total energy remains constant. If velocity increases,
kinetic energy increases. To compensate, pressure energy decreases, causing lower pressure.
4. How does Bernoulli’s principle explain lift in an airplane
wing?
Answer: Air moves faster over the curved upper surface of the
wing.
Higher speed results in lower pressure above the wing.
Higher pressure below pushes the wing upward, producing lift.
5. What is Venturimeter and its use?
Answer: A Venturimeter is a device used to measure fluid flow rate in a pipe. It works on
Bernoulli’s principle by comparing pressures at wide and narrow sections. The pressure
difference helps calculate the velocity of flow. The venturi relation is given by
6. How does Bernoulli’s theorem apply to atomizers or spray
guns?
Answer: Fast-moving air over the liquid creates low pressure.
Higher pressure in the liquid container pushes liquid upward. The
liquid breaks into fine droplets forming a spray.
7. Why do roofs sometimes lift off during strong winds?
Answer: Strong winds move rapidly over the roof. This reduces air pressure above the roof.
Higher pressure inside the house pushes the roof upward.
8. Mention one limitation of Bernoulli’s equation.
Answer: Bernoulli’s equation does not apply to viscous fluids. It ignores energy losses due to
friction and turbulence. Hence, it is not accurate for real fluid flow at high speeds.
5.13 VISCOUS DRAG & STOKE’S LAW
5.14 TERMINAL VELOCITY
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1. The viscous force acting on a small spherical body moving through a fluid at low speed is
given by
a) F = ½ ρ v2 A b) F = 6π ŋ r v ) c) F = mg d) F = ŋ A v2
2. Stokes’ law is valid when the motion of a body in a fluid is
a) Turbulent b) At very high speed
c) Streamlined At very high speed d) Laminar At very low speed
3. Terminal velocity of a body falling through a viscous fluid is reached when
a) Acceleration becomes zero b) Velocity becomes zero
c) Gravitational force is zero d) Buoyant force is zero
4. Which of the following factors does not affect the terminal velocity of a small sphere
falling through a viscous fluid?
a) Radius of the sphere b) Density of the fluid
c) Viscosity of the fluid d) Shape of the container
5. If the viscosity of the fluid is increased, the terminal velocity of a falling sphere will
a) Increase b) Decrease c) Remain unchanged d) Become zero instantly
6. The unit of coefficient of viscosity in SI system is
a) N m-2 b) kg m-1s-1 c) m2 s-1 d) kg m s-2
7. For a small sphere falling through a viscous fluid, the terminal velocity is proportional to
a) Radius ( r ) b) Square of radius ( r2 )
c) Inverse of radius (1/r) d) Cube of radius (r3)
8. At terminal velocity, which forces are balanced?
a) Weight and buoyant force b) Viscous force and buoyant force
c) Weight equals sum of viscous and buoyant forces d) All forces become zero
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q1. What is terminal velocity?
Answer: Terminal velocity is the constant speed a falling object reaches when
the downward force of gravity is balanced by the upward drag (air resistance).
At this point, acceleration becomes zero.
Q2. Why does an object reach terminal velocity?
Answer: As an object falls, air resistance increases with speed. When this resistive force equals
the gravitational force, net force is zero, and the object stops accelerating, reaching terminal
velocity. Fnet = Fg – Fd : Fnet =0, a=0
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Q3. What factors affect terminal velocity?
Answer: Terminal velocity depends on the object’s mass, surface area, shape, and the density of
the fluid (air). Heavier and compact objects generally have higher terminal velocities.
vt = vt = =
Q4. Give an example of terminal velocity in daily life.
Answer: A skydiver jumping with arms spread initially accelerates but eventually reaches a
constant speed due to air resistance. This constant speed is their terminal velocity.
Q5. Does terminal velocity depend on gravity?
Answer: Yes, gravity affects terminal velocity. On planets with stronger gravity, the terminal
velocity of an object is higher, as a greater downward force must be balanced by air resistance.
Multiple Choice Questions of Book’s Exercise
5.1 The region of stress-strain curve which obeys Hooke’s law is:
a) proportional limit b) elastic limit
c) plastic region d) yield limit
5.2 Which of the following is more elastic?
a) Rubber b) Wood
c) Sponge d) Steel
5.4 The effect of decrease of pressure with the increase in speed of a fluid in horizontal pipe
is:
a) Torricelli’s effect b) Bernoulli’s effect
c) Venture’s effect d) Doppler’s effect
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5.5 The pressure will be low when speed of a fluid is:
a) zero b) high
c) low d) constant
5.6 As per law of fluid friction for steady streamline flow, the friction:
a) varies proportionally to velocity of fluid
b) varies inversely proportional to pressure
c) does not depend on pressure d) first increases then decreases
5.7 If a stone is submerged in water and it weighs less in water than in air, this
phenomenon is due to:
a) the reduction of mass in water b) increase of density in water
c) buoyant force acting upwards d) the gravitational force acting upward
5.8 The principle of floatation is a direct application of:
a) Pascal’s law b) Bernoulli’s principle
c) Archimedes’ principal d) Newton’s third law
5.10 The lift force experienced by an aeroplane wings is primarily due to:
a) viscosity of air b) density of air
c) pressure difference above and below the wing d) gravitational force
5.11 In medical field, a venture mask, used to deliver a known oxygen concentration to
patients operates is based on:
a) Newton’s third law b) Archimedes’ principle
c) Pascal’s law d) Bernoulli’s principle
SHORT QUESTIONS OF TEXT BOOK
Q# 5.1: What is meant by (i) cohesive forces (ii) viscosity?
Ans: Cohesive Forces:
Definition: “Intermolecular forces between identical molecules is called cohesive forces (e.g.,
water droplets clinging together)”
Example: Surface tension in water due to hydrogen bonding which is a cohesive force.
Viscosity:
Definition: A fluid’s resistance to flow due to internal friction between layers.
Example: Honey flows slower than water due to higher viscosity.
Q# 5.2: Differentiate between streamline and turbulent flow of a fluid.
Ans: The difference between streamline and turbulent flow is given by
Streamline Flow Turbulent Flow
It is a smooth, orderly motion of fluid It is a chaotic, irregular flow with eddies.
Velocity in streamline flow at any point remains Its velocity changes unpredictably.
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constant.
It occurs at low velocities (e.g., slow flowing It occurs at high velocities (e.g., waterfall).
rivers).
Q# 5.3: How does pressure changes with depth in fluids?
Ans: Pressure changes with Depth: The pressure increase with depth in a fluid linearly.
P = F/A
Reason: The weight of fluid above a certain point exerts a force, and this force pre unit area is
called pressure. As more we go deeper as more fluid above apply greater force per unit area.
Moreover, denser liquid exerts more pressure at same depth as compared to less dense liquid.P
hρ
Q# 5.4: How is variation in pressure related to speed of a fluid?
Ans: Pressure-Speed Relationship (Bernoulli’s Principle)
1. Bernoulli’s Equation: P + 1/2 ρv2 + ρgh = constant.
2. For dynamic pressure, In a horizontal flow (h ≈ constant), if speed (v) increases, pressure (P)
decreases, and vice [Link]
Example: Airplane wings are designed so that, fast air on top of wings reduces pressure, helps to
lift up an aero plan.
Q#5.7: Why does an object float or sink according to Archimedes Principle?
Ans: Archimedes’ Principle (Float/Sink)
According to Archimedes principle “When an object totally or partially immersed in a liquid, an
up thrust force act on it equal to the weight of the liquid it displaces”
Give Conditions are
Float: If Fb ≥ object’s weight (e.g., ships)
Sink: If Fb < object’s weight (e.g., anchors).
Q# 5.8: How does Archimedes reportedly discover the principle that bears his name?
Ans: Archimedes’ Discovery He noticed water displacement while entering a bath which is
equal to the volume of his body submerged into water.
Eureka Moment: Realized the volume of displaced water = volume of submerged object.
Q# 5.9: Why standing near fast moving train is dangerous? Explain briefly
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Ans: Danger Near Fast-Moving Trains
Yes, a person standing near a fast moving train may fall towards it because near a fast moving
train the speed of air is high, pressure between the person and train decreases as compared to
the pressure behind the man. Above statement is according to the result of Bernoulli’s
equation (Pressure is inversely proportional to the speed of fluid). So due to this pressure
difference man may fall towards the train.
Q# 5.11: Differentiate between stress, strain and Young’s modulus. Write down their SI
units?
STRESS STRAIN YOUNG’S MODULUS
The restoring force applied The measurement of It is the ratio of stress over
per unit area is called stress. deformation in a body is strain
called strain.
Force per unit area (σ = F/A). It may be “deformation per Young’s modulus = Y = σ/ϵ
unit length” (ϵ = ΔL/L).
Y = FL /A∆L
It has unit as “pascal (Pa)” It has no units as ratio of It has same units as stress
same quantity. “Pa”
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Constructed Response Questions
Q# 5.1: The ratio stress/strain remains constant for small deformation. What will be effect
on this ratio when the deformation made is very large?
Ans: Stress/Strain Ratio at Large Deformation
For small deformations , materials exhibit linear elastic behavior, where stress is directly
proportional to strain. This relationship is described by Hooke's Law, and the constant of
proportionality is the elastic modulus.
For Large Deformation: when the deformation becomes
very large and exceeds the elastic limit, the stress-strain
ratio decreases.
Q# 5.3: According to Bernoulli's theorem, the pressure of a fluid should remain uniform in
a pipe of uniform radius. But actually, it goes on decreasing. Why is it so?
Ans: Bernoulli’s vs. Real Pressure Drop
Fluid in Bernoulli’s Theorem Real Fluid
1. Bernoulli's theorem is based on the 1. The observed pressure drop in real-world
behavior of an ideal fluid, which is scenarios is due to factors like friction and
incompressible and non-viscous. viscosity, which are not accounted for in the
idealized theorem
2. While Bernoulli's theorem suggests
uniform pressure in a pipe of uniform radius 2. The real fluid also have some viscosity.
Q#5.4 Why wings of an aero-plane are rounded outward while flattened inward?
Ans: Aero-plane Wing Design
Bernoulli's Principle: This principle, fundamental to aerodynamics, explains that as the speed
of a fluid like air increases, its pressure decreases.
Airfoil Shape:
The curved upper surface of the wing forces air to travel a longer distance, causing it to speed
up. Simultaneously, the flatter underside of the wing causes slower airflow.
Pressure Difference:
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The faster-moving air over the top of the wing creates lower pressure compared to the slower-
moving air underneath, resulting in a pressure differential.