Lecture 1

Introduction
 Engineering Drawing
The words of the language, as they are written or spoken, do
not seem to play any role in my mechanism of thought.

The psychical entities which seem to serve as elements in

thought are certain signs and more or less clear images which
can be “voluntarily” reproduced and combined.

This combinatory play seems to be the essential feature in

productive thought before there is any connection with logical
construction in words or other kinds of signs which are
communicated to others
Albert Einstein
Contents

Contents
 Contents
Engineering drawing

Engineering drawing
Subject / Course Map

Subject / Course Map

Drawing standards

Drawing standards
Drawing sheet

Scale
Drawing sheet
Lettering
Scale
Class Activity
Lettering
Class Activity
 Difference between Normal and Engineering drawing

Feature Normal (Artistic) Drawing Engineering Drawing

To provide a "Source of Truth"

Purpose To express a feeling, vision, or
for manufacturing an object.
aesthetic beauty.
Often uses Perspective (objects Uses Orthographic
Method get smaller as they move Projection (fixed, parallel
away). views).

No strict rules; based on the Must follow strict standards

Standards
artist's style. like JIS Z 8311or TISI.

Rarely includes measurements; Includes precise Units (mm or

Dimensions
focuses on visual proportions. inches) and tolerances.
Designed so any
Unique; hard for others to
Reproducibility manufacturer can build the
replicate perfectly.
exact same part.
Engineering Drawing

Contents

Contents
Effectiveness of Graphic Language

1. Try to write a description of

this object.(Size, Shape and
Feature)
2. Test your written description
by having someone attempt
to make a sketch or visualize
from your description.

You can easily understand that …

The word language is inadequate for describing the size,

shape and features completely as well as concisely.
 Graphic Language in
Engineering Drawing

“Engineering drawing” or “blueprint” uses lines to

represent the features of an object.

Features of an object are surface (include plane) and

edge.
Surface

Edge
Ways to Create an Engineering Drawing
A drawing can be created in 3 ways
1. Freehand sketch
2. Using typical drawing instruments
3. Using a computer
Create a Drawing : Freehand Sketch

The lines are drawn using only pencil and erasers on

a blank or grid paper.

Example

Pictorial sketch Orthographic sketch

Create a Drawing : Using instruments
Drawing instruments are used to draw straight lines,
circles, and curves concisely and accurately.

Drawings are usually made to scale.

Example
Create a Drawing : Using a computer

Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) software is used.

Example

2D drawing Solid modeling

 Elements of a Drawing

A clear and precise engineering drawing requires both

graphics and word languages.

Graphics language
Describe a shape (mainly).

Word language

Describe an exact size,

location and specification
of the object.
 Text on drawings : Example

Dimensions
&
Notes

General
notes Title
block
 Required Knowledge and Skills

Engineering Drawing

Graphics language Word language

Geometric Projection
construction method
Dimensions &
Using line Notes
types Visualization

Visualization:
The ability to mentally picture things that do not exists.
Contents

Contents
Subject / Course Map

Contents

Contents
 Subject / Course Map
Reading
Week/ CLO PLO Assessment Learning Learning
Topic Assignment/
Lecture No. No. Method Domain Level
Homework
Introduction to Civil Engineering
Drawing, Drawing Instruments
Line types,
1 Dimensions, projection theory, 1 1 2
Dimensioning

Lecture 1

Drawing Types concerning

technicality and project execution
2 Lettering. 1 1 2

Scales & Lettering and Assignments,

3 Geometric construction. Lecture 2 1 1 Quizzes, 2
In-class Problem Cognitive
Conceptual Drawing and Solving
Projection Systems, Isometric and Activities
4 Orthographic Comparison. Lecture 3 1 1 2

5 Orthographic Projections. Lecture 4 1 1 3

Isometric Sketching vs Oblique
6 Sketching Lecture 5 1 1 3

Architectural Plan and Elevation

7 of a Simple Building 1 1 3
Complete
Drawing of a
Section of a Simple Building Building
8 1 1 3

9 Mid Semester Exam

 Subject / Course Map
Reading
Week/ CLO PLO Assessment Learning Learning
Topic Assignment/
Lecture No. No. Method Domain Level
Homework
Structural Details of a
10-12 Simple Building 2 1 4

Structural Details of a
13 Water Tank of a House 2 1 4
Assignments,
Architectural and
Quizzes,
Structural Details of a
Complete In-class
14 boundary Wall and 2 1 4
Drawing of a Problem Cognitive
Staircase
Building Solving
Activities
Plumbing, Sanitation and
Roof Drainage Plan of a
15 2 1 4
Simple Building

Electrical and HVAC

16 Drawings of a Simple 2 1 4
Building
17-18 End Semester Exam
Subject / Course Map
Subject / Course Map
Subject / Course Map
 Drawing Standards

Drawing sheet Scale Lettering Line types Contents

Drawing sheet Scale Lettering Line types Contents

 Definition and Necessity

Drawing standards are set of rules that govern how

technical drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
 Standard Code

Country Code Full name

Thailand มอก./TIS สำนักงำนมำตรฐำนผลิตภัณฑ์อตุ สำหกรรม

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute
Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard

Australia AS Australian Standard

Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

ISO International Standards Organization

 Examples of JIS Standard

Code number Contents

JIS Z 8311 Sizes and Format of Drawings

JIS Z 8314 Scales
JIS Z 8312 Line Conventions
JIS Z 8313 Lettering
JIS Z 8315 Projection methods
JIS Z 8316 Presentation of Views and Sections
JIS Z 8317 Dimensioning
Drawing Standard
Drawing Sheet and Tools

Drawing standard Contents

Drawing standard Contents

 Drawing Sheet : Standard size

Trimmed paper of A4

a size A0 ~ A4.
A3

Standard sheet size A2

(JIS)
A4 210 x 297 A1
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
A0
(Dimensions in millimeters)
Drawing Sheet : Standard Size
Drawing Sheet : Layout
 Drawing Sheet : Orientation & Margin
1. Type X (A0~A4)

c
Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 10 25
Border d Drawing space
c
A3 10 25
lines
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
c

Title block
2. Type Y (A4 only)

d
Drawing
space Title block
Drawing Sheet : Orientation & Margin
 Drawing Sheet :
Parts List & Revision History

Parts List

Revision History
Drawing Standard
Drawing Scale

Drawing standard Contents

Drawing standard Contents

 Drawing Scales : Definition
Length, size
Scale is a ratio between the linear dimension of a drawn
representation of an object and the actual object.

1 : 2

Drawing Actual
 Drawing Scales : Designation
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follows

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 (X > 1) for an enlargement scales
SCALE 1:X (X > 1) for a reduction scales

Drawing scale is commonly found in a title block.

 Drawing Scales :
Standard Scales & Notes

Standard reducing scales are

1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100

Standard enlarging scales are

2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing

represent the “true size” of an object and they
are independent of the drawing scale used.
Tools
 Tools
Following tools will be used;
1. Drawing board
2. T- Square
3. Set- Squares --- 45° and 30° - 60°
4. Drawing instrucment box, containing
1. Large size compass with interchangable pencil legs
2. Lengthening bar
3. Small bow compass
4. Large-size divider
5. Small bow divider
6. Pens
5. Scales
6. Protector
7. French curves
 Tools
Following tools will be used; (Contd.)
8. Drawing papers
9. Drawing pencils
10. Sand paper block
11. Eraser
12. Drawings pins, clips adhesive tape
13. Duster
 T- Square
➢ A T-square is made up of hard-quality wood, Steel or
Glass/Plastic. It consists of two parts - the stock and the
blade - joined together at right angles to each other by
means of screws and pins.
➢ The stock is placed adjoining the working edge of the board
and is made to slide on it as and when required.
➢ The blade lies on the surface of the board. Its distant edge
which is generally bevelled, is used as the working edge and
hence, it should be perfectly straight.
 T- Square
Use:
➢ The T-square is used for drawing horizontal lines.
➢ The stock of the T-square is held firmly with the left hand against
the working edge of the board, and the line is drawn from left to
right as shown in fig.
➢ The pencil should be held slightly inclined in the direction of the
line (i.e. to the right) while the pencil point should be as close as
possible to the working edge of the blade. Horizontal parallel fines
are drawn by sliding the stock to the desired positions.
 T- Square
Use:
➢ The working edge of the T-square is also used as a base for set-
squares to draw vertical, inclined or mutually parallel lines.

➢ A pencil must be rotated while drawing lines for uniform wear of

lead. The T-square should never be used on edge other than the
working edge of the board. It should always be kept on the board
even when not in use.
 T- Square
Testing T Square Straightness:
1. Mark any two points A and B (fig below) spaced wide apart and
through them, carefully draw a line with the working edge.
2. Turn the T-square upside down as shown by dashed lines and with
the same edge, draw another line passing through the same two
points.
3. If the edge is defective the lines will not coincide. The error should
be rectified by planning or sand-papering the defective edge.
 Set- Square
➢ The set-squares are made of wood, tin, celluloid or plastic.
➢ Those made of transparent celluloid or plastic are commonly
used as they retain their shape and accuracy for a longer
time.
➢ Two forms of set-squares are in general use.
➢ A set-square is triangular in shape with one of the angle as
right angle.
➢ The 30°-60° set-square of 250 mm length and 45° set-
square of 200 mm length are convenient sizes for use.
 Set- Square
Use:
➢ Set-squares are used for drawing all straight lines except the
horizontal lines which are usually drawn with the T-square.
Vertical lines can be drawn with the T-square and the set-
square.
➢ In combination with the T-square, lines at 30° or 60° angle with
vertical or horizontal lines can be drawn with 30°- 60° set-
square and 45° angle with 45° set-square. The two set-
squares used simultaneously along with the T-square will
produce lines making angles of 15°, 75°, 105° etc.
➢ Parallel straight lines in any position, not very far apart, as
well as lines perpendicular to any line from any given point
within or outside it, can also be drawn with the two set-
squares.
 Set- Square

Drawing 45°, 30° and 60° Drawing 90°

 Set- Square

Fig shows methods of drawing lines (with the aid of the

T-square and set-squares) making angles with the
horizontal line in multiples of 15° up-to 180°
 Drawing Instrument Box
The drawing instrument box contains the following as
mentioned earlier:
1. Large-size compass with interchangeable pencil and
pen legs
2. Lengthening bar
3. Small bow compass
4. Large-size divider
5. Small bow divider
6. Small bow ink-pen
7. Inking pen
 Drawing Instrument Box
Large-size compass

Small bow divider

Small bow compass
 Scales, Protector and French
Curve
Scales

French Curve

Protector
 Pencils
➢ The accuracy and appearance of a drawing depend very
largely on the quality of the pencils used. With cheap and
low-quality pencils.
➢ It is very difficult to draw lines of uniform shade and thickness.
The grade of a pencil lead is usually shown by figures and
letters marked at one of its ends.
➢ Letters HB denote the medium grade.
➢ The increase in hardness is shown by the value of the figure
put in front of the letter H, viz. 2H, 3H, 4H etc. Similarly, the
grade becomes softer according to the figure placed in front
of the letter B, viz. 28, 38, 48 etc.
 Pencils
➢ Beginning of a drawing
should be made with H or 2H
pencil using it very lightly, so
that the lines are faint, and
unnecessary or extra lines can
be easily erased. The final fair
work may be done with
harder pencils, e.g. 3H and
upwards. Lines of uniform
thickness and darkness can be
more easily drawn with hard-
grade pencils.
 Pencils
➢ HB Pencils ➢ H Pencils
➢ Boundary lines ➢ Extension lines
➢ Outlines ➢ Dimension lines
➢ Final answer lines ➢ Arrow head
➢ Free hand Writing ➢ Construction lines
➢ Title ➢ Free hand
➢ Dimensioning figures sketching
(Values) ➢ Projection lines
➢ Reference lines
➢ 2H and 3H Pencils ➢ Leader
➢ Centre lines
➢ Dotted lines
➢ Section lines
Drawing Standard
Lettering

Drawing standard Contents

Drawing standard Contents

 Recommendation
Text’s style on the drawing Examples
must have the following
GOOD
2 properties
Not uniform in style.
Legibility
- Shape Not uniform in
height.
- Space between letters
- Space between words Not uniformly
vertical.
Uniformity Not uniform in
- Size (or text height) thickness of stroke.

- line thickness Inappropriate space

between letters
 Style (this course)

Gothic vertical style.

Begin the sentence, phrase or word with a capital

letter.
Text height 2~3 mm.

Space between lines of text is about of text height.

Height of the lower-case letter is about 2/3 of that of a

capital letter.
 Basic Strokes

Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples
“I” letter “A” letter “B” letter
4 5
1 1 2 1

3 6

3
2
 Suggested Strokes
Upper-case Letters Sequence
& Numerals

Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters
&
Numerals
Lower-case Letters
 Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
I L T F

E H

Skip section

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
V X W

Skip section

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
N M K Z

Y A 4

Skip section

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
O Q C G

Skip section

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
D U P B

R J

Skip section

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
1 2 5 7

Skip section

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
S 0 3 6

8 9

Skip section

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Lower-case
l i

Skip section

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Lower-case
v w x k

Skip section

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Lower-case
j y f t

Skip section

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Lower-case
c o a b

d p q e

Skip section

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Lower-case
g n m h

u s

Skip section

Skip section
 Word Composition

Space between the letters depends on the adjacent

contour of the letters.

Non-uniform
spacing DRAWING
Uniform
spacing D R A W IN G
Word having non-uniform spacing is more readable.
 Word Composition

DRAWING
Contour

Contour can be denoted as “straight”, “slant” and “curve”.

Adjacent contour can be

1. straight-straight : II, IN, IM, IP etc.

Spacing
2. straight-curve (or curve-straight) : IO, QR etc.
3. straight-slant (or slant-straight) : IV, IW etc.
4. curve-curve : OO, OG etc.
5. slant-curve (or curve-slant) : VO, WG, VC etc.
6. slant-slant : VW, VX etc.
 Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALLODIMENSIONSOAREOIN
MILLIMETERSOUNLESS
OTHERWISEOSPECIFIED.
 Class Activity
Lettering & Freehand Sketching

Drawing standard Contents

Drawing standard Contents

 Lettering
Examples
“A” letter “B” letter
4 5
1 2 1

3 6

3
2
 Lettering

Activity - 01
Lettering
 Lettering

Activity - 02