Problem Set 4A

4.1.1 Examine the EGL and HGL in Figure 4.1 below and explain the following:

(a) the location of the EGL at the reservoirs

Figure 4.1 Schematic diagram

4.1.2 Sketch the energy grade line and the hydraulic grade line for the pipeline shown in Figure P4.1.2.
Consider all the losses and changes of velocity and pressure heads.
Problem Set 4B

4.1.3 Often the iterative procedure encountered in pipeline problems can be shortened by assuming
complete turbulence in the pipe (if e/D is available) to obtain a preliminary friction factor. This
assumption is often valid for water-transmission systems because the viscosity of water is low and the
velocities or pipe diameters are large, which yields high N R values. Refer to the Moody diagram and
determine three to five combinations of velocities and pipe size that would produce complete
turbulence at a friction factor of 0.02 (assuming water at 20°C).

4.1.4 At a water-treatment plant, water (68°F) flows from tank A to tank Bat a rate of 0.50 cfs through a
3-in.-diameter, cast-iron pipe that is 200 feet long. Determine the difference in water surface elevation
between tanks (open to the atmosphere) if there are two bends R/D = 2.0) and an open gate valve in the
pipeline.

4.1.5 Determine the elevation of the upstream reservoir (A) in Figure P4.1.2 above if the downstream
reservoir (B) is at 750 m, the flow rate (water at 20°C) through the smooth concrete pipeline is 1.2
m3/sec, given the following:
pipes 1 and 2: 100 m long D= 0.5 valves 1-2: fully open globe valve
expansion 2-3: D = 0.5 m to 1.0 m pipe 3: 100m long (D = 1.0 m)
confusor 4: loss coefficient of 0.3 pipe 5: 50 m long (D = 0. 5)
bend 5-6: loss coefficient of 0.2 pipe 6: 50 m long (D = 0. 5 m).

4.1.6 The 40-m-long, 4-in. commercial steel pipe connects reservoirs A and B as shown in Figure P4.1.6.
Determine the pressure at each point designated in the figure if the water flow is 10.1 liters/sec (20°C),
reservoir A is subjected to a pressure of 9. 79 kPa (gauge), all valves are fully open, and bend losses are
negligible.
4.1.7 The 40-m-long, 4-in. diameter commercial steel pipe connects reservoirs A and B as shown in
Figure P4.1.6. The water temperature is 20°C. Determine the flow rate (liters/sec) if reservoir A is
subjected to atmospheric pressure, the globe valve is fully open, and bend losses are negligible.

4.1.8 A 40-cm straight pipe is used to carry water at 20°C from reservoir A to reservoir B that is 0. 7 km
away. There is an elevation difference of 9 m between the two reservoirs. Determine the discharge for
the following pipes: (a) commercial steel, (b) cast iron, and (c) smooth concrete. Determine the
percentage of flow gain if the highest capacity pipe material were chosen instead of the lowest capacity
pipe material.

4.1.9. Water flows from tank A to tank B (Figure P4.1.9 below), and the water surface elevation
difference is 60 feet Assume the water temperature is 68°F, the pipe material is cast iron, and the
pipeline has the following characteristics: Determine the system's existing flow rate. What percentage
increase in the flow would occur if the 8-in. line were completely replaced with the 16-in. pipeline?

4.1.10 An irrigation company must transport 5. 71 X 10-2 m3 /sec of water (20°C) from reservoir A to
reservoir B. The reservoirs are separated by 600 m and have an elevation difference of 18.4 m.
Determine the diameter pipe required if the relative roughness of the pipe material is 0.36 mm.
Include minor losses.) Would the solution differ if minor losses were neglected?

4.1.11 A 75-ft pipe must transport 2.5 cfs of 40°F water from a head tank to a cooling pond. The
elevation difference between the lank and the pond is 4.6 ft Determine the size of the commercial steel
pipe that is required. Assume square-edged connections and include a globe valve in the pipe.
4.1.13 The 40-m-long, 4-in. commercial steel pipe connects reservoirs A and B as shown in Figure P4.l.6
above. If the pressure at point 1 is 39.3 kPa, what is the pressure P0 at reservoir A? Assume the water is
at 20°C, all valves are fully open, and bend losses are negligible.

4.1.14 All the pipes in Figure below have a Hazen-Williams coefficient of 100. Pipe AB is 3,000 ft long
and has a diameter of 2.0 ft Pipe BC1 is 2,800 ft long with a diameter of 1.0 ft, and pipe BC2 has a length
of 3,000 ft and a diameter of 1.5 ft. Pipe CD is 2,500 ft long with a diameter of 2.0 ft. The water surface
elevation of reservoir A is 230 ft (HA) and reservoir D (HD) is 100 ft. Determine the discharge in each
pipe and the total head at points B and C if QB= 0 and Qc = 0. Ignore minor losses.

4.1.15 Redo Problem 1.14 with Qs = 8 cfs and Qc = 8 cfs. Should the discharge in AB in this case be
greater or less than that of Problem 4.1.14? Why?

4.2.1 Water flows in a new 20-cm, 300-m-long ductile iron pipe between reservoirs A and B, as shown in
Figure below. The pipe is elevated at S, which is 150 m downstream from reservoir A. The water surface
in reservoir B is 25 m below the water surface in reservoir A. If ∆S = 7.0 m, is cavitation a concern?

figure P 4.2.1
4.2.2 A 12-cm-diameter tube is 13 m long and used to siphon water from the reservoir and discharge it
into the air, as shown in figure below. If the total head loss between the intake end of the tube and the
summit, S, is 0. 8 m and between S and the discharge end is L 8 m, what is the discharge of the tube and
pressure at S?
4.2.3 A siphon spillway, as shown in Figure below, is 200 feet long with a diameter of 2 feet. It is used n
to discharge water (68°F) to a downstream reservoir 50ft below the upstream reservoir. The friction
losses in the rough concrete siphon are evenly distributed throughout its length. If the summit of the
siphon is 5 feet above the upper reservoir and 60 feet from the siphon entrance, is cavitation a concern?

4.2.4 Do all siphons encounter negative pressure at their summits? Prove your answer by using an
energy grade line and a hydraulic grade line sketch on Figure above.

4.2.6 A pump draws water from reservoir A and lifts it to a higher reservoir B, as shown in Figure P4.2.6
below. The head loss from A to the pump is four times the velocity head in the 10-cm pipe, and the head
loss from the pump to B is seven times the velocity head. The pressure head at the inlet of the pump is -
6 m · Compute the pressure head the pump must deliver. Why is the pressure head the pump must
deliver greater than 50 m, the elevation difference between the two reservoirs? Draw the EG and HGL.

4.2.7 A pump is installed in a 100-m pipeline to lift water at 20°C from reservoir A to reservoir B (see
Figure above from question 2.6). The pipe is rough concrete with a diameter of 80 cm. The design
discharge is 5m3/sec. Determine the maximum distance from reservoir A that the pump could be
installed without encountering cavitation problems.

4.2.10 Water flows in a new 20-cm-diameter, 300-m-long ductile iron pipe between reservoirs A and B,
as shown in Figure P4.2.1 above. The pipe is elevated at S, which is 150 m downstream from reservoir A.
The water surface difference between the two reservoirs is 25 m. Determine the head that should be
provided by a booster pump 100 m downstream from reservoir A if ∆S is 3 m and the pressure head at
that location must be kept above - 6m because of cavitation concern. Sketch the EGL and the HGL for
the pipeline.

4.2.11 A 40-m-long, 4-in. commercial steel pipe connects reservoirs A and B as shown in Figure P4.1.6
above. Determine the minimum pressure (Po) that would keep the pressure head throughout the pipe
positive. Assume all valves are fully open, bend losses are negligible, and the water temperature is 20oC.
Problem Set 4C

4.3.2 Determine flow rates in the branching pipe system depicted in Figure P4.3.2 given the following
water surface (WS) elevation and pipe data (length and diameters):

All of the pipes are lined ductile iron (DIP, e = 0.0004 ft), and the temperature of the water is
𝑃𝑃
68 oF. Also determine the elevation of the junction (J) if the pressure head at the junction measured
γ
by a piezometer (height from P to J) is 30 ft.

4.3.3 Determine flow rates in the branching pipe system depicted in Figure P4.3.2 given the following
WS elevation and pipe data (lengths and diameters):

All of the pipes are commercial steel (e = 0.045 mm), and the temperature of the water is 20°C. Also
𝑃𝑃
determine the pressure head at the junction (height from J to P) if the elevation of the junction (J) is
γ
2,070 m. Finally, is it possible to estimate the velocity head at the junction? (Recall that the velocity
head at the junction was assumed to be negligible in branching pipe problems.)
4.3.4 Solve Problem 4.3.2 using the Hazen-Williams equation (CHW = 140 for lined ductile iron) for
friction losses instead of the Darcy-Welsbach equation.

4.3.5 Solve Problem 4.3.2 using the Manning Equation (n = 0.011 for ductile iron) for friction losses
instead of the Darcy-Weisbach Equation.

4.3.6 Two rooftop cisterns supply a tropical bungalow with shower water. The water surface in the
uppermost cistern (A) is 8 m above the ground, and the water surface in the lower cistern (B) is 7 m
above the ground. They both supply water to a junction below the lowest cistern's water surface
through 3-cm PVC tubes (n = 0.011). Each tube is 2m long. A 5-m supply line leads from the junction
through another 3-cm PVC rube to a pan shower (essentially a reservoir with holes in the bottom) 3 m
above the ground. What flow rate can be expected in the shower in liters per second?

4.3.7 A long pipeline carries 75.0 cfs of water from reservoir 1 to junction J, where it is distributed into
pipes 2 and 3 and transported to reservoirs 2 and 3. Determine the surface elevation of reservoir 3,
given the following WS elevation and pipe data (lengths and diameters):

4.3.8 The highest reservoir in a three-reservoir branching system is inaccessible after a mountain storm.
Determine the surface elevation of this reservoir given the following water surface elevation and pipe
data (lengths and diameters):
4.4.2 The total discharge from A to B in Figure P4.4.2 below is 50.0 cfs (ft3/sec). Pipe 1 is 4,000 ft long
with a diameter of 1.5 ft, and pipe 2 is 3,000 ft with a diameter of 2ft Using (a) Hardy-Cross principles
and (b) the method of equivalent pipes, determine the head loss between A and B and the flow rate in
each pipe if concrete (average) pipes are used at 68°E Ignore minor losses.

4.4.3 The total discharge from A to B in Figure P4.4.2 is 12 liters/sec. Pipe 1 is 25 m long with a diameter
of 4 cm, and pipe 2 is 30m long with a diameter of 5 cm. Using (a) Hardy-cross principles and (b) the
method of equivalent pipes, determine the head loss between A and B and the flow rate in each pipe if
cast-iron pipes are used at 10oC Assume that bend losses are important and that Kb = 0.2.

4.4.4 An industrial water-distribution system is schematically shown in Figure P4.4.4. The demands on
the system are currently at junctions D (0.550 m3/sec) and E (0.450 m3/sec). Water enters the system at
junction A from a storage tank (surface elevation of 355.0 m). All pipes are concrete (e = 0.36 mm) with
lengths and diameters provided in the table below. In addition, the elevations of the junctions are given
in the table below. Calculate the flow rate in each pipe (initial estimated flows are provided). Also
determine if the pressure at each junction exceeds 185 kPa, a requirement of the water company by the
industrial park.