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Normal Distribution

The document explains the normal distribution, a key probability distribution in statistics that describes many natural phenomena. It outlines characteristics of the normal distribution, how to calculate probabilities using z-scores, and the process of converting from binomial to normal distribution under certain conditions. Additionally, it discusses continuity correction when dealing with discrete data.

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lgshamza2008
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3 views26 pages

Normal Distribution

The document explains the normal distribution, a key probability distribution in statistics that describes many natural phenomena. It outlines characteristics of the normal distribution, how to calculate probabilities using z-scores, and the process of converting from binomial to normal distribution under certain conditions. Additionally, it discusses continuity correction when dealing with discrete data.

Uploaded by

lgshamza2008
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Normal Distribution

Objective: Find Probability. It is the most important probability distribution in statistics


because it accurately describes the distribution of values for many natural phenomena.

Many real-world variables naturally follow this pattern—think of human heights, blood
pressure, IQ scores, or even measurement errors in physics.
Note: The random variable in normal distribution is continuous (unlike binomial and geometric
where its discrete) meaning it can take any value on the number line since its used for
measurements like height, iq, mass etc etc.
How is normal distribution used to calculate probability?

The graph of normal distribution always follows a specific pattern

1. Bell Curved
2. Centred at the mean
3. Mean=Median=Mode
4. 68% of the data is within 1 standard deviation of the mean
5. 95% of the data is within 2 standard deviations of the mean
6. 99.7 of the data is within 3 standard deviations of the mean
Standard Random Variable

Since every normal distribution follows a specific pattern, it can be converted to standard
normal distribution, where the area under the curve is equal to the probability. (z table)

Q. How to find the z scrore?

1. Find the z score of the value of X using the following formula

2. Find the p value of the z score using the z table

3. The p value represents the probability up to that value of z

4. To the find the probability of greater than we subtract the answer (Step 3) from 1
Q. How to read the z table continued?
Example Questions
Standard Rules of Normal Distribution
Look for within ‘a’ standard deviations of the mean

Look for more than ‘a’ standard


deviations of the mean
Past Paper Questions
Read the table backwards concept (Inverse Normal Distribution)
Note: When reading the table backwards, if the value is less than 0.5, we simply subtract it
from 1 & multiply the other side of the equals to sign by -1
Normal Approximation (Conversion from Binomial —> Normal)

Q. Why?
A. Number of trials is really large and will be impractical to use binomial.

Q. When should you convert from Binomial to Normal?

A. When the following conditions are met:


1. Number of trials (n) is greater than 30
2. np must be greater than 5
3. nq must also be greater than 5

Q. How to convert from Binomial to Normal?


Q. What is continuity correction?

A. Binomial distribution is only possible when data is discrete (days, cars etc etc), where
as normal is possible when data is continuous (length, mass, time etc etc). Therefore,
after converting from binomial to normal, we apply continuity correction before finding
probability.

Continuity correction Rules


Past Paper Questions
Past Paper Questions

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