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JavaScript Closures Interview Notes

This document explains JavaScript closures, detailing their definition, functionality, and common use cases such as creating private variables. It includes examples demonstrating how closures retain access to outer function variables even after execution, as well as common interview questions and answers related to closures. Key concepts highlighted include inner and outer functions, lexical scope, and persistent state.

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Siddhi Bhardwaj
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3 views5 pages

JavaScript Closures Interview Notes

This document explains JavaScript closures, detailing their definition, functionality, and common use cases such as creating private variables. It includes examples demonstrating how closures retain access to outer function variables even after execution, as well as common interview questions and answers related to closures. Key concepts highlighted include inner and outer functions, lexical scope, and persistent state.

Uploaded by

Siddhi Bhardwaj
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

JavaScript Closures - Detailed Notes & Interview

Questions
1. Why Closures Exist
Normally, variables inside a function disappear when the function finishes.
Closures are the exception to this rule.

2. Basic Example
function A() {
let x = 10;

function B() {
[Link](x);
}

return B;
}

const result = A();


result();

Output:
10

Reason:
B remembers x even after A has finished.

3. Closure Definition
Interview Definition:

A closure is created when an inner function remembers and can access variables from its outer
function even after the outer function has finished execution.

4. The Counter Example


function counter() {

let count = 0;

return function() {

count++;

[Link](count);
};
}

const c = counter();

c();
c();
c();

Output:

1
2
3

Reason:

counter() executes only once.


The returned function keeps access to the same count variable.

5. Common Beginner Mistake


Many people think count becomes 0 again every time c() is called.

Wrong.

Only counter() creates count.


c() only uses the already existing count.

6. Why counter() Does Not Run Again


const c = counter();

This line runs counter() once.

The returned function is stored in c.

Later:

c();

calls only the returned function.

It does NOT call counter() again.

7. Proof Example
function counter() {

[Link]("counter ran");

let count = 0;

return function() {
count++;
[Link](count);
};
}

const c = counter();
c();
c();
c();

Output:

counter ran
1
2
3

Notice:
'counter ran' appears only once.

8. Multiple Counters
function counter() {

let count = 0;

return function() {
count++;
[Link](count);
};
}

const c1 = counter();
const c2 = counter();

c1();
c1();

c2();

c1();

Output:

1
2
1
3

Reason:

c1 and c2 each get their own separate count variable.

9. Private Variables
Closures are often used to create private variables.

Example:
function bank() {

let balance = 1000;

return function() {
[Link](balance);
};
}

The outside world cannot directly access balance.

10. Interview Keywords


Remember these keywords:

Inner Function
Outer Function
Lexical Scope
Remembering Variables
Private Variables
Data Hiding
Persistent State

Most Asked Interview Questions


Q1)
What is a closure?

Answer:
An inner function remembering variables of its outer function after the outer function has finished.

Q2)
Why do we use closures?

Answer:
Data hiding, private variables, persistent state, callbacks and event handlers.

Q3)
Predict Output

function A() {
let x = 10;

return function() {
[Link](x);
};
}

const f = A();

f();

Output:
10

Q4)
Predict Output

function counter() {

let count = 0;

return function() {
count++;
[Link](count);
};
}

const c = counter();

c();
c();
c();

Output:
1
2
3

Q5)
Predict Output

const c1 = counter();
const c2 = counter();

c1();
c1();
c2();
c1();

Output:
1
2
1
3

Q6)
Why doesn't count reset to 0?

Answer:
Because counter() ran only once. The returned function keeps a reference to the same count variable t

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