IC Engine Performance
Module 3
• Actual cycle analysis of IC engines- Deviation of actual engine
cycle from ideal cycle, variable specific heats.
• Rotary engines, Stratified charge engine, Super charging and turbo
charging.
• Performance Testing of I C Engines- Indicator diagram, mean
effective pressure. Torque, Engine power- BHP, IHP. Engine
efficiency, mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, thermal
efficiency, relative efficiency and Specific fuel consumption.
• Morse test, Heat balance test and Retardation test.
Internal combustion engine
• Internal combustion engine generally operates within a useful range
of speed
• The ratio of power developed to the maximum usable power at the
same speed is called the load.
• The specific fuel consumption varies with load and speed.
• The performance of the engine depends on inter-relationship between
power developed, speed and the specific fuel consumption at each
operating condition within the useful range of speed and load.
• The performance of an engine is judged from the point of view of the
two main factors, viz., engine power and engine efficiency
Energy flow through the engine
• Energy flow through the engine is expressed in three distinct
terms.
• They are indicated power, ip, friction power fp and brake
power, bp.
• Indicated power can be computed from the measurement of
forces in the cylinder
• Brake power may be computed from the measurement of
forces at the crankshaft of the engine.
• The friction power can be estimated by motoring the engine
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
• Mean effective pressure is the average pressure inside the cylinders
of an internal combustion engine based on the calculated or
measured power output.
• It increases as manifold pressure increases.
• For any particular engine, operating at a given speed and power
output, there will be a specific indicated mean effective pressure,
imep, and a corresponding brake mean effective pressure, bmep.
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (Pim)
• IP can be computed from the measurement of
forces developed in the cylinder, viz., the
pressure of the expanding gases.
• As the piston moves back and forth between
TDC and BDC the process lines on the p-V
diagram indicate the successive states of the
working fluid through the cycle.
• The indicated net work of the cycle is
represented by the area 1234 enclosed by the
process lines for that cycle.
• If the area f rectangle ABCD equals area 1234,
the vertical distance between the horizontal lines
AB and CD represents the indicated mean
effective pressure.
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (Pim)
• The value of the area measured, when
divided by the piston displacement,
results in the mean ordinate, or indicated
mean effective pressure, Pim
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (Pbm)
• Indicated mean effective pressure may be considered to consist of fmep and bmep.
two hypothetical pressures.
• Friction mean effective pressure is that portion of imep which is required to
overcome friction losses, and brake mean effective pressure is the portion which
produces the useful power delivered by the engine.
• Since bmep is that portion of imep which goes into the development of useful
power, it has the same relationship to bp as imep has to ip,
Mean Piston Speed
• where L is the stroke and N is the rotational speed of the
crankshaft in rpm.
• It may be noted that 3, is often a more appropriate parameter than
crank rotational speed for correlating engine behaviour as a
function of speed.
• Resistance to gas flow into the engine or stresses due to the
inertia of the moving parts limit the maximum value of 3, to
within 8 to 15 m/s.
• Automobile engines operate at the higher end and large marine
diesel engines at the lower end of this range of piston speeds.
Indicated Power (ip)
• Power is defined as the rate of doing work.
• Indicated power is based on indicated net work and is thus a
measure of the forces developed within the cylinder
• In working with actual engines, it is often desirable to
compute ip from a given Pim and given engine operating
conditions
Brake power
• It is the rotational force available at the delivery point, at the engine
crankshaft (termed the drive-shaft), and the power corresponding to it.
• This power is interchangeably referred to as brake power, shaft power
or delivered power.
• The bp is usually measured by attaching a power absorption device to
the drive-shaft of the engine.
• Such a device sets up measurable forces counter- acting the forces
delivered by the engine, and the determined value of these measured
forces is indicative of the forces being delivered
Torque
• The product of the moment arm R and the measured force, F is termed
the torque of the engine and is usually expressed in Nm.
• Torque, T is the uniform or fluctuating turning moment, or twist,
exerted by a tangential force acting at a distance from the axis of
rotation.
• For an engine operating at a given speed and delivering a given power,
the torque must be a fixed amount, or the product of F and R must be
constant
Torque and Power
• Torque is the capacity of an engine to do work while power is
the rate at which an engine does work.
• A simple example is that a tractor pulling a given load.
• The torque developed will determine whether or not the
tractor is capable of pulling the load, and the power delivered
will determine how fast the load can be pulled.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ƞth)
• Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in the indicated
power, "P" to the input fuel energy in appropriate units
The over-square ratio = d/L