PAPER 1
Q.1 (a) What do you understand by 30˚and 60˚connections with reference to
directional overcurrent relays? 03
(b) The percentage differential protection of transformer will not operate
during an external fault. Explain and justify with suitable figure. 04
(c) What do you understand by a zone of protection? Discuss various zones of
protection for a modern power system. Why do adjacent protective zones
overlap?
Q.2 (a) Explain the effect of arc resistance on Mho relay reach and the
directional property of Mho relay with the help of characteristics on R-X plane.
03
(b) Explain capacitor voltage transformer. Give its comparison with
electromagnetic potential transformer. 04
(c)
OR
(c) With suitable waveforms, explain the problem of magnetizing inrush in case
of transformer protection. Explain how percentage differential relay with
harmonic restraint can overcome this problem. 03
Q.3 (a) Briefly explain how the CT ratio should be selected for differential
protection of bus-bars. 03
(b) Explain in brief selectivity, sensitivity, discrimination and speed with
reference to protective relaying. 04
(c) In relation to circuit breaker arc interruption, explain the recovery rate
theory and energy balance theory. Also with suitable figure, define restriking
voltage and recovery voltage. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) What is back up protection and why is it needed? 03
(b) Explain the necessity of directional overcurrent relay in case of single end
fed parallel feeders and radial feeders. 04
(c) Compare Air Blast Circuit Breaker, SF6 Circuit Breaker and Vacuum Circuit
Breaker with reference to their arc quenching mechanisms. 07
Q.4 (a) Briefly explain various types of faults and abnormal conditions in
transformers. 03
(b) Explain unbalanced loading and loss of excitation as abnormal operating
condition of alternator. 04
(c) With the help of characteristics on R-X plane, compare between
performance of impedance and reactance relays in terms of: i) Directional
property exhibited by the relay; ii) Performance of relay during power swing.
07
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain the difference between CT cores used for measurement and
those used for protective relays. 03
(b) Explain three stepped distance protection of transmission line. 04
(c) Explain the basic schematic of differential protection of bus-bars. Explain its
behavior with reference to internal and external faults, clearly explaining the
reason of maloperation during external faults. 07
Q.5 (a) Explain the concept of adaptive relaying. 03
(b) Explain how to select short-time current rating of CT and accuracy class of
CT while selecting a CT. 04
(c) With schematic, explain protection from phase fault and ground fault inside
the three phase induction motor. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain the problem associated with unbalanced supply voltage and the
method of protection from the same for a three phase induction motor. 03
(b) Draw and explain the general block diagram of numerical relay. 04
(c) List out various stator and rotor faults of generator. Explain transverse
differential protection of generator winding. 07
PAPER 2
Q.1 (a) Explain zones of protection. Why adjacent zones are overlapped? 03
(b) Explain DMT and IDMT over current relay. 04
(c) What are the essential quantities of protective relaying? Explain them. 07
Q.2 (a) Explain the concept of current discrimination for the protection of
radial feeder. 03
(b) Draw a neat diagram of induction cup type relay and explain its operating
principle.
04
(c) Draw the block diagram of a numerical relay and explain it. 07
OR
(c) Explain TSM and PSM for IDMT relays. How relay operating time is
calculated? 07
Q.3 (a) State advantages and applications of distance relay. 03
(b) Explain MHO relay with its characteristics on R-X diagram 04
(c) Explain 3 stepped distance protection. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Explain in brief, how the percentage differential relay overcomes the
drawbacks of simple differential relay. 03
(b) Explain harmonic restrain relay. 04
(c) Explain the construction and working of Buchholz relay. 07
Q.4 (a) Explain possible busbar faults. 03
(b) Explain with a neat diagram frame leakage protection of busbar. 04
(c) Draw and explain Merz Price Protection of alternator stator winding. State
its advantages. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain induction motor protection against single phasing. 03
(b) Explain the negative sequence protection of alternator. 04
(c) List and explain the various abnormal operation conditions against which
a large induction motor has to be protected. 07
Q.5 (a) Discuss the difference between the measuring CT and protecting CT. 03
(b) Define the following terms related to current transformer. i) Rated primary
current ii) Rated short time primary current iii) Burden iv) Ratio error 04
(c) Explain recovery rate theory and energy balance theory of arc interruption
in AC circuit breaker. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain advantages and disadvantages of air blast circuit breaker? 03
(b) Write a technical note on: Dielectric properties of SF6 gas. 04
(c) Write a technical note on: Minimum Oil Circuit breaker 07
PAPER 3
Q.1 (a) What are the merits and demerits of electromagnetic relays? 03
(b) Explain the basic connection of trip circuit. 04
(c) Explain the construction and working of an over current relay. 07
Q.2 (a) Define the following terms as applied to protective relays. 1. Burden
2. Pick-up 3. Reach 03
(b) With neat sketch explain the ring main protection. 04
(c) Explain directional over current relay with neat sketch. Also draw the
phasor diagram for 30,̊ 60˚and 90˚connection. 07
OR
(c) Explain the method of protecting bus-bars using differential relaying. 07
Q.3 (a) With neat sketch explain harmonic restraint. 03
(b) Discuss Bus Zone protection 04
(c) Draw the single line diagram of differential bus protection and explain
the same. What are its limitations? How can they be overcome? 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Explain “under reach” and “over reach” of distance relay. 03
(b) Discuss the reverse power protection of generator. 04
(c) Discuss the Buchholz relay for the power transformer protection. 07
Q.4 (a) Discuss the following term relation to circuit breaking:
(1) Rated Breaking Capacity (2) Rated Making Capacity (3) Rated Operating
Duty 03
(b) Discuss the energy balance theory of arc interruption in circuit breaker. 04
(c) Explain with neat sketch the power line carries current protection. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain following motor protection for the fault against (1) Overload (2)
Unbalanced supply voltages including single phasing. 03
(b) Write note on microprocessor based over current relay. 04
(c) Explain stator inter-turn fault protection for generator. 07
Q.5 (a) Explain Auto reclosing. 03
(b) Explain resistance switching. 04
(c) With the help of a block diagram, explain the organization of a numerical
relay. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) What is the different between measuring CT and protection CT? 03
(b) Explain: (1) Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Breaking Capacity of C.B.
(2) Rated Making capacity of circuit breaker. 04
(c) Discuss the operating principle of SF6 circuit breaker and what its
advantages is over other circuit breaker. 07
PAPER 4
Q.1 (a) Define the reach, underreach, and overreach of the relay. 03
(b) Discuss various zones of protection for a modern power system and explain
the primary and backup protection. 04
(c) Explain with a neat diagram the working of the numerical relay. 07
Q.2 (a) Describe with a neat diagram the time-graded protection of a radial
feeder. 03
(b) Discuss the time-current characteristics of an IDMT, normal inverse, very
inverse, and extremely inverse overcurrent relays with their areas of
application. 04
(c)
OR
(c) Draw the phasor diagram for the 30° and 60° connection of a directional
overcurrent (OC) relay and explain the limitations of normal OC relay. 07
Q.3 (a) Describe the operation of 3–stepped distance protection. 03
(b) Explain the Mho and Offset Mho relay with a neat R-X characteristic. 04
(c) Discuss the following in brief with regard to the distance relay operation:
(a) Effect of arc resistance and (b) Effect of power swing. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) A 3 – phase transformer having a line voltage ratio of 440 V/11 kV, is
connected in star/delta. The protective transformers on the 440 V side have a
current ratio of 500/5 A. What should be the CT ratio on the 11 kV side? 03
(b) Write a short note on Buchholz relay. 04
(c) Explain the percentage differential relay's construction, working, and
operating characteristics. 07
Q.4 (a) Give the detail of various normal, abnormal, and faulty operating
conditions of an alternator. 03
(b) Explain the scheme for the detection of turn-to-turn faults for an
alternator. 04
(c) Explain in brief the factors to be considered in the selection of the CT for
protection application. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) Classify various busbar protection schemes. 03
(b) Discuss the impact of CT saturation on busbar protection. 04
(c) Explain in detail with a neat diagram the application of reverse phasing
protection to an induction motor. 07
Q.5 (a) Discuss the phenomena of current chopping. 03
(b) Describe various types of ratings for circuit breakers. 04
(c) With a neat figure, explain the construction and working of an SF6 circuit
breaker including its advantages and disadvantages. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain in brief the concept of adaptive protection. 03
(b) Calculate the RRRV of the 132 kV circuit breaker with neutral earthed. The
Short circuit data given as: the broken current is symmetrical, restriking
voltage has a frequency of 20 kHz, p.f. is 0.15. Assume fault is also earthed. 04
(c) Derive the expression for the restriking, RRRV, rate of rise of TRV, the
maximum value of RV, and maximum value of RRRV. 07