Next we can find I = VY and thenpower factor cos # - Gry, 3 Prohlems on Series Circuits wmEPROBLEM © 1 A120 volt a.c. circuit contain 10.Q resistance and 300 Inductive reactance in series. What would be the average power in the circuit. Solation : Supply voltage, V = 120 volt Resistance of the circuit, R = 100 wa 300 120 Volt FIGURE 3.22:ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND BASIC ELECTROPY/E 136 a — on Reactance of the cir a aed tance atthe cheutt, 2 > WRX? ~ 102430? = 31.60 Impedance of the elt Vv _ 120 “3° Greg 7 48 Amp. Canont owing through the etieull, Ts > 3 Amp. R_ 10 Power factor of the lreul, os = = + 0.3162 lagging 31.62 $ = 120 x 38 « 0.3162 = 144 watts, Average power in the circuit, P = V)cos a (MNEEPROBLEM - 2 wu An inductive circuit has a resistance of §Q in series with an inductance of 0.03 H, Coleulate the current and power factor when connected across 230 V, 50 He supply, (OctiNou. 2008 (C-05)) Soliton : Given data : R=5Q; L=0.03H; V=230V; f= 50 He; LPF = Inductive reactance, X= Qn fl sa 0.03 H = 2nx50x0.03 = 9.42479 : Impedance, Z= ROX? WS soa = 10.66Q V_ 230 Current, tata R_ 5 Power factor = cos = 7 =757 = 0.469 lagg MEEEPAOBLEM - 3 A voltage v = 200 sin 100 xt is applied to a coil having R = 2000 andl = 0.38H. Find the expression for the 7 current and the power taken by the coll, Solution ; b Applied voltage, V = 200sin 100 nt FIGURE 3.23 : R= 2000 L=038H V= 200 sin 100 xtCHAPTERS] HRT A.C, FUNDAMENTALS AND A.C. MACHINES call j Resistance of the circult, = 200 Inductance of the elreult, = 3811 ». Peak value of the applied voltage, Ving = 200 volt Inductance reactance of the circuit, X; = WL = 100 x x x0.38 = 119.38 0 Impedance of the R-L series creuit, Z = [R24 x,2 = y(e00? + (119.387 = 232920 Y, 200 Penk value ofthe current, Ing, = Yass = <0. 0.859 Amp x 119.38 Phase angle of the R-L series circuit, @ = tan! (#) = tant Ce ) = a0.9° - Expression forcurrent, i = Imgcsin (wt - ) = 0.859 sin (100 xt 0.171 x) Power consumed bythe coil, P = Vicos ¢ = ae cos 30.8° P = 73.8 watt. PROBLEM «4 An inductive coil having a resistance of 15.9 takes a current of 4A when connected toc 100 V, 60 Hz supply. If the coil is connected to a 100 V, 50 Hz supply. calculate (i) The current (ii) The power (iii) The power factor. Draw the vector diagram for the 50 Hz condition, showing the componet voltages. (MarchiApril. 2007 [C-05}) Solution : Given data : R=150; 1-44; V=100V, f= 60He y= 100 100 V, 60 Hz 100 Vv, 50 He heaann (a) (b) {e) When the coil is connected across a 100 V, 60 Hz supply as shown in Fig. (a) Vv _100 Impedance, z= peap=250 Using the relation 2 = JR? +X?38 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND BASIC ELECTRO, MIG AND BASIC ELECTRO > Va? on ~ a5? 16 Nr > 2af l= 20 20,20 Ls OM” Dax6o = 0.053 H When the coll is connected across a 100 V, 50 Hz supply as shown in Fig. (by Inductive reactance, XL = 2nfL = 2nx50%0.053 = 16.66.09 Impedance. 2 = IR? +x = Vis" +1666? -22.419 don 1 =o (The current, z we ai 446A (i) Thepower, = P= 2 R= 4.462x 15 - 298.47 w (iii) The power factor = cos = g. 38 Ba = 0.669 lagg mMMMEPROBLEM - 5 A resistance of 99 is connected in series with an Inductance reactance of 120. The current in the circuit is 10 Amp. Find. (i) The voltage across the entire circuit. (ii) Draw the phasor diagram of the voltage & current. (iti) Write expressions for the instantaneous values of current and the applied voltage. Solution : eee. Resistance of the circuit, R= 99 Reactance of the circuit, X, = 129 10 Amp :. Impedance of the circult, Z = RP +X? = 9? +12? = 150 FIGURE 3.24 : Current flowing through the circuit, | = 10 Amp. (i) Voltage across the entire circuit, V = I.Z = 10 x 15 = 150 vott. x, -1(%L) . an-1 Phase angle of the R-L series circuit, ¢ = tan“! ( R tan’ ( (or) = 0,295 nt radians . oeOMAPTER DAC CRIES ALC. FUNDAMENTALS ANT AC. MACHINES 12 j (WY Voltage across reaista Mae TR © 106 9 © 90 volt Vp TX, = We 12 = 120 volt (i Instantaneous value of Alemating current, Voltage an taes reaeta 1 Tagg SH wt = 10 V2 sin wt AmP. Instantaneous value of alternating voltage, V = Vinox sin (wt + §) = 150 J2 sin (wt + 0.295 x) wammmm PROBLEM - 6 A coil of resistance of 10.9 is connectedc in series with a coll of inductance 0.02 H and is connected to AC mains of 100 V and 50 Hz. Calculate current, power factor and voltage drop across both resistance and inductacne (OctiNov. 2007 [C-05]) _ 100 002 H Given data : R=109; L=0.02H; V=100V, f= 50Hz 1 p.E Va Vie? inductive reactance, X, = QnfL = 2xx50x0.02 =6.2832 impedance, z= {R?+X? = Vi0? +628? =11819 Vv _ 100 | Current, Us 577 g1 784674 R210 Power factor, p-f= cosd = 7= 7] gj = 0.846 ogg Voltage across resistance, Vp = IR = 8.467x10 = 84.67V Voltage across inductance, V, = IX, = 8.467% 6.283 = 53.198 V fmEPROBLEM - 7 A current of 10 Amp flows in a circuit lagging behind the applied voltage of 100 volt, 50 Hz by 30°, Determine the values of resistance, reactance and the impedance of the circult. Solution : Applied voltage across an R-L series clrcult,3” ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND BASIC ELEC TROZIIE V+ 100 volt R L 0te arr Current flowing through R-L. serles clreult f hdd 104 ! 10 Amp 106 Volt. 50 Hz v _ 100 A — Impedance of the circuit, Z = > = —— = 100 if 10 FIGURE 3.25: Phase angle. 6 = 30° «. Circuit resistance R = Zcos $ = 10x cos30° = 10, ¥2 . 8.662 3 x Reactance of the circuit, X, = Zsin@ = 10x sin30°-10% 2 oso 2 mmm PROBLEM - 8 A voltage of 125 volt at 60Hz is applied across a Non-Inductive resistor connected 4 in series with a condenser. The current in the circuit is 2.2 Amp: The power loss in the resistor is 96.8 watts and that in the condenser is neglisible calculate resistance & capacitance. Solution : fe c oor —_] Applied voltage, V = 125 volt 22a Current flowing through the circuit, eee La ee ompere FIGURE 3.26: Supply frequency, f = 60 Hz Ve 125 Impedance of the circul, Z= > = 3> = 56820 2: Given that power loss in the resistor, P =I? R= 96.8 watt. : P _ 968 “. Resistance of the cireult, + 77 = D> = 200 .. We know that power loss in the capacitor, C = 0 Capacitive reactance of the circult, X,= /Z?-R? = 156.82)? -(20% = 53.2.9 1 1 Capacit: f . ———_: Pacitance of the elreult, © « —- seoxEa * 50 uF mm PROBLEM 9 ~~ A circult consists of 12 ¢) resistance is series with a capacitance of 100 pF. It is connected across a supply of 230V, 50 Hz. Find __ (Oct/Nov. 2012)an (a) Reactance, (b) tinpedance (©) Current (4) Power factor {e) Power Sotation acm | ont Supply voltage, V = 230 volt aw for it . . apacitance, C = 100 pF ' 1230 Volts, 50 Hz Supply frequency, f= 50H2 i Resistance, R=12Q. 1 1 fa) Reactance, —-Xc* 3uc “exept * 21839 (b) Impedance, Z = JR? +X2 = V2" +31.83" =340 V _ 230 {e) Current, Ls Ze Gq 7 6:76 Amps (d) Power factor, Cos = 2 aq + 0.353 Lead (e) Power, P = ViCosd = 230 x 6.76 x 0.353 = 548.84 watts EEEBEXAMPLE-10 A resistance of 100, an inductance of 0.2 H and capacitance of 100 KF are connected ‘across 230 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate the current and power factor. (Oct/Nov. 2009 [C-05}) Solution = jon 2H 100 HF ie Given data : | ; | R-109; L=0.02H; C= 100 uF, 230, 50 Hz supply | V=230V; f=? pF +? : : inductive reactance, Xz = 2nfl = 2nx50x0.02 = 6 2832 1 1 Capacitive reactance Xe * Fyf0~ anxd0x100x10% * 31-83 2 Impedance, i? +0, -XoP = 10? + (62,83 - 31.837 Current, Power factor,FACT ta Ene ton far the inetantanenue calue of the current through c- teriee circuit in ahich Mo OQ: L + 41 3mH ond C+ 0.797 BE un cottage 18 109 ain 20008 ¢ colt. Vos Wen 00h zt Lin. frensercy. f+ f° 1G He ee hte crest. R= BIG Inductance of the circuit, L < 41.3 mH Inductance rexctance of the circuit, Ma * Qafl. 22 x WO + 4127167 i 1 Copnaitrve reactance te = Fhe” ion arsivigy® * 199-70 Cweuit impedance, Z* R?+0%,-x.F = (eo? = 2595-19977 = 99.880 Year — 1000 Maximum value of current, Inox = “7 * ma * 10 Amp X, - (239.5-199. F + Phase angle of the circu, @ = tant “L=AC yaq-t (eee) = 36.8° + Instantaneous value of current 4 = Imar Sin (wt— 6) = 10 sin (200081 — 0.204%) sm LINPLE = 12. A serles circult having a resistance of 400, capacitance of 20 micro farads, and Indcutance of 0.2 H Is connected across 110 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate (i) Impedance (MN) Current (WH) Power factor. (Oct'Nov. 2011, 2006 [C-05}) Solution : Given data ; R408; C20 uF, F220 x 10-6F L*O2H, V=iOV; «50H; ZA pha?w(t BA_A.C. FUNDAMENTALS AND A.C, MCI inductive reactance, Xs nfl» 2nx50x 0.2 = 62.857 2 1 1 2n fC 2nx50x20x10° (i) Impedance, Z= IR 4X, — Xe? = S40? + (62.857 - 159.09" = 104.2159 Capacitive reactance ere > 159.0902 (i) Current, ne ae (iii) Power facotr, pF = WEEEXAMPLE - 13 A resistance of 509, inductance of 100mH and a capacitance of 10011 F are connected in series across 200 volt, 50Hz supply. Determine the following. 1. Inductance reactance (X,) 2. Capacitive reactance (Xe) 3. Impedance 4. Current flowing through the circuit, 5. Power factor (cos ¢) 6. Voltage across R, L & C (Vp. Vi & Vo) 7. Power in watts. Solution = Applied voltage, V = 200 volt Frequency, f= 50Hz Resistance of the circuit, R = 502 Inductance of the circuit, L = 100 mH Capacitance of the circuit, C = 100pF 1. Inductance reactance of the circuit, X= nfl 2n x 50 x 100 x 10-3 = 31.429 2. Capacitive reactance of the circuit, 1 2n fo ~ 2nx50x100x 10% Net reactance of the circult, X = Xc-X, = 31.83-31.42 = 0.419 Xe = = 31.830Ire ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND BASIC ELECTRONICS n 3.34 3. Impedance, Z = Rh? +X? = fig0)? + (0.41)? = 502 (Approximately), 200 4. Current flowing through the circuit, J = a =4A ae R50, 5. Power factor of the circuit, cosé = F757} 6. la) Voltage across resistance Vg = LR = 4 x 50 = 200 volt (b) Voltage across Inductance Vj = I. Xi = 4 * 31.42 = 125.68 volt (c} Voltage across capacitance, Vc = IXc = 4 x 31.83 = 127.52 volt P = Vicosd = 200 x 4x 1 = 800 watt 7. Power,