Chapter 11: SUrFaCe areaS aND VOLUMeS
YOUr ULtiMate GUiDe tO MaSteriNG the FOUNDatiONS OF MatheMatiCS
1. Fundamental Concepts
Three-dimensional solids extend 2D shapes into depth, occupying real
space unlike flat figures.
Surface Area: Measures outer covering needed for painting or
wrapping.
Lateral Surface Area (LSA): Sides only, excluding top/bottom (e.g.,
cardboard for cylinder sides).
Total Surface Area (TSA): LSA + all bases (complete wrapping).
Volume: Internal space for filling (e.g., water capacity), always cubic
units.
Visual Aid Insight: Imagine nets—unfold a cylinder to 2 circles +
rectangle; this reveals why LSA = circumference × height.
Units: Surface area in m²/cm²; volume in m³/cm³. Convert
consistently (1 m = 100 cm).
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2. Cuboid and Cube
Cuboid: Rectangular box with 3 pairs of identical faces
(length 𝒍, breadth 𝒃, height 𝒉).
Conceptual Derivation:
• Faces: 2 of 𝒍𝒃 (top/bottom), 2 of 𝒃𝒉 (front/back), 2 of 𝒉𝒍 (sides).
• TSA = 𝟐(𝒍𝒃 + 𝒃𝒉 + 𝒉𝒍)—sum all exposed surfaces.
• LSA = 𝟐𝒉(𝒍 + 𝒃)—vertical sides only.
• Volume = base area × height = 𝒍 × 𝒃 × 𝒉.
Cube: Special cuboid where 𝒍 = 𝒃 = 𝒉 = 𝒂.
• TSA = 𝟔𝒂𝟐 , LSA = 𝟒𝒂𝟐 , Volume = 𝒂𝟑 .
• Why Cube Scales Differently: Doubling edge
quadruples SA but octuples volume—key for material efficiency in
packaging.
Real-Life: Room painting (TSA minus floor/ceiling), dice volume.
3. Right Circular Cylinder
Concept: Circular bases joined by curved surface; like a tin can.
Derivation:
• Base circumference = 𝟐𝝅𝒓.
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• Unroll side: rectangle of length 𝟐𝝅𝒓, width 𝒉 → LSA = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉.
• TSA = LSA + 2 bases = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉 + 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓(𝒓 + 𝒉).
• Volume = base area × height = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉.
Key Insight: LSA unchanged if rotated—uniform curvature. Use for open-
top tanks (TSA = LSA + 1 base).
4. Right Circular Cone
Concept: Circular base tapering to apex; ice cream
cone shape.
Derivation:
• Slant height 𝒍 = ඥ𝒓𝟐 + 𝒉𝟐 (Pythagoras on axial
triangle).
• Unroll curved surface: sector with arc 𝟐𝝅𝒓,
radius 𝒍 → CSA = 𝝅𝒓𝒍.
• TSA = CSA + base = 𝝅𝒓(𝒍 + 𝒓).
𝟏
• Volume = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉 (1/3 cylinder volume due to triangular cross-
𝟑
section).
Visualization: Slice vertically—isosceles triangle rotated around height.
5. Sphere and Hemisphere
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Sphere: Perfectly round; no edges or faces.
Derivation Insight: Surface approximated by infinite rings;
TSA = 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 . Volume via integration or Cavalieri's
𝟒
principle = 𝝅𝒓𝟑 .
𝟑
Hemisphere: Half-sphere + flat base.
• CSA = curved half = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐 .
• TSA = CSA + base = 𝟑𝝅𝒓𝟐 .
𝟐
• Volume = 𝝅𝒓𝟑.
𝟑
Application: Globes (TSA minus poles), bowls (hemisphere volume).
6. Composite Solids
Concept: Real objects combine shapes (e.g., tent = cone + cylinder).
Calculate by addition/subtraction, ignoring hidden surfaces.
Strategy:
1. Sketch and label parts.
2. TSA: Exposed surfaces only (subtract overlaps).
3. Volume: Sum internal spaces.
Example Breakdown: Cuboidal room with hemispherical dome.
• TSA: Cuboid TSA - roof area + hemisphere TSA.
• Visualize: Dome base merges with roof—no double base.
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7. Complete Formula Reference
8. Solved Examples with Step-by-Step Reasoning
Ex 1 (Cuboid): 𝒍 = 𝟏𝟓 cm, 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟎 cm, 𝒉 = 𝟔 cm. Find TSA, volume.
• Pairs: 𝒍𝒃 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 (×2=300), 𝒃𝒉 = 𝟔𝟎 (×2=120), 𝒉𝒍 = 𝟗𝟎 (×2=180).
• TSA = 300+120+180 = 600 cm².
• Volume = 15×10×6 = 900 cm³. Reason: Multiplies dimensions for
space.
Ex 2 (Cylinder, Open Top): 𝒓 = 𝟕 cm, 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎 cm.
• TSA = CSA + 1 base = 𝟐𝝅 × 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 + 𝝅 × 𝟒𝟗 = 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝝅 + 𝟒𝟗𝝅 =
𝟒𝟖𝟗𝝅 cm². Hidden: No top base.
Ex 3 (Cone): 𝒓 = 𝟒 cm, 𝒉 = 𝟑 cm.
• 𝒍 = ඥ𝟏𝟔 + 𝟗 = 𝟓 cm.
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𝟏
• Volume = 𝝅 × 𝟏𝟔 × 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟔𝝅 cm³. 1/3 factor from averaging cross-
𝟑
sections.
Ex 4 (Composite): Cone (r=5 cm, h=12 cm) + hemisphere (r=5 cm).
• 𝒍 = ඥ𝟐𝟓 + 𝟏𝟒𝟒 = 𝟏𝟑 cm.
• TSA = cone CSA + hemisphere TSA = 𝝅 × 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟑𝝅 × 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟔𝟓𝝅 +
𝟕𝟓𝝅 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝝅 cm² (base hidden).
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝟓𝟎
• Volume = 𝝅 × 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟐 + 𝝅 × 𝟏𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅 + 𝝅. Add
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
capacities.
Ex 5 (Advanced): Sphere melted into cone (same r,h). Volumes equal
𝟒 𝟏
→ 𝝅𝒓𝟑 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉 → 𝒉 = 𝟒𝒓. Proves shape transformation conservation.
𝟑 𝟑
9. Common Errors and Fixes
• Error: Wrong slant height → Fix: Always Pythagoras.
• Error: Double bases in composites → Fix: Visualize hidden parts.
• Error: Unit mismatch → Fix: Convert pre-calculation.
[Link] Mastery Drills
1. A cylinder and a cone have the same base radius and height. If the
curved surface area of the cylinder is 154 cm², find the curved surface area
of the cone.
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2. The radius of a sphere is doubled. By what factor does its volume
increase?
3. A solid metal cube of edge 6 cm is melted and recast into a sphere. Find
the radius of the sphere.
4. A cone has height 12 cm and slant height 13 cm. Find its total surface
area if its radius is doubled.
5. A cylindrical pipe has outer radius 7 cm and inner radius 5 cm. Find the
volume of material used in 20 cm length of the pipe.
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