statistics
BY: coding_errOR1
Statistics for Data Analytics
1. What is statistics?
Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data.
2. What are the types of statistics?
• Descriptive Statistics
• Inferential Statistics
3. What is descriptive statistics?
It summarizes data using mean, median, mode, graphs, and tables.
4. What is inferential statistics?
It makes predictions or conclusions about a population using sample data.
5. What is population?
A population is the entire group of data or observations.
6. What is a sample?
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A sample is a subset of the population used for analysis.
7. What is mean?
Mean is the average of all values.
Formula:
Mean = Sum of values / Number of values
8. What is median?
Median is the middle value when data is arranged in order.
9. What is mode?
Mode is the most frequently occurring value in a dataset.
10. Difference between mean, median, mode?
• Mean → average
• Median → middle value
• Mode → most frequent value
11. What is variance?
Variance measures how data is spread around the mean.
12. What is standard deviation?
It is the square root of variance, showing data dispersion.
13. What is range?
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Range = maximum value − minimum value
14. What is probability?
Probability is the likelihood of an event occurring (0 to 1).
15. What is a random variable?
A random variable assigns numerical values to outcomes of a random process.
16. What is normal distribution?
A bell-shaped distribution where mean = median = mode.
17. What is skewness?
Skewness measures the asymmetry of a distribution.
18. Types of skewness?
• Positive skew (right tail)
• Negative skew (left tail)
• Zero skew (symmetric)
19. What is kurtosis?
Kurtosis measures the tailedness of a distribution.
20. What is correlation?
Correlation measures the relationship between two variables.
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21. What is hypothesis testing?
Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to test an assumption about a population
using sample data.
22. What is a null hypothesis (H0)?
The null hypothesis states that there is no effect or no difference in the data.
23. What is an alternative hypothesis (H1)?
The alternative hypothesis states that there is an effect or difference in the data.
24. What is a p-value?
A p-value is the probability of obtaining results as extreme as the observed results,
assuming the null hypothesis is true.
• If p < 0.05 → Reject H0
• If p > 0.05 → Fail to reject H0
25. What is a confidence interval?
A confidence interval is a range of values used to estimate a population parameter with a
certain level of confidence (e.g., 95%).
26. What is regression analysis?
Regression analysis is a method used to find the relationship between dependent and
independent variables.
27. What is linear regression?
Linear regression models the relationship using a straight-line equation:
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y = mx + c
28. What is a Z-score?
A Z-score shows how many standard deviations a value is from the mean.
29. What is sampling?
Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of data from a population for analysis.
30. What are types of sampling?
Probability Sampling:
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Systematic sampling
• Cluster sampling
Non-probability Sampling:
• Convenience sampling
• Judgmental sampling
• Snowball sampling
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