Surname: _________________________________________
Name: ____________________________________________
Number: __________________________________________
Class: ____________________________________________
Academic Year: ____________________________________
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1. WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY?.........................................................3
a) Main functions of Geography: ............................................3
b) Branches of Geography ..................................................... 4
c) Continents and oceans ..................................................... 4
d) Types of maps ...................................................................6
e) Geographical coordinates ..................................................6
2. THE CONTINENTS ................................................................9
a) Europe ..............................................................................9
b) Asia ................................................................................. 10
c) Africa ............................................................................... 11
d) America............................................................................ 11
e) Oceania and Antarctica .................................................... 12
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1. WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY?
• Geography is a ____________ that studies __________________.
• It studies:
o Natural elements: ________________, water, climate,
vegetation.
o ____________ elements: population, cities, economy,
politics.
• Its main aim is to understand:
o ______________________________________.
o How natural and human elements are connected.
• It is a synthetic and interdisciplinary subject.
o It uses knowledge from ____________ sciences (like
geology, climatology, ecology).
o It uses knowledge from ____________ sciences (like
history, economics, sociology).
a) MAIN FUNCTIONS OF GEOGRAPHY:
• To locate and describe physical and human elements.
• To _______________________ between society and nature.
• To understand migrations, territorial conflicts, economic
differences.
• To promote ______________ of environmental problems and
sustainability.
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b) BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY
1. Physical Geography
o Studies the ____________ parts of the Earth:
▪ ____________: mountains, valleys, plains.
▪ ____________________: rivers, lakes, oceans.
▪ ____________ and atmosphere: temperature, rain,
weather.
▪ Vegetation, _______________, soils.
o Focuses on nature and also how humans affect it.
2. Human Geography
o Studies how people live in and use ____________:
▪ Migrations, rural and ____________ areas.
▪ Economic activities: agriculture, industry, services.
▪ ____________ organisation: states, borders,
international organisations.
▪ Social and economic inequalities.
c) CONTINENTS AND OCEANS
The 5 inhabited continents:
1. Europe
o Small but ________________ important.
o High population density and development.
2. Asia
o The _______________ and most populated continent.
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o Very diverse in cultures, climates, and religions.
3. Africa
o Second in size and _______________.
o Great natural wealth, but affected by ______________ and
colonisation.
4. America
o Divided into North, Central and South America.
o Very ____________ in geography and society.
5. Oceania
o Thousands of ____________, including Australia and New
Zealand.
o Low population, strong presence of _______________
cultures.
Also: Antarctica
• No permanent _______________.
• Protected by international treaties.
The 5 Oceans:
1. ____________ Ocean – largest, between Asia/Oceania and
America.
2. Atlantic Ocean – between America, Europe and Africa.
3. Indian Ocean – between Africa, Asia and Oceania.
4. ____________ Ocean – around the North Pole, mostly frozen.
5. Southern Ocean – around Antarctica, important for global
climate.
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d) TYPES OF MAPS
What is a map?
• A map is a symbolic, scaled ____________ of the Earth's surface.
Physical maps:
• Show natural elements:
o Relief (mountains, valleys, plateaus).
o Hydrography (rivers, lakes, seas).
• Use colours for _________________:
o Green = low areas
o Brown = ____________ areas
o Blue = water
Political maps:
• Show ____________, countries, cities.
• Help us understand political organisation.
Other types: climate maps, economic maps, historical maps, etc.
e) GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES
What are coordinates?
• A system to ____________ any place on Earth using latitude and
longitude.
Latitude:
• Measures distance from the Equator (0°).
• Goes from 0° to 90° North or South.
Longitude:
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• Measures distance from the Greenwich Meridian (0°).
• Goes from 0° to 180° East or West.
Together, latitude and longitude give the exact position of a
place.
QUESTIONS
1. Explain the main difference between Physical Geography and
Human Geography. Give one example of what each one
studies.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. What is the main goal of Geography?
A) To draw beautiful maps
B) To study only natural disasters
C) To understand how space is organised and how humans and
nature are connected
D) To memorize the names of all countries
3. Which of the following is NOT one of the five oceans?
A) Indian Ocean
B) Arctic Ocean
C) Mediterranean Sea
D) Southern Ocean
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2. THE CONTINENTS
• The Earth is divided into ____________ land areas called
continents.
• Traditionally, there were ____________: Europe, Asia, Africa,
America, Oceania.
• Today, we often count ____________, separating North and
South America and adding Antarctica.
• In this unit, we study the five ____________ continents and
Antarctica, with their main physical and political ____________
and some interesting facts.
a) EUROPE
Main characteristics
• Second smallest continent by size.
• Very important in world history.
• High population ____________.
• High economic and political development.
• ____________________ of the European Union.
• Many cities and good _______________ systems.
Countries and capitals
• Europe has ____________ countries.
Interesting facts
1. ____________ is the smallest country in the world (0.49 km²).
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2. Russia is the ____________ country in the world, but only part of
it is in Europe.
3. In Norway, you can see the phenomenon of the ____________
sun.
4. ____________ is the oldest republic in Europe (year 301).
5. More than ____________ languages are spoken in Europe.
b) ASIA
Main characteristics
• Largest and _____________________ continent.
• Great variety of climates, cultures and ____________.
• Home to _______________ civilizations like India and China.
Geographic features
• ____________ countries.
• Mount Everest: highest point on Earth (8,848 m).
• Dead Sea: lowest point on land (-430 m).
• ____________ Desert: one of the coldest deserts.
• Yangtze River: longest in Asia (6,300 km).
Interesting facts
1. ____________ is the most populated city in the world (over 37
million people).
2. In India, cows are ____________.
3. The ____________ alphabet is considered very logical.
4. In Thailand, the ____________ is the most sacred part of the
body.
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5. Asia has 10 of the most populated countries, except the USA.
c) AFRICA
Main characteristics
• ____________ largest continent.
• Many types of climate: equatorial, desert, tropical,
Mediterranean.
• Great cultural and linguistic diversity.
• Affected by _________________ and poverty.
• Rich in natural _______________.
Interesting facts
1. Over ______________ languages are spoken in Africa.
2. ____________ is the most populated country (over 200 million
people).
3. Mount _______________ is the highest mountain in Africa (5,895
m).
4. Madagascar is the fourth largest island, with ____________
plants and animals.
5. In ____________, the calendar is 7 years behind the Western one.
d) AMERICA
Main characteristics
• Divided into North, Central and South America.
• Very diverse nature: forests, mountains, ____________, deserts.
• Strong social and economic differences.
Natural features
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• Amazon Rainforest: ____________ rainforest in the world.
• Andes Mountains: longest mountain range.
• ____________ Falls: between Argentina and Brazil.
• Grand Canyon: in the USA, made by the Colorado River.
Interesting facts
1. Salar de Uyuni in ____________ is the largest salt flat.
2. Canada has more ____________ than all other countries
combined.
3. The Nazca Lines in Peru can be seen only from the air.
4. Brazil has the most biodiversity in the world.
5. The USA has both ____________ (Alaska) and ____________
(Florida) climates.
e) OCEANIA AND ANTARCTICA
Oceania
• Made of Australia, New Zealand and thousands of islands.
• Australia is the biggest and most populated country.
• New Zealand is famous for volcanoes and Māori culture.
Interesting facts
1. Australia is the only country that is also a continent.
2. ____________ is the capital to avoid rivalry between Sydney and
Melbourne.
3. There are more ____________ than people in many areas.
4. Papua New Guinea has more than 800 languages.
5. ____________ is more popular than football in many countries.
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Antarctica
• No permanent population.
• ____________ and driest continent.
• Not owned by any country.
• Protected by international ________________ (Antarctic Treaty).
Interesting facts
1. There are more penguins than people.
2. It contains 70% of the world’s __________________ (in ice).
3. In summer, the sun stays in the sky for months.
4. You need ___________________ to visit (scientific or regulated
tourism).
5. The lowest temperature ever recorded was -89.2°C.
QUESTIONS
1. Name the five inhabited continents and mention one
interesting fact about any of them
1) ___________________________________________________
2) ___________________________________________________
3) ___________________________________________________
4) ___________________________________________________
5) ___________________________________________________
2. Which continent is the largest and most populated?
A) Europe
B) Asia
C) Africa
D) America
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3. What is true about Antarctica?
A) It is home to the highest mountain in the world.
B) It has 44 countries.
C) It has no permanent population.
D) It is the most populated continent.
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