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OS Notes

The document discusses key concepts in operating systems, including paging, segmentation, and virtual memory management techniques. It outlines the structure and function of page tables, the advantages and disadvantages of each memory management method, and frame allocation strategies. Additionally, it highlights the importance of virtual memory in executing larger programs and the implications of frame allocation on system performance.

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3 views2 pages

OS Notes

The document discusses key concepts in operating systems, including paging, segmentation, and virtual memory management techniques. It outlines the structure and function of page tables, the advantages and disadvantages of each memory management method, and frame allocation strategies. Additionally, it highlights the importance of virtual memory in executing larger programs and the implications of frame allocation on system performance.

Uploaded by

215 Logavani BK
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Operating System Notes: Paging, Page

Table, Segmentation, Virtual Memory,


Frame Allocation
Paging
Paging is a memory management technique where a process is divided into fixed-size pages
and main memory is divided into frames.

Pages are mapped to frames using a page table.

Logical address = Page number + Offset

Physical address = Frame number + Offset

Advantages: No external fragmentation, efficient memory usage.

Disadvantages: Internal fragmentation, page table overhead.

Page Table Structure


Page table maps page numbers to frame numbers.

Each Page Table Entry (PTE) contains:

- Frame Number

- Valid/Invalid Bit

- Protection Bits

- Reference Bit

- Dirty Bit

Segmentation
Segmentation divides a program into variable-sized logical segments like code, data, and
stack.

Logical address = Segment number + Offset

Segment table contains Base Address and Limit.


Advantages: Logical structure, easy protection.

Disadvantages: External fragmentation.

Segmentation with Paging


Combines segmentation and paging.

Each segment is divided into pages.

Logical address = Segment number + Page number + Offset

Uses both segment table and page tables.

Eliminates external fragmentation.

Virtual Memory
Allows execution of programs larger than physical memory.

Uses disk as extension of RAM.

Demand paging loads pages only when required.

Page fault occurs when required page is not in memory.

Advantages: Supports large programs, multitasking.

Disadvantages: Slower due to disk access.

Allocation of Frames
Process of distributing frames among processes.

Methods:

- Equal Allocation

- Proportional Allocation

- Priority Allocation

Global vs Local allocation strategies.

Poor allocation may cause thrashing.

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