Ho Chi Minh University of Technology

Facty of Mechainical Engineering

REPORT
MACHANICAL OF ELEMENT
LECTURE : NGUYEN HUU LOC

STUDENT: NGUYEN MINH NAM

STUDENT ID : 2452793

HO CHI MINH CITY, 30 APRIL 2026

Table of content
Case study 1
1.1 Selection of motor and distribution of transmission ratio
1.1.1 Given design data
1.1.2 Required power on the driven shaft
1.1.3 Required motor power
1.1.4 Selection of motor speed
1.1.5 Transmission ratio of the system
1.1.6 Distribution of transmission ratio
1.1.7 Power, rotational speed, and torque table
1.2 Calculation of the external transmission / chain drive
1.2.1 Selection of chain type
1.2.2 Determination of the number of teeth of the small and large sprockets
1.2.3 Determination of the calculated power and allowable power
1.2.4 Chain pitch
1.2.5 Chain velocity
1.2.6 Actual center distancex
1.2.7 Impact load coefficient
1.2.8 Service factors
1.2.9 Number of chain links
1.2.10 Force acting on the shaft
1.2.11 Chain life
1.3 Calculation of the gear transmission: helical cylindrical gears
1.3.1 Selection of material
1.3.2 Selection of material for the small gear, large gear, and pinion shaft
1.3.3 Selection of working stress cycles
1.3.4 Gear tooth load cycles
1.3.5 Determination of allowable contact stress of the gears
1.3.6 Allowable contact stress
1.3.7 Allowable bending stress
1.3.8 Preliminary contact stress factor
1.3.9 Preliminary safety factor
1.3.10 Module
1.3.11 Determination of helix angle, number of teeth of the small gear and large gear
1.3.12 Contact stress factor
1.3.13 Main geometric parameters of the gear pair
1.3.14 Tooth force
1.3.15 Check for interference
1.3.16 Face width coefficient
1.3.17 Dynamic load factor
1.3.18 Check of contact stress
1.3.19 Gear system factor
1.3.20 Bending stress
1.4 Shaft
1.4.1 Selection of material
1.4.2 Determination of reaction forces
1.4.3 Calculation of preliminary shaft diameter
1.4.4 Design of shaft structure
1.4.5 Calculation of Shaft II
1.5 Calculation and selection of rolling bearings and coupling
1.5.1 Calculation and selection of rolling bearings for Shaft I
1.5.2 Calculation and selection of rolling bearings for Shaft II
1.5.3 Calculation of flexible coupling selection
Case study 2
CASE STUDY 1

TOPIC : DESIGN A CHAIN CONVEYOR SYSTEM

Phương án:

Force of Load Peripheral Chain pitch Number of Service Time

Option
chain F(N) Velocity v(m/s) p(mm) Sprocket teeth z L(year )
6 4500 0.55 80 7 5
1.1 SELECTING THE ENGINE AND DISTRIBUTING THE TRANSMISSION RATIO
1.1.1 Power of the working part
Fv 4500 · 0.55
Pct = = = 2.475 (kW)
1000 1000

1.1.2 Overall performance of the drive system

Overall drive performance of the system
2 2
ηch = ηđηntηol ηotηbr

Select the performance of the components according to Table 3.3:

ηđ = 0.95
ηnt = 0.98
ηol = 0.99
ηot = 0.99
ηbr = 0.96

We have
ηch = 0.952 · 0.98 · 0.992 · 0.992 · 0.96 = 0.8585423

1.1.3 Engine power requirements

Pct 2.475
Pđc = = = 2.8828 (kW)
ηch 0.8585423

1.1.4 Rotation speed of the working part

60000v 60000 · 0.55
nct = = = 58.9286 (vg/ph)
zp 7 · 80

1.1.5 Overall transmission ratio of the system

nđc
uch = ubr uđ =
nct

1.1.6 Creating a Gear Ratio Distribution Table

With the required motor power as calculated, we select a motor with a power of P = 3kW according to the motor
documentation of SGA company.
We have the following gear ratio distribution table.

Motor Revolutions General transmitte Gear transmission Belt transmission

1 2870 48.703 8 6.087875
2 1420 24.09696 8 3.01212
3 970 16.4606 8 2.057575
4 715 12.13333 5.6 2.16667

Table 1.1: Gear ratio and engine speed

We choose engine number 3 with the following parameters: nđc = 970 (vg/ph); ubr = 8; uđ = 2.058; uch = 16.4606.
1.1.7 Technical Specifications Table
Based on the selected parameters, we have the following technical specifications table.

Motor I II Working axis

Power (kW) 2.8828 2.73866 2.6028 2.5252
Ratio uđ = 2.058 ubr = 8
Revolutions (rpm) 970 471.33 58.916 58.9286
Torque (N.m) 29.536 77.0886 486.2855 486.1816

Table 1.2: Technical Table

1.2 CALCULATION OF EXTERNAL DRIVE (V-BELT
DRIVE)
Input Parameters:
P1 = 2.8828(kW)
n1 = 970(vg/ph)
uđ = 2.058

1.2.1 Selection of Belt Type

According to Figure 4.22a on page 167, based on the parameters: power P1 = 2.8828 kW ; rotational speed n1 = 970 vg/
ph, an A-type V-belt is selected. Referring to Table 4.3 on page 137, which presents belt cross-sectional dimensions
according to ISO 1081-95 standards, the selected parameters are: bp = 11 mm, bo = 13 mm, h = 8 mm, yo = 2.8 mm,
A = 81 mm2, L = 560 ÷ 4000 mm, T1 = 11 ÷ 70 N.m, d1min = 90 mm.

1.2.2 Determination of Small Pulley Diameter d1

The small pulley diameter is calculated as: d1 = 1.2dmin = 1.2 · 90 = 108 mm, According to standard values, select

d1 = 125 mm.

1.2.3 Determination of Large Pulley Diameter d2 and Actual Transmission Ratio

Assume a relative slip coefficient ξ = 0.01. The large pulley diameter is calculated as: d2 = ud1(1 − ξ) = 2.058 · 125 · (1 −
0.01) = 254.6775 mm.
d2 250
According to standard values, select d2 u == 250 mm. = = 2.022
Transmission ratio:: d1 (1 − ξ) 125(1 − 0.01)
The deviation from the pre-selected value is 1.87%.

1.2.4 Center Distance and Belt Length

The minimum center distance is determined using the
following formula: 2(d1 + d2 ) ≥ a ≥ 0.55(d1 + d2 ) + h
2(125 + 250) ≥ a ≥ 0.55(125 + 250) + 8
750 ≥ a ≥ 214.25

Preliminary selection: a = d2 =
250 mm.
The calculated belt length is:
π(d1 + d2 ) (d1 − d2 )2
L = 2a + +
2 4a
π · (125 + 250) (125 − 250)2
= 2 · 250 + +
2 4 · 250
= 1104.67 mm

We choose : L = 1200 mm = 1.2 m.

1.2.5 Belt Velocity

Belt velocity
πd1 n1 π · 125 · 970
Number of belt revolutions per second v1 = = = 6.3486 m/s
60000 60000

v1 6.3486
i= = = 5.29 s−1, (right)
L 1.2
1.2.6 Recalculation of Center Distance a
Recalculate the center distance a. √
k+ k 2 − 8∆2
a=
4
Where:
π(d1 + d2 ) π(125 + 250)
k =L− = 1200 − = 610.95 mm
2 2
d2 − d1 250 − 125
∆= = = 62.5
2 √ 2
610.95 + 610.952 − 8 · 62.52
a= = 298.941 mm
4

1.2.7 Wrap Angle of the Small Pulley

Wrap angle of the small pulley
d2 − d1 250 − 125
α1 = 180◦ − 57 = 180◦ − 57 · = 156.17◦ = 2.7256 rad
a 298.941

1.2.8 Service Factors

Service factors:
- Factor accounting for the influence of the
belt wrap angle: −α1 /110)
- Factor accounting for the influence of belt Cα = 1.24(1 − e = 0.94
velocity:

Cv = 1 − 0.05(0.01v2 − 1) = 1 − 0.05 · (0.01 · 6.34862 − 1) = 1.03 -

- Factor accounting for the influence of transmission ratio u:

Cu = 1.14

- Factor accounting for the influence of the number of belts Cz, preliminarily selected as 1.
Cz = 1

- Factor accounting for the influence of load conditions:

Cr = 0.85
- Factor accounting for the influence of belt length

r r
6 L 6 1200
CL = = = 0.9436
Lo 1700

According to Table 4.8 on page 163, the allowable power is selected as [Po] = 1.65 kW when d1
= 125 mm and A-type belt . The number of belts is determined using the following formula:
P1 2.8828
z≥ = =≥ 1.97
[Po ]Cα Cv CL Cu Cz Cr 1.65 · 0.94 · 1.03 · 1.14‘ · 0.85 · 0.9436
Select z=2 belts.

1.2.9 Initial Belt Tension

-Initial belt tension
Fo = zA1 [σo ] = 2 · 81 · 1.5 = 243 N
-Tension force in each belt
Fo 243
= = 121.5 N
2 2
-Effective circumferential force
1000P1 1000 · 2.8828
Ft = = = 454.084 N
v1 6.3486
The circumferential force on each belt is:

227.042 N.
1.2.10 Forces Acting on the Shaft
Forces acting on the shaft  
α  156.17
1
Fr ≈ 2Fo sin = 2 · 243 · sin = 475.529 N
2 2

Maximum stress in the belt:

Fo /2 Ft /2 2yo
σmax = + + ρv 2 · 10−6 + E
A1 2A1 d1
121.5 227.042 2 · 2.8
= + + 1200 · 6.34862 · 10−6 + · 100 = 7.43 MPa
81 2 · 81 125

1.2.11 Belt Service Life

The service life of the belt is determined using the following formula:

 m 8
σr

7 9
· 10 · 107
σmax 7.43
Lh = = = 1216.86 giờ
2 · 3600i 2 · 3600 · 5.29
1.3 Calculation of Helical Gear Transmission
1.3.1 Input Parameters
- Power on shaft I:P1 = 2.73866 kW.
- Rotational speed of shaft I:: n1 = 471 (vòng/phút).
- Torque: T = 77.0886 Nm.
- Transmission ratio: ubr = 8.

1.3.2 Material Selection for Driving and Driven Gears

Select 40Cr steel with improved heat treatment.
According to Table 6.13:
For the driving gear, the average hardness is selected as HB1 = 250; For the driven gear, the average hardness is
selected asHB2 = 228

1.3.3 Basic Number of Load Cycles

NHO1 = 30 · HB 2,4
1 = 30 · 250
2.4
= 1, 71 · 107 chu kỳ
NHO2 = 30 · HB 2,4
2 = 30 · 228
2.4
= 1, 37 · 107 chu kỳ
NF O1 = NF O2 = 5 · 106 chu kỳ

1.3.4 Equivalent Number of Load Cycles

Lh = Lα · 365 · Kn · 24 · Kng = 12000 hours
NHE1 = NF E1 = 60cn1 Lh = 60 · 1 · 471 · 12000 = 3.3912 · 108 chu kỳ
471
NHE2 = NF E2 = 60cn2 Lh = 60 · 1 · · 12000 = 4.239 · 107 chu kỳ
8
NF E1 = NHE1 = 3.3912 · 108 chu kỳ
NF E2 = NHE2 = 4.239 · 107 chu kỳ
we have :

NF E1 > NF O1 ; NF E2 > NF O2 ; NHE1 > NHO1 ; NHE2 > NHO2

⇒ KHL1 = KHL2 = KHF1 = KHF2 = 1

1.3.5 Contact Fatigue Limit and Bending Fatigue Limit of Gears

According to Table 6.13, we have:

σ0Hlim1 = 2HB1 + 70 = 2 · 250 + 70 = 570 MPa

σ0Hlim2 = 2HB2 + 70 = 2 · 228 + 70 = 526 MPa
σ0F lim1 = 1.8HB1 = 1.8 · 250 = 450 MPa
σ0F lim2 = 1.8HB2 = 1.8 · 228 = 410.4 MPa

1.3.6 Allowable Contact Stress

For improved heat treatment, take : sH = 1.1, therefore::
σ0Hlim1 · 0.9 570 · 0.9
[σH1 ] = · KHL1 = = 466.4 MPa
sH 1.1
σ0Hlim2 · 0.9 526 · 0.9
[σH2 ] = · KHL2 = = 430.4 MPa
sH 1.1
The calculated allowable contact stress is:

[σH ] = 0.45 · ([σH1 ] + [σH2 ]) = 0.45 · (466.4 + 430.4) = 403.6 MPa

[σH ] < [σH ]min = [σH1 ] = 430.4 MPa ⇒ [σH ] = [σH ]min = 430.4 MPa
1.3.7 Allowable Bending Stress
For improved heat treatment, takesF = 1.75, therefore:
σ0F lim1 450
[σF1 ] = · KFL1 = = 257 MPa
sF 1.75
σ0F lim2 410.4
[σF2 ] = · KFL2 = = 234.5 MPa
sF 1.75

1.3.8 Load Distribution Factor

According to Table 6.15, since the gears are symmetrically arranged between the bearings,Ψba = 0.3 ÷ 0.5, cAccording to
the standard, select Ψba = 0.315. thus :

Ψba (u + 1) 0.315 · (8 + 1)
Ψbd = = = 1.4175
2 2
According to Table 6.4, we select:: KHβ = 1.08; KF β = 1.14.

1.3.9 Center Distance

s r
T1 KHβ 3 77.0886 · 1.08
aw = 430 (u + 1) 3
= 430 · (8 + 1) · = 217.838 mm
Ψba[σH ]2u 0.315 · 430.42 · 8

According to the standard, select: aw = 250 mm.

[Link] Module of the Gear Teeth

m = (0.01 ÷ 0.02) · aw = (2.5 ÷ 5) mm
According to the standard, select: m = 3 mm

1.3.11 Determination of the Helix Angle, Number of Teeth of the Driving Gear and Driven Gear
We have:
20◦ ≥ β ≥ 8◦

2aw · cos(8◦ ) 2aw · cos(20◦ )

≥ z1 ≥
m(u + 1) m(u + 1)
◦
2 · 250 · cos(8 ) 2 · 250 · cos(20◦ )
≥ z1 ≥
3 · (8 + 1) 3 · (8 + 1)
18.3383 ≥ z1 ≥ 17.401

Select z1 = 18 teeth , thus z2 = uz1 = 8 · 18 = 144, select z2 = 144 teeth .

Helix angle of the gear teeth:    
m(z1 + z2 ) 3 · (18 + 144)
β = arccos = arccos = 13.59◦
2aw 2 · 250

1.3.12 Recalculation of the Transmission Ratio

z2 144
u= = =8
z1 18

1.3.13 Geometrical Parameters of the Gears

a) Pitch circle diameter

mz1 3 · 18
d1 = = = 55.56 mm
cos β cos(13.59◦ )
mz2 3 · 138
d2 = = = 444.44 mm
cos β cos(13.59◦ )
b) Addendum circle diameter:

da1 = d1 + 2m = 55.56 + 6 = 61.56 mm

da2 = d2 + 2m = 444.44 + 6 = 450.44 mm

c) Face width:

b2 = Ψba · a = 0.315 · 250 = 78.75 mm

b1 = b2 + 5 = 78.75 + 5 = 83.75 mm

a
πd1 n1 π · 55.56 · 471
v= = = 1.37 m/s
60000 60000

1.3.15 Accuracy Grade

According to Table 6.3, select the accuracy grade nα = 9 with vgh = 6 m/s.

1.3.16 Dynamic Load Factors

According to Table 6.5, select: KHV = 1.06; KFV = 1.12.
The load distribution factor along the line of action, according to Table 6.11, is selected as:

KHα = 1.12. With accuracy grade nα = 9 ⇒ KF α = 1.

1.3.17 Forces Acting on the Gear Transmission

- Tangential force F
2T1 · 103 · cos β 2 · 77.0886 · 103 · cos(13.59◦ )
Ft1 = Ft2 = = = 2775.2 N
mz1 3 · 18
- Radial force Fr
tan(αnw ) tan(20◦ )
Fr1 = Fr2 = Ft · = 2775.2 · = 1039.18 N
cos β cos(13.59◦ )
- Axial force Fa

Fa1 = Fa2 = Ft · tan β = 2775.2 · tan(13.59◦ ) = 670.88 N

1.3.18 Verification of Contact Stress
Select KHA = 1, :
KH = KHA KHβ KHV KHα = 1 · 1.08 · 1.06 · 1.12 = 1.28
-Factor accounting for the contact surface geometry:

tan(20◦ )
   
tan αnw
αtw = arctan = arctan = 20.53◦
cos β cos(13.59◦ )
s s
4 · cos β 4 · cos(13.59◦ )
ZH = = = 2.43
sin(2αtw ) sin(2 · 20.53◦ )
-Transverse contact ratio factor:
     
1 1 1 1
εα = 1.88 − 3.2 Z1 + cos β = 1.88 − 3.2 + cos(13.59◦ ) = 1.68
z2 18 144

-Factor accounting for the total contact length:

1 1
Zε = √ = √ = 0.77
εα 1.68
We have
s r
ZM ZH Zϵ 2 · 103 · T1 KH (u + 1) 190.2 · 2.43 · 0.77 2 · 103 · 77.0886 · 1.28 · (8 + 1)
σH = · = · = 329.795 MPa
dw1 bw1 u 55.56 83.75 · 8

Do σH = 320.35 MPa < [σH ]min = 430.4 MPa, nên điều kiện bền tiếp xúc thỏa mãn.

1.3.19 Tooth Form Factor YF

- Equivalent number of teeth:
z1 18
zv1 = = = 19.6
3
cos β cos (13.59◦ )
3

z2 144
zv2 = = = 156.8
cos3 β cos3 (13.59◦ )

-Tooth form factor:

13.2 13.2
YF 1 = 3.47 + = 3.47 + = 4.14
zv1 19.6
13.2 13.2
YF 2 = 3.47 + = 3.47 + = 3.55
zv2 156.8
-Relative strength comparison of the teeth:

[σF 1 ] 257
= = 62.01
YF 1 4.14
[σF 2 ] 234.5
= = 66.06
YF 2 3.55

The bending strength is checked based on the driving gear, which

has the lower allowable bending stress: YF 1 < [σF 2 ]
YF 2
1.3.20 Bending Stress
- Longitudinal contact ratio factor:
bw1 sin β 83.75 · sin(13.59◦ )
εβ = = = 2.088 > 1
πm π·3
- Load factor:
KF = KF A KF α KF V KF β = 1 · 1 · 1.12 · 1.14 = 1.2768
-Factor accounting for transverse contact ratio:

1 1
Yε = = = 0.595
εα 1.68
-Factor accounting for the helix angle:

εβ β 2.088 · 13.59◦
Yβ = 1 − =1− = 0.7635
120 120
We have
YF 1 Ft1 KF Yε Yβ 4.14 · 2775.2 · 1.2768 · 0.595 · 0.7635
σF 1 = = = 26.5 MPa < 257 MPa
bw1 m 83.75 · 3
Factor accounting for the helix angle:
1.4 SHAFT
1.4.1 Material Selection
Select C45 steel, normalized heat treatment, with ultimate tensile strength σb = 883 MPa và and yield strengthy σch = 638
MPa. Allowable shear stress: τch = 383 MPa.

1.4.2 Forces Acting on the Shaft

- Force exerted by the belt on the shaft: Frd = 475.529 N.

- Forces acting on the gear:

Ft1 = 2775.2 N
Fr1 = 1039.18 N
Fa1 = 670.88 N

-Force acting on the coupling: With the preliminary shaft II diameter of 46.27 mm, select D0 = 120 mm. herefore, the force
acting on the elastic coupling is:

2T2 · 103 2 · 486.2855 · 103

Fnt = (0.2 ÷ 0.3) · = (0.2 ÷ 0.3) = (1620.95 ÷ 2431.43) N
D0 120
Chọn Fnt = 2000 N.

1.4.3 Preliminary Shaft Diameter Calculation

s r
16T1 3 16 · 77.0886
dI ≥ 10 3
= 10 · = 25.04 mm
π[τ ] π · 25
s r
16T2 3 16 · 486.2855
dII ≥ 10 3 = 10 · = 46.27 mm
π[τ ] π · 25

1.4.4 Design of Shaft I

Distance between the two bearings

ℓ ≈ ℓ1 + 2x + w
Where:

ℓ1 = b1 = 84 mm
x = 8 ÷ 15 mm → x = 13 mm
w = 30 ÷ 55 = 50 mm
ℓ ≈ ℓ1 + 2x + w = 84 + 2 · 13 + 50 = 160 mm

Mặt khác: f = 60 ÷ 90 → f = 70mm.

Draw the torsional and bending moment diagrams

In the yOz plane, replace the axial force Fa1 by an equivalent bending moment Ma1, and shift the point of application of Fa1
to the center of the driving gear.
Fa d1 · 10−3 670.88 · 55.56 · 10−3
Ma1 = 1 = = 18.64 Nm
2 2
We have
X
MA = 0 ⇔ RCy · 0.16 − Fr1 · 0.08 + Ma1 = 0
Fr1 · 0.08 − Ma1
⇔ RCy =
0.16
1039.18 · 0.08 − 18.64
⇔ RCy = = 403.09 N
0.16
 X
Fy = 0 ⇔ −RAy − Fr1 + RCy = 0
⇔ RAy = Fr1 − RCy
⇔ RAy = 1039.18 − 403.09 = 636.09 N

In the xOz plane, we have :

X
MA = 0 ⇔ −Ft1 · 0.08 + RCx · 0.16 + Frd · 0.23 = 0
Ft1 · 0.08 − Frd · 0.23
⇔ RCx =
0.16
2775.2 · 0.08 − 475.529 · 0.23
⇔ RCx = = 704.03 N
0.16

X
Fx = 0 ⇔ −RAx + Ft1 − RCx − Frd = 0
⇔ −RAx = Ft1 − RCx − Frd
⇔ RAx = 2775.2 − 704.03 − 475.529 = 1595.64 N
Figure 1.1: Moment diagram of Shaft I
Critical Diameter Location
Based on the bending and torsional moment diagrams, the critical location is at point B.
The equivalent moment at point B is calculated using the following formula:

q p
MtđB = 2 + M 2 + 0.75T 2 =
MBx 50.582 + 127.652 + 0.75 · 77.08862 = 152.676 Nm
By B

The diameter at the critical section is determined by:

s r
32MtđB 3 32 · 152.676
dB ≥ 10 · 3
= 10 · = 25.853 mm
π[σ] π · 90

At point B, there is a keyway connection; therefore, the diameter is increased by 5% to 27.146 mm. According to
standard values, select dB=[Link] on the preliminary shaft I calculations, the dimensions of the remaining shaft
sections on shaft I are selected as follows:
dA = dC = 25 mm(select with standard rolling bearing ) dD = 20 mm

Fatigue Strength Verification of Shaft I

a) Fatigue Strength Check
For transmission shafts, the safety factor is verified using the following formula:
sσ sτ
s= p ≥ [s]
s2σ + s2τ

Where [s] is the allowable safety factor; select[s] = 2.5 hus the stiffness verification can be neglected.
At the critical section B, the diameter is dB = 28 mm, Since the shaft has a keyway, select a parallel key with
dimensions: Width b = 8 mm; Height h = 7 mm; Keyway depth on the shaft t= 4 mm; Keyway depth on the
hub t1 = 3.3 mm.
The bending stress at the critical section B is:
q p
MB = MBx 2 + M2 = 50.582 + 127.652 = 137.306 Nm
By

Since the shaft rotates, the bending and torsional stresses vary in a fully reversed cycle.
The amplitude and mean values of the bending stress at section B are:
MB · 103
σa = ; σm = 0
W
Where WWW is the section modulus in bending at point B.

πd3 bt(d − t)2 π · 283 8 · 4 · (28 − 4)2

W = − = − = 1825.99 mm2
32 2d 32 2 · 28
therefore:
MB · 103 137.306 · 103
σa = σF = = = 75.195 MPa; σm = 0 MPa
W 1825.99
The amplitude and mean values of the torsional stress at section B (for a shaft rotating in one direction) are:

τmax T · 103
τa = τm = =
2 2W0

Where W0 is the torsional section modulus:

πd3 bt(d − t)2 π · 283 8 · 4 · (28 − 4)2

W0 = − = − = 3981.12 mm2
16 2d 16 2 · 28
thus
T · 103 77.0886 · 103
τa = τm = = = 19.36 MPa
2W0 2 · 3981.12
At section B, there is a keyway. According to Table 10.9 on page 413 [1], select: Kσ = 2.2; Kτ = 2.
From Table 10.4 on page 411 [1], select the size factors: εσ = 0.91; ετ = 0.89 or a carbon steel shaft with diameter dB =
28 mm.
From Table 10.5 on page 411 [1], select the surface strengthening factor β với Kσ = 2.2 > 1.5 and the shaft is surface-
hardened, take β = 2. HệThe factor accounting for the influence of mean stress on fatigue strength is determined from
Figure 2.11 on page 45 [1] with:
 σb = 883 MPa select Ψσ = 0.125; Ψτ = 0.067.
Material fatigue limit
σ−1 = (0.4 ÷ 0.5)σb = (0.4 ÷ 0.5) · 883 = 353.2 ÷ 441.5 MPa
τ−1 = (0.22 ÷ 0.25)τb = (0.4 ÷ 0.5) · 883 = 194.26 ÷ 220.75 MPa
Select σ−1 = 380 MPa; τ−1 = 200 MPa. Safety factor for combined
bending and torsional stress
σ−1 380
sσ = = = 4.18
Kσ σa 2.2 · 75.195
+ Ψ σ σm + 0.125 · 0
εσ β 0.91 · 2
τ−1 200
sτ = = = 8.68
Kτ τa 2 · 19.36
+ Ψτ τm + 0.067 · 19.36
ετ β 0.89 · 2
The fatigue condition of the shaft at section B is satisfied.
sσ sτ 4.18 · 8.68
s= p =√ = 3.766 ≥ [s] = 2.5
2 2
sσ + sτ 4.182 + 8.682
The fatigue condition of the shaft at section B is satisfied.
b) Static strength verification
Formula for static strength verification
p
σtd = σ 2 + 3τ 2 ≤ [σ]qt = 0.8σch

Where the bending and torsional stresses are calculated as follows:

MB · 103 137.306 · 103
σ= = = 75.195 MPa
W 1825.99
TB · 103 77.0886 · 103
τ= = = 38.72 MPa
W0 3981.12

Therefore p
σtd = σ 2 + 3τ 2 = 75.1952 + 3 · 38.722 = 82.727 ≤ [σ]qt = 100.757 MPa
Shaft I satisfies the static strength condition

1.4.5 Calculation of Shaft II

Distance between the two rolling bearings: ℓ ≈ ℓ1 + 2x + w

While
ℓ1 = b2 = 80 mm
x = 8 ÷ 15 mm → x = 12 mm
w = 45 ÷ 85 = 60 mm
ℓ ≈ ℓ1 + 2x + w = 80 + 2 · 12 + 60 = 164 mm

Mặt khác: f = 80 ÷ 115 → f = 90mm.

Draw the torsional and bending moment diagrams.

In yOz plane , replace the axial force Fa2 with an equivalent bending moment Ma2 and shift the point of application of
Fa2 to the center of the driving gear.
Fa d2 · 10−3 670.88 · 444.44 · 10−3
Ma2 = 2 = = 149.083 Nm
2 2
We have
X
MB = 0 ⇔ −Fr2 · 0.082 − Ma2 + RDy · 0.164 = 0
Fr2 · 0.082 + Ma2
⇔ RDy =
0.164
1039.18 · 0.082 + 149.18
⇔ RDy = = 1428.63 N
0.164
 X
Fy = 0 ⇔ Fr2 + RBy − RDy = 0
⇔ RBy = RDy − Fr2
⇔ RBy = 1428.63 − 1039.18 = 389.45 N
In the xOz plane we have
X
MB = 0 ⇔ Fnt · 0.09 + Ft2 · 0.082 − RDx · 0.164 = 0
Fnt · 0.09 + Ft2 · 0.082
⇔ RDx =
0.164
2000 · 0.09 + 2775.2 · 0.082
⇔ RDx = = 2485.16 N
0.164
X
Fx = 0 ⇔ Fnt − RBx − Ft2 + RDx = 0
⇔ RBx = Fnt − Ft2 + RDx
⇔ RBx = 2000 − 2775.2 + 2485.16 = 1709.96 N

Figure 1.2: Moment diagram of Shaft II

Critical Diameter Location

Based on the bending and torsional moment diagrams, the critical location is at point C.
The equivalent moment at point C is calculated using the following formula:
q p
MtđC = 2 + M 2 + 0.75T 2 =
MCx 117.4182 + 203.782 + 0.75 · 486.28552 = 482.357 Nm
Cy C
The diameter at the critical section is determined by:
s r
32MtđC 3 32 · 482.357
dC ≥ 10 · 3 = 10 · = 37.935 mm
π[σ] π · 90

At point C, there is a keyway connection; therefore, the diameter is increased by 5% to 39.832 mm. According to
standard values, select dC = 40 mm. Based on the preliminary shaft II calculations, the dimensions of the remaining
shaft sections on shaft II are selected as follows:
dB = dD = 35 mm(chọn theo kích thước tiêu chuẩn ổ lăn)
dA = 32 mm

Fatigue strength verification of Shaft II

a) Fatigue Strength Verification
For transmission shafts, the shaft safety factor is verified using the following formula.
sσ sτ
s= p ≥ [s]
s2σ + s2τ

Where [s] is the allowable safety factor. Select [s]=2.5; therefore, the shaft stiffness verification can be omitted.
At the critical section C, the diameter is dC = 40mm,ince the shaft has a keyway, select a parallel key with:
width b = 12 mm; height h = 8 mm; keyway depth on the shaft t = 5 mm; keyway depth on the hub t1 = 3.3
mm.

The bending stress at the critical section

q C is: p
MC = MCx 2 + M2 = 117.4182 + 203.782 = 235.188 Nm
Cy

Since the shaft rotates, the bending and torsional stresses vary in a fully reversed cycle. The amplitude and mean values of
the bending stress at section C are:
MC · 103
σa = ; σm = 0
W
Where W is the section modulus in bending at C.

πd3 bt(d − t)2 π · 403 12 · 5 · (40 − 5)2

W = − = − = 5364.435 mm2
32 2d 32 2 · 40
Thus
MC · 103 235.188 · 103
σa = σF = = = 43.842 MPa; σm = 0 MPa
W 5364.435
The amplitude and mean values of the torsional stress at section C, for a shaft rotating in one direction, are:

τmax T · 103
τa = τm = =
2 2W0

WhereW0 is the torsional section modulus

πd3 bt(d − t)2 π · 403 12 · 5 · (40 − 5)2

W0 = − = − = 11647.62 mm2
16 2d 16 2 · 40
thus
T2 · 103 486.2855 · 103
τa = τm = = = 20.875 MPa
2W0 2 · 11647.62
At section C, there is a keyway. According to Table 10.9 on page 413 [1], selectKσ = 2.2; Kτ = 2
From Table 10.4 on page 411 [1], select the size factors εσ = 0.88; ετ = 0.81 for a carbon steel shaft with diameter dC =
40 mm.
From Table 10.5 on page 411 [1], select the surface strengthening factor β. Since Kσ = 2.2 > 1.5and the shaft is surface-
hardened, take β = 2.
The factor accounting for the influence of mean stress on fatigue strength is determined from Figure 2.11 on page 45 [1].
With σb = 883 MPa select Ψσ = 0.125; Ψτ = 0.067.
Material fatigue limit
σ−1 = (0.4 ÷ 0.5)σb = (0.4 ÷ 0.5) · 883 = 353.2 ÷ 441.5 MPa
τ−1 = (0.22 ÷ 0.25)τb = (0.4 ÷ 0.5) · 883 = 194.26 ÷ 220.75 MPa
 Select σ−1 = 380 MPa; τ−1 = 200 MPa.

Safety factor for combined bending and torsional stress

σ−1 380
sσ = = = 6.93
Kσ σa 2.2 · 43.842
+ Ψ σ σm + 0.125 · 0
εσ β 0.88 · 2
τ−1 200
sτ = = = 7.36
Kτ τa 2 · 20.875
+ Ψτ τm + 0.067 · 20.875
ετ β 0.81 · 2

Safety factor based on fatigue strength

sσ sτ 6.93 · 7.36
s= p =√ = 5.045 ≥ [s] = 2.5
6.93 2 + 7.362
2
sσ + sτ2

The fatigue condition of the shaft at section C is satisfied.

b) Static Strength Verification

Formula for static strength verification:
p
σtd = σ 2 + 3τ 2 ≤ [σ]qt = 0.8σch

Where the bending and torsional stresses are calculated as follows:

MC · 103 235.188 · 103
σ= = = 43.842 MPa
W 5364.435
TC · 103 486.2855 · 103
τ= = = 41.75 MPa
W0 11647.62

Thus p p
σtd = σ 2 + 3τ 2 = 43.8422 + 3 · 41.752 = 84.565 ≤ [σ]qt = 510.4 MPa
Shaft II satisfies the static strength condition.
 1.5 Calculation and Selection of Rolling Bearings and Coupling
1.5.1 Calculation and Selection of Rolling Bearings for Shaft I
Input parameters:
+ Inner ring diameter:: dA = dC = 25 mm.
+ Rotational speed: n1 = 471 vg/ph.

Radial load acting on the bearing:

q p
FrA = 2 + R2 =
RAx 1595.642 + 636.092 = 1717.755 N
Ay
q p
FrC 2 + R2 =
= RCx 704.032 + 403.092 = 811.258 N
Cy

Since FrA > FrC the bearing at A is used for selection calculation; therefore Fr = FrA.

Preliminary selection of rolling bearing

We have:
Fa 670.88
= = 0.39
Fr 1717.755
Therefore, select an angular contact ball bearing.
Preliminarily select a medium-series angular contact ball bearing, designated as 46305, with C = 21100 N; C0 = 14900 N; α
= 26◦. Fa 670.88
= = 0.045
C0 14900
Chọn e = 0.37.
Additional axial force Si acting on the bearing:
Si = e′Fri
Since the preliminarily selected bearing has α > 18◦,therefore e′ = e = 0.37. we have

SA = eFrA = 0.37 · 1717.755 = 635.569 N

SC = eFrC = 0.37 · 811.258 = 300.165 N

As SA > SC ,thus
FaA = SA = 635.569 N
FaC = SA + Fa = 1311.449 N
Based on the working conditions, according to Table 11.2 on page 444 [1], the selected values are Kσ=1.2,
Kt=1, and V=1.
Fa 670.88
v ratio = = 0.39 > e. Thus X = 0.45; Y = 1.22
Fr 1717.755

Equivalent load
Q = (XV Fr + Y Fa )Kσ Kt = (0.45 · 1 · 1717.755 + 1.22 · 670.88) · 1.2 · 1 = 1909.756 N

Working time
60nLh 60 · 471 · 12000
L= 6
= = 339.12 (triệu vòng quay)
10 106

Calculated dynamic load capacity of the bearing

√
m
√
3
Ctt = Q L = 1909.756 · 339.12 = 13317 < C
Therefore, selecting a medium-series angular contact bearing is appropriate.
1.5.2 Calculation and selection of rolling bearings for Shaft II
-Input parameters:
+ Inner ring diameter: dB = dD = 35 mm.
+ Rotational speed: n1 = 59 rpm

Radial load acting on the bearing

q p
FrB = 2 + R2 =
RBx 1709.962 + 389.452 = 1753.749 N
By
q p
FrD 2 + R2 =
= RDx 2485.162 + 1428.632 = 2866.532 N
Dy

Since FrD > FrB the bearing at position D is selected for calculation thus Fr = FrD = 2866.532 N.

Selecting rolling bearing

Fa 670.88
= =0.234
Fr 2866.532

Therefore, a deep groove ball bearing is selected. A medium-series deep groove ball bearing, designated
as 307, is preliminarily selected, with:C = 26200 N; C0 = 17900 N.
Fa 670.88
= = 0.0375
C0 17900
select e = 0.24.

Base on working condition, select table 1.2 page 444[1] we have Kσ = 1.2; Kt = 1; V = 1.
Fa 670.88
Ratio = = 0.234 < e. Thus X = 1; Y = 0
Fr 2866.532

Equivalent load
Q = (XV Fr + Y Fa )Kσ Kt = (1 · 1 · 2866.532 + 0 · 670.88) · 1.2 · 1 = 3439.8384 N

Working time
60nLh 60 · 59 · 12000
L= = = 42.49 (triệu vòng quay)
106 106

Calculated dyamic load capacity of bearing

√
m
√
3
Ctt = Q L = 3439.8384 · 42.49 = 12003.29 < C
Therefore, selecting a medium-series deep groove ball bearing, designated as 307, is appropriate.

1.5.3 Calculation of Flexible Coupling Selection

-Input parameters:
+ Torque T2 = 486.2855 Nm.
+ d = dA = 32 mm.
According to Appendix 11.6 on page 528 [2], an elastic ring coupling is selected, which can transmit the torque:
T2 = 486.2855 Nm, cThe selected elastic ring coupling has the following dimensions: d = 40 mm; D0 = 120 mm; dm = 80
mm; ℓ1 = 25 mm; ℓ2 = 45 mm; c = 4 mm; , dc = 18 mm; ℓc = 42 mm; nut M12; z = 6; d0 = 35; ℓ0 = 36.
Checking the bending strength of the pin
32KT · 103 ℓc 32 · 1.2 · 486.2855 · 103 · 42
σF = 3
= = 49.54 MPa < [σF ] = 70 MPa.
πdc D0 z π · 183 · 120 · 6
Checking the bearing/contact strength condition between the pin and the rubber ring
2KT · 103 2 · 1 · 486.2855 · 103
σd = = = 2.085 MPa < [σd ] = 3 MPa
zD0 dc ℓ0 6 · 120 · 18 · 36
The coupling satisfies both the bending strength and bearing/contact strength requirements.
Case Study 2

Bài 8
Một thanh ngang chịu tác dụng tải trọng F (N) được giữ chặt bằng nhóm 6 bulông và bố trí như Hình 8. Sử dụng
mối ghép bulông có khe hở. Bulông có cấp bền 3.6. Hãy xác định:
a) Trọng tâm mối ghép và tải trọng tác dụng các bu lông.
b) Đường kính d1 và chọn bulông.

c) Chọn bulông trong trường hợp sử dụng mối ghép bulông không có khe hở.

Phương án 7:

F (kN) L (mm) a (mm) b (mm)

13 850 220 180

+ a) Centroid of the joint and loads acting on the bolts

-The bolts are symmetrically distributed about the axis of symmetry of the rectangular joint. Therefore, it
can be easily seen that the centroid of the joint is located at the center of symmetry of the bolts, denoted as
position O.
-Load determination
The force F is transferred to the centroid O of the joint. At this point, the joint is subjected to:
+ F = 13 kN.
+ M = F L = 13 · 850 = 11050 N
Distance from the center of symmetry to the bolts

r3 = r5 = 110 mm
p
r1 = r2 = r4 = r6 = 1102 + 902 = 142.13 mm

Forces acting on the bolts

 [!h]
Force component acting on the bolts due to force F

F 13
FFi = = kN
6 6
Forces acting on the bolts due to moment M

M r1 11050 · 142.13
FM1 = FM2 = FM4 = FM6 = = = 14.96 kN
4r12 + 2r32 4 · 142.122 + 2 · 1102
M r3 11050 · 110
FM3 = FM5 = 2 = = 11.576 kN
4r1 + 2r32 4 · 142.122 + 2 · 1102

We have  
90
α = arctan = 39.29◦
110
Resultant force acting on the bolts
s 2
q 13 13
F1 = F6 = FF21 + FM
2 + 2F F
F1 M1 cos α = + 14.962 + 2 · · 14.96 · cos(39.29◦ ) = 16.69 kN
1
6 6
s 2
q 13 13
F2 = F4 = FF22 + FM
2 + 2F F
F2 M2 cos(180 − α) = + 14.962 − 2 · · 14.96 · cos(39.29◦ ) = 13.35 kN
2
6 6
13
F3 = FM3 − FF3 = 11.576 − = 9.409 kN
6
13
F5 = FM5 + FF5 = 11.576 + = 13.7427 kN
6

b) Bolt strength check 3.6 ⇒ σch = 180 MPa.

Select carbon steel bolts M30–M60 with a safety factor for tightening force verification: [s] = 1.5. Suy ra
σch 180
[σk ] = = = 120 MPa
[s] 1.5

Bolt diameter d1
s r
1.3 · 4 · kFmax 1.3 · 4 · 1.4 · 16690
d1 ≥ = = 40.14 mm
πif [σk ] π · 1 · 0.2 · 120

With

* k = 1.4: Safety factor .

* f = 0.2: Coefficient of friction
 * i = 1: Number of shear planes of the bolt shank. Select an M45 × 4.5 bolt.
Select an M45x4.5 bolt

c) In the case of using a fitted bolt joint without clearance

s r
4Fmax 4 · 16690
d0 ≥ = = 17.18 mm
πi[τ ] π · 1 · 0.4 · 180

Với [τ ] = 0.4σch.
Select bolt M18x2.5.

Bài 12
Một giá đỡ bằng gang được giữ chặt với kết cấu thép bằng 4 bulông như hình 12. Tải trọng tác dụng F (N). Các
khoảng cách cho trước như hình. Xác định kích thước bulông nếu như ứng suất kéo cho phép của bulông là 80
MPa.
Yêu cầu:
a) Phân tích và xác định lực tác dụng lên từng bulông.
b) Xác định lực xiết V.

c) Xác định đường kính d1 và chọn bulông.

Option 1:

F (kN) α (radian) a (mm) b (mm)

10 π/6 40 240

a) Force analysis on each bolt:

FH = F sin 30◦ = 5 kN
√
FV = F cos 30◦ = 5 3 kN

Overturning moment
√
M = FH · 0.75b − FV · (b − 3a) = 5 · 0.75 · 240 − 5 3 · (240 − 3 · 40) = −139.23 Nm

Forces and moments acting on the bolts

√
Fb = χFV = 0.25 · 5 3 = 2.165 kN
Mb = χM = 0.25 · 139.23 = 34.0875 Nm
b) Area of the joint plate
A = 4a · 6a = 24 · 402 = 38400 mm2
The rotation axis on the joint plate is the XX axis, which lies in the plane of the joint plate and is parallel to
the side 4a of the plate. 4a · (6a)3
JXX ′ = = 18.432 · 107 mm4
12
Maximum distance from the edge of the joint plate to the XX' axis

ymax = 3a = 120 mm

Ta chọn

* k = 1.5: safety factor

* χ = 0.25: Load factor .
* f = 0.3: cofficient of friction
Tightening force required to prevent slipping
√
kFH + f (1 − χ)FV 1.5 · 5 + 0.3(1 − 0.25) · 5 3
V1 = = = 7.87 kN
fz 0.3 · 4
Tightening force required to prevent joint separation

√ 139.23 · 103 · 38400 · 120

 
k M Aymax 1.5
V2 = FV + (1 − χ) = · 5 3+ (1 − 0.25) = 981.4 N
z JXX ′ 4 18.432 · 107

Select V1 = 7.87 kN.

Maximum load acting on the bolt

χFV χM Y1
Fmax = 1.3V1 + +
z Σzi Yi2
√
0.25 · 5 3 0.25 · 139.23 · 2 · 40
= 1.3 · 7.87 + + = 10.88 kN
4 4 · (2 · 40)2

Bolt diameter s r
4 · Fmax 4 · 10880
d1 ≥ = = 13.16 mm
π · [σk ] π · 80
Select bolt M16 × 2.
Reference

[1] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc (2020), Giáo trình cơ sở thiết kế máy. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia TP. Hồ Chí Minh.

[2] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc (2020), Bài tập Chi tiết máy. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia TP. Hồ Chí Minh.